Agricultural  College 


.V..55.0. 


PRESENTED  BY 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2009  with  funding  from 

Boston  Library  Consortium  IVIember  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/fossilfloraoflowOOwhit 


DEPAUTMENT    OF   THE    INTERIOR 


MONOGRAPHS 


OF  THE 


United  States  Geological  Survey 


VOLUME    XXXYII 


WASHII^GTON 

GOVERNMENT    I'RINTING    OFFICE 
18  90 


UNITED   STATES   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 

CIIAHLES   ]).    WALOc.l'T,   IIIUECTOK 


FOSSIL  FLORA 


(IF    THE 


LOWER   COAL   MEASURES 


Oi' 


MLSSOURI 


DA^VID     ^^^HITE 


WASHINGTON 

G  O  V  B  R  N  M  K  N  T     P  U I N  T I N  G     O  V  KICK 
1  8  I)  9 


Alo^,^. 


CONTENTS. 


Paga 

Introduction 1 

Collections  and  localities 2 

Stratigraphy  of  the  plant-bearing  terranes 4 

Description  of  the  species 11 

Cryptogams H 

Alga? 11 

Acetabularia?  11 

Conostiehus 11 

Fungi 13 

PyrenomyceteiB 13 

Hy sterites  13 

Sphieropsideto 15 

Excipulites 15 

Pteridophy  ta 16 

Fillcales 16 

Triphylloiiteridea; 16 

Eremopteris 16 

Pseudopecopteris  21 

Mariopteris 30 

Sphenopteride* 35 

Sphenopteris >5 

Oligocarpla 66 

Aloiopteris 70 

Pecopteridea" 74 

Pecopteris 74 

Incerta=  sedis 97 

Brittsia 97 

Spiropteris 101 

Canlopteris  101 

Megaphyton 102 

Aphlebia 103 

Megalopteride* 113 

Alethopteris H3 

Callipteridium 120 

Odontopteris 125 

Neuropteris 127 

Linopteris 139 

Tsniopteris 140 

Eqnlsetales  144 

Calamariese  144 

Calamites 144 

Asterophyllltes 150 

Calamostachys 156 

Annularia 157 

Volkmannia 165 

Cyclocladia 166 

Macrostachya 171 

Incerta-  sedia 171 

Radicites 171 

V 


VI  CONTENTS. 

Description  of  the  species — Continued. 
Cryptogams — Continued. 

Pteridophyta— Continued.  Page- 

Sphenophy  Hales 173 

SpheuophylleiB 173 

Sphenophy  Hum 173 

Ly  copodiales 1 87 

Lepidodendrese 187 

Lepidodendron 187 

Lepidophloios 201 

Lepidostrobus 212 

Lepidophy  Hum 214 

Lepidocystis 215 

Omphalophloios 218 

SigillarietB 230 

Subsigillariie 230 

Eusigillaria; 241 

Sigillaria 241 

An  Sigillarie;o  aut  Lepidodendreie  ? 244 

Stigmaria 244 

Stigmarioid  impression 246 

Incert*  sedis 247 

Tseniophylleie 247 

Tu-niophyllum 247 

Lepidoxylon 253 

Phanerogams 257 

Gymuosperms 257 

Cordaitales  257 

CordaiteiB 257 

Cordaites 257 

Cordaianthus 262 

Cordaicarpon 265 

Cardioearpon 266 

Ehabdocarpos 267 

Titanophyllum 270 

Conifers; 271 

TaxaceiB? 271 

Dicranophyllum 271 

Animalia? 274 

Palieoxyris 274 

Discussion  of  the  flora 276 

Species  reported  from  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  but  not  included  in  the  foregoing  arrange- 
ment   276 

Evidence  of  the  fossil  plants  as  to  age  and  equivalence  of  the  terranes 281 

Synopsis  of  the  flora 281 

General  range  of  the  Missouri  flora  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  the  United  States 282 

Stratigraphic  range  of  species  having  a  restricted  vertical  distribution 285 

Probable  stage  of  the  lower  coals  of  Missouri  in  eastern  sections 287 

Temporary  obstacles  to  accuracy  in  correlation 290 

Comparative  position  of  the  coals 292 

Relation  of  the  Missouri  flora  to  the  floras  of  European  basins 293 

Zone  of  the  flora  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  Great  Britain 293 

Zone  of  the  Missouri  flora  in  the  Carboniferous  basins  of  Continental  Europe 298 

General  considerations 305 

Index ^57 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


328 


Paga 

Plate     I.  Coal  stripping  at  Hobbs's  bank,  8  miles  south  of  Clinton,  Missouri 312 

II.  Figs.  1-5.  Conostichus  Broadheadi  Lx i 

Fig.  6.  Conostichus  prolifer  Lx J 

III.  Fig.  1,1(1.  Hysterites  Cordaitis  Gr'Ey.,  on  Cordaites  communis  Lx 316 

IV.  Eremopteris  bilobata  D.  W 318 

V.  Figs.  1-3.  Eremopteris  missouriensis  Lx -i 

4-6.  Eremopteris  bilobata  D.  W J       ^^"^ 

VI.  Eremopteris  missouriensis  Lx 322 

VII.  Figs.  1-3.  Pseudopecopteris  obtusiloba  (Brongn.)  Lx i 

4,  5.  Pseudopecopteris  sp I      324 

Fig.  6.  Mariopteris  sp J 

VIII.  Pseudopecopteris  obtusiloba  (Brongn.)  Lx 326 

IX.  Figs.  1,  2.  Mariopteris  sphenopteroides  (Lx.)  Zeill 1 

Fig.  3.  Mariopteris  n.  sp I 

4.  Excipulltes   Callipteridis  (Schimp.)  Kidst.,  on  Pseudopecopteris  squamosaj 

Lx.  sp ) 

X.  Figs.  1,  2.  Mariopteris  sphenopteroides  (Lx.)  Zeill 330 

XI.  Figs.  1,2.  Sphenopteris  Wardiana  D.  W 1 

Fig.  3.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp j 

XII.  Figs.  1,2.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp 1 

Fig.  3.  Sphenopteris  Lacoei  D.  W |      ^^* 

XIII.  Figs.  1,2.  Sphenopteris  Broadheadi  D.  W 1 

Fig.  3.  Sphenopteris  Van  Ingeni  D.  W I      33g 

Figs.  4,  5.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp  J 

XIV.  Figs.  1.  2.  Spbeuopteris  missouriensis  D.  W 338 

XV.  Fig.  1.  Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lx 1 

2.  Sphenopteris  canneltonensis  D.  W I      3^0 

3.  Sphenopteris  capitata  D.  W J 

XVI.  Cordaites  communis  Lx.,  with  Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lx 342 

XVII.  Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lx 344 

XVIII.  Figs.  1,2.  Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lx i 

3,  4.  Sphenopteris  pinnatifida  Lx.  sp j" 

XIX.  Fig.  1.  Sphenopteris  pinnatifida  Lx.  ep 1 

2.  Sphenopteris  cf.  Gravenhorstii  Brongn I 

3.  Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lx | 

4.  Sphenopteris  illinoisensis  D.  W J 

XX.  Figs.  1,  2.  Oligocarpia  missouriensis  D.  W 1 

3,4.  Sphenopteris  ophioglossoides  Lx.  sp I      350 

Fig.  5.  Sphenopteris  subcrenulataLx.  sp ) 

XXI.  Figs.  1?,  2-4.  Oligocarpia  missouriensis  D.  W 352 

XXII.  F1G8.I-3.  Aloiopteris  Winslovii  D.  W 354 

VII 


VIII 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate  XXIII. 
XXIV. 


XXV. 
XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 

XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 
XXXIII. 
XXXIV. 

XXXV. 


XXXVI. 
XXXVII. 


XXXVIII. 
XXXIX. 


XL. 
XLI. 


XLII. 


XLIII. 
XLIV, 


XLV. 


XLVI. 

XL  VII, 


XLVIII, 


Figs.  1-5.  Aloiopteris  Wiuslovii  D.  W 

Fig.  6.  Aloiopteris  crosa  Gutb.  sp.  f 

Figs.  1,  2.  Pecopteiis  dentata  Brongu 

Fig. 3a.  Aloiopteris  erosa  Gntb.  sp.? 

36.  Anniilaria  stellata  ( .Scliloth . )  Wood 

3c.   Sphenophyllum  Lescurianum  D.  W 

Pecopteris  dentata  Brongu 

Fig.  1.  Pecopteiis  vestita  Lx 

FiGS.2-4.  Pecopteris  deutata  Brongn 

Pecopteris  dentata  Brongu 

Figs.  1,  2,  2a.  Pecopteris  psendovestita  D.  W 

Pecopteris  pseudovestita  D.  W 

Pecopteris  pseudovestita  D.  W 

Figs.  1,  2.  Pecopteris  pseudovestita  D.  W 

Fig.  3.  Pecopteris  pseudovestita  D.  W.  ? 

Figs.  1,  2.  Pecopteris  pseudovestita  D.  W 

Figs.  1-6.  Pecopteris  vestita  Lx 

Pecopteris  clintoni  Lx 

Figs.  1-3.  Sphenopteris  suspecta  D.  W 

Fig.  4.  Pecopteris  clintoni  Lx 

5.  Pecopteris  hemitelioides  Brongn.? 

6.  Sphenopteris  sp 

Figs.  1,  2.  Pecopteris  Jenneyi  D.  W 

Fig.  3.  Pecopteris  cf.  arboresfens  Brongn.  ? 

Figs.  1,2.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  var.  missouriensis  D.  W... 
Fig.  3.  Alethopteris  ambigua  Lx 

4.  Alethopteris  ambigua  Lx.,  with  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hoffm... 

Figs.  1-5,  6?  Callipteridium  membrauaceum  Lx 

Figs.  1-3.  Callipteridium  Sullivantii  (Lx.)  AVeiss 

Fig.  4.  Callipteridium  ina-qunle  Lx 

Figs.  1-7.  Taeniopteris  ?  missouriensis  D.  W 

Figs.  1-3.  Callipteridium  Sullivantii  (Lx.)  D.  W 

4,  5.  Neuropteris  missouriensis  D.  W 

Fig.  6.  Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lx 

Figs.  7,  8.  Linopteris  gilkersonensis  D.  W 

Fig.  9.  Alethopteris  amliigua  Lx 

10.  Dicranophyllum  ?  sp 

Fig.  1.  Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  andH.)  Lx 

2.  Odontopteris ?  Bradleji  Lx 

3.  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hotfm 

4.  X^europteris  missouriensis  Lx 

5.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  var.  missouriensis  P.  W 

Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  andH.)  Lx 

Fig.  1.  Sphenopteris  illinoisensis  D.  W 

2.  Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lx 

3.  Pecopteris  arboreseens  Brongn.  ? 

4.  Algoid  axis? 

Fig.  1.  Aphlebia  sp 

2.  Sphenopteris  sp 

3.  Neuropteris  missouriensis  Lx 

4.  Lepidodeudron  scutatum  Lx 

Aphlebia  Germari  Zeill.,  with  Cordaites  communis  Lx 

Figs.  1-5.  Brittsia  problematica  D.  W 

Fig.  6.  Pecopteris  if.  arboreseens  Brongn.  ? 

7.  Aphlebia  siibgoldi-nbergii  D.  W 

Figs.  1-3.  Brittsia  problematica  D.  \V 


Page. 
356 

358 

360 
362 

364 
366 
368 
370 

372 

374 
376 
378 

380 

382 

384 

386 
388 
390 


392 

394 

396 

398 

400 

402 

404 
406 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


IX 


Plate  XLIX. 
L. 

LI. 

LII. 
LIII. 

LIV. 


LV. 

LVI. 

LVII. 

LVIII. 

LIX. 


LX. 
LXI 


LXII. 


LXIII 


LXIV. 


LXV 

LXVI 

LXVII 

LXVIII 

LXIX 


Fig.  1.  Cyclocladiii  Biittsii  D.  W : 

Figs. 2-4.  Asteropliyllitcs  lougifoliiis  (Stli.)  Brongii 

Figs.  1-4.  SpliciiopUylluiu  i'asciculalum  Lx.sp.. 

5,6a.  Splmnopliylluiii  majiiB  Broiiuf 

Fig.  1)6.  Spbcnopliylliuu  Lcscuriaimm  D.  W 

Fig.  a.  Spliuuopliylhim  iiiajus  IJronn  f 

h.  ■SpbeuDphylluiu  Loscurianum  ]1.  W 

Figs.  1-2.  Lepiilodoiuliou  Bi'ittsii  Lx 

Fig.  1.  Lcpiilodcndion  Biittsii  Lx 

2.   Lepidodciidrou  lanceolatiim  Lx 

I'^iGS.  1,  2.  Le[>idodendroii  Biittsii  Lx 

3.  4.  Lepidodendrou  rimosum  Stb.  var.  rctocortioatum  D.  W 

Fig.  5.  Lepidodondron  scuta  turn  Lx 

Figs.  1,  2.  Lepidodendniii  suutatum  Lx 

Figs.  1-8.  Lejiidopbloios  Van  Iiigeui  D.  W 

Fig.  1.  Lcpidophloids  Van  Ingeui  D.  W 

Fig.  1.  Lepidiiplilciios  (?)  of.  Van  Ingeui  D.  W 

2.  Lepidopliyllum  luissouriense  13.  W 

Fig.  la.  Lepidostrobus  Jenueyi  D.  W 

Figs,  lb,  2.  Lepidopliyllum  Jenneyi  D.  W 

Fig.  3.  Lepidocystis  Jeuneyi  D.  W 

Ic.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Scliloth.)  Brongn 

Id.  Splieuopbyllum  eniargiuatum  Brongn 

le.  Pecopteria  vcstita  Lx 

Fig.  1.  Lepidostrobus  missouriensis  1).  W 

Figs.  2,  3.  Lepidopliyllum  missourienso  D.  W 

Fig.  la.  Lepidoiibyllum  missouriense  D.  W 

Figs.  16,  2.  Lciddocystis  missouriensis  D.  W 

Fig.  Ic.  Leiiidopbloios  Van  Ingeui  D.  W 

Id.  Callipteridium  ina^iiuale  Lx 

le.  Cardioearpou  Brauueri  Faircb.  and  D.  W 

If.  Liuopteris  gilliersonensis  D.  W 

l(j.  Sigillaria  camiitota'nia  Wood? 

Fig.  a.  Lepidopbyllum  missouriense  D.  W 

Figs.  6,  c.  Lepidocystis  missouriensis  D.  W 

d,  e.  Triletes  cf.  Lepidostrobus  missouriensia  D.  W 

Fig./.  Lepidopliloios  Van  Ingeui  D.  W 

g.  Callipteridium  inuMjuale  Lx 

h.  Lepidostrobus  prince] is  Lx.. 

i.  Sigillaria  eamptota'uia  Wood? 

Figs.  1,  2.  Lepidostrobus  princeps  Lx 

Fig.  3.  Triletes  ef.  Lepidostrobus  missouriensis  D.  W 

4.  Ta3niopbyllum  latifblium  D.  W 

5.  Lepidopliloios  Van  Ingeui  D.  W 

6.  Lepidopbyllum  Jenneyi  D.  W 

Fig.  a.  Lepidostrobus  princeps  Lx 

6.  Lepidocystis  missouriensis  D.  VV.  ? 

c.  Liuoi)toris  gilkeisononsis  D.  W ; 

d.  Neuropteris  .Scbeucbzeri  Hoffni 

e.  Sigillaria  eamptotania  Wood  ? 

Ouipbalopbloios  eyelostigma  Lx.  sp 

.  Figs.  1-5.  Ompbalopbbuos  eyelostigma  Lx.  sp 

Figs.  1,  2.  Omplialopbloios  eyelostigma  Lx.  sp 

Figs.  1,  2.  Omplialopbloios  eyelostigma  Lx.  sp 

Sigillaria  camptotienia  Wood 


Page. 
408 


410 


412 
414 
416 

418 

420 
422 
424 

426 


428 


430 


432 


434 


436 


438 


440 
442 
444 
416 

448 


X  ILLUSTEATIONS. 

Page. 

Plate   LXX.  Fig.  1.  Sigillaria  camptota'nia  Wood 1 

2.  Sigillaria  sigillarioidrs  Lx.  sj) [ 

Figs.  3,  4.  Sigillaria  caniptotauia  Wood ' 


Fig.  5.   Stigmarioid  iinpressioii 

LXXI.   Fig.  1.  Ta-niopliyllum  latifoliuui  D.  W 4.52 

LXXII.   Figs.  1,2.  Cordaianthus  ovatiis  Lx 

Fig.  3.  Cardiocarpou  BraiiiK-ii  Fairch.  aud  D.  W [.      454 

4.  Lepidodendron  sciitatuni  Lx 

LXXIII.  Fig.  L  Diciaiiopliylliim  sji.  ? 

2.  Lepidocysti.s  missonriensis  D.  W 'f      456 

3.  Spbeuophylluiii  niajua  Bronii 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


Department  of  the  Interior, 
United  States  Geological  Survey, 

Washington,  D.  C,  October  10,  1898. 
Sir:  Herewith  I  transmit  a  monograph  of  the  fossil  flora  of  the  Lower 
Coal  Measures  of  Missouri.  As  the  first  comprehensive  presentation  of  the 
flora  of  any  zone  of  the  Coal  Measures  in  the  trans-Mississippi  region,  it 
offers  important  data  for  the  comparison  and  correlation  of  these  beds  with 
the  Eastern  coal  fields,  and  it  also  furnishes  criteria  that  will  be  of  value  in 
the  comparison  of  other  neighboring  Coal  Measures  areas  and  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  floral  sequences  tlu-ough  the  various  zones  of  the  Upper 
Carboniferous  in  the  Western  Interior  Basin. 
Very  respectfully, 

David  White, 

Assistant  Geologist. 
■  Hon.  C.  D.  Walcott, 

Director  United  States  Geological  Survey. 


FOSSIL  FLORA  OF  THE  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES 

OF  MISSOURL 


By  David  White. 


INTRODITCTIOK. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  Coal  Flora ^  the  material  collected  in 
Henry  County,  Missouri,  and  transmitted  to  Professor  Lesquereux  by  Dr. 
J.  H.  Britts,  has  been  so  extensively  increased  through  the  continued  and 
most  fruitful  efforts  of  the  latter  gentleman  and  of  the  geologists  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  and  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Missouri, 
that  it  appears  highly  desirable  that  the  fossils  new  to  science  should  be 
published,  and  that  a  comparative  analysis  should  be  made  of  the  floras 
with  a  view  to  ascertaining  both  the  age  of  these  coals  and  their  relative 
positions  with  reference  to  the  typical  sections  of  the  Eastern  coal  fields.  It 
is  thought  also  that  such  a  correlation  will  have  an  important  bearing  on 
questions  concerning  the  deposition  and  stratigraphy  of  the  basal  portion  of 
the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  a  subject  which  has  received  some  attention  in 
the  recent  publications  of  the  State. 

Although  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  materials  here  considered  come 
from  a  restricted  area,  Henry  County,  the  collections  are  so  extensive  and 
their  accumulation  covers  so  long  a  period  of  coal  exploitation  that  they 
may  be  safely  regarded  as  a  relatively  comprehensive  representation  of  the 
plant  life  of  the  zone  in  the  entire  basin. 


'Second  Geological  Survey,  Pennsylvania.  Report  of  Progress  P.  Description  of  the  Coal  Flora 
■of  the  Carboniferous  Formations  in  Pennsylvania  and  throughout  the  United  States.  Vols,  i-iii,  with 
■atlas.     Harrisburg,  1880-1884. 

MON   XXXVII 1  1 


2  FLOEA  OF  LOWEK  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

ACKNOWLEDGMEKTS. 

Acknowledgmeuts  are  due,  first  of  all,  to  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  of  Clinton, 
for  the  use  of  types  and  other  specimens  identified  by  Professor  Lesque- 
reux;  also  to  the  Director  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  for  facil- 
ities foi-  the  study  of  the  Missouri  plants,  including  a  number  of  tjqjes 
formerly  in  Professor  Lesquereux's  private  collection,  but  afterwards 
secured  by  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania,  and  now  become, 
by  the  gift  of  the  entire  collection  of  the  latter,  the  property  of  the  National 
Museum. 

COLLECTIOJTS  AHfD  EOCALiITrES. 

The  Paleozoic  plant  material  described  from  Missouri  has  generally 
been  recorded  with  no  other  localizations  than  "Clinton"  or  "Henry 
County,  Missouri";  and  while  it  is  of  great  paleontologic  importance,  it  will 
in  this  report  be  treated  geographically  as  one  lot,  since,  unless  otlierwise 
stated,  it  all  came  from  one  horizon  in  a  single  district.  Out  of  several 
boxes  of  specimens  from  stated  localities  in  this  county  forwarded  to  the 
United  States  National  Museum  in  January,  1891,  by  Dr.  Britts,  a  number 
of  specimens  were  found  which,  owing  perhaps  to  fracture,  abrasion,  etc., 
have  no  exact  localization,  though  coming  from  the  same  localities  as  some 
of  the  others.     These  have  the  "lot  catalogue"  number  342,  U.S.G.S. 

Pitcher's  coal  mine,  3^  miles  southeast  of  Clinton.  Collections  were 
made  at  this  mine  by  Mr.  Gilbert  Van  Ingen,  assistant  in  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  and  forwarded  September,  ]  890.  Mr.  Van  Ingen's 
collection,  which  includes  many  fine  ferns  and  slabs  of  Lepidodendron, 
constitutes  lot  407  from  United  States  Geological  Survey  station  1263  D. 
Plants  from  the  same  locality  were  sent  to  the  National  Museum  by  Dr. 
Britts  in  January,  1891,  and  became  lot  No.  340. 

Owens's  coal  mine,  2  miles  southeast  of  Clinton.  i\Iany  specimens  from 
Owens's  coal  mine  were  sent  to  the  National  Museum  by  Dr.  Britts  in 
January  and  in  April,  1891.  These  will  be  referred  to  as  lot  No.  339. 
Another  large  consignment,  obtained  in  the  process  of  "stripping"  neai 
tliis  coal  mine,  was  forwarded  by  Dr.  W.  P.  Jenney,  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Sm-vey,  in  October,  1891,  while  investigating  the  zinc  deposits 
of  southwestern  Missouri.     These  specimens  form  lot  No.  411. 


COLLECTIONS  AND  LOCALITIES.  3 

Hobhs's  coal  mine,  in  SE.  J  sec.  13,  T.  40,  R.  26,  8  miles  south  and  2 
miles  east  of  Clinton.  A  considerable  number  of  specimens  sent  by  Dr. 
Britts  from  this  locality  in  January  and  April,  1891,  comprise  lot  No.  341. 

Beepivater.  A  large  quantity' of  specimens  designated  by  this  name 
came  from  a  mine  8  miles  southeast  of  Clinton.  It  is  very  close  to  the 
locality  quoted  as  the  Hobbs  mine.  These  plants,  forwarded  to  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  by  Dr.  Jeimey  in  June,  1891,  form  lot  No.  408. 
Another  consignment,  sent  by  Dr.  Jenney  and  Dr.  Britts  in  October,  1891, 
bears  the  lot  number  413. 

GUkerson^s  Ford,  Glrand  River,  5  miles  south  of  Clinton.  Very  finely 
preserved  plants  in  calcareous  iron  concretions  were  forwarded  to  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  by  Dr.  Jenney  in  October,  1891  (lot  No.  412), 
and  by  Dr.  Britts  in  September,  1892.  A  small  collection  from  shales 
in  this  vicinity  was  also  sent  by  Dr.  Britts.  The  latter  specimens,  which 
were  found  at  a  lower  horizon  than  the  ironstone  concretions,  were  enarraved 
with  "G.  F."  by  the  collector  and  donor.  They  contain  a  number  of  the 
best-preserved  and  most  interesting  plant  remains. 

Near  Jordanls  old  coal  mine,  5  miles  south  of  Clinton,  from  black  shales 
overlying  the  coal  in  the  North  and  Wood  shaft.  These  specimens,  consist- 
ing of  Sigillaria,  mostly  decorticated,  and  occurring  immediately  below  the 
other  plant  shales,  were  forwarded  by  Dr.  Britts  in  April,  1891.  They  con- 
stitute lot  No.  404. 

Those  specimens  which  I  have  seen  represented  only  in  the  Lacoe 
collection  are  referred  to  by  the  numbers  in  the  special  catalogue  of  that 
collection. 

A  number  of  plants  which  were  sent  by  Dr.  Britts  in  small  special 
packages  were  not  given  lot  niunbers,  and  will  be  localized  in  full  when 
discussed. 

Vernon  County.  The  specimens  of  Conostichus  described  in  the  Coal 
Flora  have  no  other  locality  reference  than  Vernon  County,  Missouri.  From 
the  statements  of  the  geologists  of  the  State  it  seems  probable,  however,  that 
the  types  now  in  the  Lacoe  collection.  United  States  National  Museum,  came 
from  Big  Drywood  Creek,  5  miles  south  of  Deerfield.^ 

'  See  Broadhead,  Am.  Geologist,  vol.  xii,  1893,  p.  88. 


4  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

STRATIGRAPHY  OF  THE  PliANT-BEARIXG  TERRANES. 

All  the  plants  treated  in  the  following  pages  were  derived  from  the 
Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri  as  defined  by  the  earlier  State  surveys. 
More  recently  the  terms  Des  Moines  series^  and  Lower  Coal  Measures  have 
been  applied  to  the  combined  Lower  and  Middle  Coal  Measures  of  the 
earlier  nomenclature.  The  present  collections  are  mostly  restricted  to  the 
lower  di^^sion  or  to  the  Cherokee  as  defined  by  Haworth  and  Kirk,^  and 
used  by  the  Missouri  geologists.  I  employ  the  term  Lower  Coal  Measm-es 
in  its  original  Amei'ican  sense,  as  it  has  long  been  in  general  use  in  the 
northern  bituminous  basins.  It  is,  under  the  circumstances,  all  the  more 
appropriate  since  the  flora  in  hand  is  in  fact  representative  of  that  division 
of  the  Carboniferous  resting  on  the  Potts\'ille  series  in  the  northern  and 
northeastern  coal  fields.  At  the  same  time,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  title  refers  onlv  to  the  American  application  of  the  term,  as  commonly 
used  in  the  reports  of  the  earlier  geologists  of  the  Northern  States. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  in  i\Iissouri,  as  in  Iowa,  the  Coal  Measures 
(Mesocarboniferous)  rest  on  the  eroded  surface  of  the  Lower  Carbonifer- 
ous (Eocarboniferous).  Along  a  portion  of  the  margin  of  the  field  the  floor 
of  the  Mesocarboniferous  consists,  as  is  largely  the  case  in  the  latter  State,^ 
of  the  deeply  cut  sui-face  of  the  St.  Louis  limestone  or  other  divisions  of 
the  Mississippian.  In  other  portions  the  Coal  Measures  rest  unconformably 
on  other  divisions  of  the  Eocarboniferous,  on  the  Devonian,  the  Upper 
Silurian,  or  the  Lower  Silurian. 

The  probable  epeirogenic  movements  and  the  consequent  changes  of 
both  the  level  and  the  attitude  of  the  continent  in  the  region  bordering  the 
great  coal  field  have  been  fully  discussed  by  Winslow*  and  by  Keyes, 
the  latter  of  whom  has  also  given  a  profile  diagram  of  the  oscillations  of  the 
shore  line  in  the  Missouri-Iowa  region  during  Eocarboniferous  and  Meso- 
carboniferous time.^     The  deposition  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  Mesocar- 


'  Keyes,  Am.  Geologist,  vol.  xviii,  1896,  p.  23;  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Iowa,  vol.  i,  1893,  p.  85;  Monthly 
Review,  Iowa  Weather  Service,  vol.  iv,  1893,  p.  3. 

-  Kans.  Univ.  Quarterly,  vol.  ii,  1894,  p.  105.     Univ.  Geol.  Surv.  Ivans.,  vol.  i,  1896,  p.  150 

=  Am.  Geologist,  vol.  xii,  1893,  p.  99.     Hall,  Am.  Jonr.  Sci.,  vol.  sxvii,  1857,  p.  197. 

<  The  Missouri  Coal  Measures  and  the  conditions  of  their  deposition :  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  iii, 
1892,  pp.  109-121.  See  also  Am.  Geologist,  vol.  xv,  pp.  87-89,  and  Prelim.  Rept.  on  Coal :  Geol.  Surv.  Mo., 
1891,  p.  19. 

■^Am.  Geologist,  vol.  xii,  1893,  p.  100. 


STRATIGRAPHY  OP  PLANT-BEARING  TEERANBS.  5 

boniferous  occurred  during  a  period  of  terrestrial  subsidence  and  advance 
of  the  shore  line,  the  result  of  which  is  the  theoretically  complete  conceal- 
ment of  the  earliest  beds  of  the  Coal  Measures  beneath  the  landward  over- 
laps of  the  succeeding  sediments.  The  maximum  thickness  of  the  lower 
concealed  beds  is  difficult  to  estimate,  since  in  the  borings  farther  out 
toward  the  interior  of  the  basin  the  upper  beds  are  probably  thinner  and 
the  means  for  the  identification  of  the  individual  terranes  of  the  section  are 
more  or  less  unsatisfactory.  In  one  instance  Dr.  Keyes^  observed  a  body 
of  shales  not  less  than  75  feet  in  thickness  occupying  a  concealed  ravine  in 
the  Mississippiau  series.  The  nature  and  extent  of  the  subjacent  terranes 
lying  farther  out  in  the  basin  can  be  calculated  only  from  the  borings  or 
from  the  analogies  furnished  by  the  series  in  other  sections  in  which  the 
horizons  of  the  lower  coals  may  be  approximately  ascertained  by  the  study 
of  the  paleontologic  evidence. 

In  the  region  of  Henry  County,  from  which  most  of  the  material 
under  examination  was  obtained,  the  loose  surface  detritus  of  the  eroded 
Mississippian  is  generally  covered  by  an  extremely  variable  sandstone, 
described  in  various  reports  as  the  "Fenaiginous  sandstone,"  "Spi'ing  River 
sandstone,"  etc.,  and  generally  correlated  by  the  Missouri  geologists  with 
the  "Millstone  grit,"  though  its  representative  in  Illinois  was  regarded 
by  the  g'eologists  of  that  State  as  a  part  of  the  Eocarboniferous.  This 
sandstone,  the  age  of  which,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  has  not  yet  been  deter- 
mined from  any  paleontologic  evidence,  is  never  of  great  thickness,  and 
is  described  as  here  and  there  more  or  less  eroded.  It  serves  largely  as  a 
leveling  medium,  tending  to  fill  the  ravines  and  hollows  of  the  Mississip- 
pian, with  whose  loose  cherty  subaerial  detritus  it  appears  to  be  somewhat 
blended.  At  some  points  it  is  reported  as  entirely  wanting,  ha^dng  perhaps 
been  eroded  prior  to  the  sedimentation  of  the  coals  and  sandstones. 

Resting  either  immediately  on  the  somewhat  uneven  surface  of  tliis 
"Ferruginous  sandstone,"  or  in  places  perhaps  directly  on  the  Mississippian 
detritus,  lie  the  shales,  sandstones,  limestones,  and  coals  of  the  Lower  Coal 
Measures,  which  as  originally  defined  were  stated  to  have  a  thickness  of 
about  250  feet,^  including  the   "Ferruginous   sandstone."     All  the  plant 

'  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  iii,  pp.  283-310.     Am.  Geologist,  vol.  xii,  p.  102. 

^Broadhead,  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Mo.,  1872,  pt.  2,  p.  6.  Winslow,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  iii, 
1892,  p.  115. 


6  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

material  from  Henry  County,  Missouri,  comes  from  sliales  less  than  100 
feet  above  the  "Ferruginous  sandstone." 

The  local  stratigraphic  details  of  the  phytiferous  shales  at  most  of  the 
points  from  which  plant  collections  were  made  have  alreadv  been  fullv 
given  in  the  State  reports  prepared  by  Broadhead  and  Winslow.^  The 
plants  from  Owens's  coal  mine,  Hobbs's  mine,  Deepwater,  Pitcher's  mine, 
and  the  shales  near  Gilkerson's  Ford  of  Grand  River  are  said  to  have  come 
from  the  roof  of  the  same  coal  seam,  most  commonly  known  in  that  region 
as  the  "Jordan  coal."^ 

The  local  section  at  Kinney's  mine,  which  is  but  a  few  hundred  feet 
froni  Owens's  mine,  is  given  by  Winslow  in  his  Preliminary  Re^Jort  on  the 
Coal  Deposits  of  Missouri.^  The  same  report  also  illustrates  ■*  the  details  of 
the  coal  in  the  ^dcinity  of  Deepwater,  the  section  at  the  Blair  Diamond  No. 
2  shaft  being  essentially  the  same  as  that  at  Hobbs's  mine.  The  strati- 
graphic  conditions  at  the  Stephens  and  Dunlap  strippings,  from  which  many 
of  the  plants  marked  "Hobbs"  are  said  to  have  come,  and  which  are  also 
described  in  the  I'eport  above  referred  to,'  are  shown  in  a  photograph,  which, 
through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  Jenney,  I  here  reproduce  as  PI.  I.  The  section 
of  the  coal  and  roof  shales  at  the  Pitcher  mine  is  given  in  Mr.  A^an  Ingen's 
notes  as  follows : 

Section  at  JJ.  8.  G.  S.  station  No.  1263. 

Fe«t.  Inches. 

4.  Sandstones  and  intercalated  shales 5  0 

3.  Shales  with  plants 3  4 

2.  Coal 2  6 

1.  Fire  clay.  - 

The  fire  clay  grades  below  into  shale,  this  into  shaly  sandstone,  and 
that  into  the  "Spring  River  sandstone"  of  Dr.  Jenney,  or  the  "  Ferruginous 
sandstone."  Probably  the  section  given  as  the  Pitcher  shaft  in  Dr.  Wins- 
low's  report"  was  made  from  a  point  near  by.  The  Jordan  coal  is  described 
in  detail  by  Broadhead  in  his  valuable  report  for   1872,^  which  also  illus- 

'  Descriptive  columnar  sections  of  the  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri  are  given  by  Prof.  G.  C. 
Broadhead  in  Rfept.  Geol.  Surv.  Mo.,  1872,  Iron  ores  and  coal  fields,  pt.  2,  pp.  7,  82, 88 ;  also  Ann.  Rept. 
Geol.  Surv.  Mo.,  1894,  vol.  viii  (1895),  pp.  360-369. 

-  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Mo. ,  1872,  pt.  2,  p.  16. 

3Pagel39,  textiig.  97. 

■*Page  141,  text  fig.  99. 

"Page  142. 

■iPage  140,  text  fig.  98. 

'  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Mo.,  1872  (1873),  pt.2,  p.  16. 


STRATIGRAPHY  OF  THE  PLANT  BEDS.  7 

trates  the  features  of  the  section  at  Gilkerson's  Ford  on  the  Grand  River/ 
the  source  of  the  interesting  large  phytiferous  ironstone  concretions  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Jenney  and  Dr.  Britts.  A  section  of  the  higher  terranes  is 
given  by  Professor  Broadhead,  thus: 

Section  at  Gill^eraoii's  Ford.,  Grand  River,  Missouri. 

Feet.     Indies. 

1.  Buff  shaly  sandstone 5  0 

2.  Blueshales 2  0 

3.  Coal 2 

4.  Shales  and  fire  clay 14  6 

5.  Coal 6 

6.  Sandstone  with  Stigmarla 3  0 

7.  Shales  with  lenticular  phytiferous  beds  of  iron  carbonate 2  0 

8.  Coal  in  river,  reported  at 3  0 

The  plant-bearing  ironstones  are  said  by  Messrs.  Britts  and  Jenney  to 
lie  in  No.  2  of  Broadhead's  section,  i.  e.,  above  the  third  coal,  instead  of 
the  shales  (No.  7)  over  the  first  coal,  the  error  of  record  having  probably 
been  caused  by  the  position  of  the  talus.  The  lower  coal  (No.  8  of  the 
section),  correlated  with  the  Jordan  coal,  is  the  one  from  the  roof  of  which 
the  plants  in  argillaceous  shales  at  Gilkerson's  Ford  were  collected. 

From  the  above  details  it  will  be  seen  that  all  the  plants  from  Henry 
County,  with  the  exception  of  those  in  clay  ironstones  from  Gilkerson's 
Ford,  were  obtained  from  roof  shales,  which  are  regarded  by  the  geologists 
of  the  State  as  overlying  the  same  seam  of  coal,  viz,  the  Jordan  coal.  The 
horizon  of  the  clay  ironstones  is  only  about  40  or  45  feet  higher. 

In  some  of  the  broader  or  deeper  mai-ginal  basins  in  the  region  of 
Henry  County  a  lower  tliin  coal  lies  from  12  to  15  feet  below  the  Jordan 
coal.  This  coal  is  exceedingly  variable  both  in  quantity  and  in  quality, 
being  sometimes  4  feet  thick  and  of  good  quality,  or  full  of  pyrites  and 
shale,  while  at  other  times  it  is  entirely  wanting.  From  pyritiferous  con- 
cretions m  the  black  shale  over  this  coal  at  Cheatham's  mine,  near  Clinton, 
Dr.  Britts  obtained  a  number  of  invertebrate  fossils,  which  have  been 
determined  by  Prof  Charles  Schuchert,  Curator  of  Paleontology  in  the 
United  States  National  Museum,  as  follows : 

Entolium  aviculatum  (Swallow).  Productus  nebraskaensis  Owen. 

ScMzodus  curtus  M.  &  W.?  Spirifer  rockymontanus  Marcou. 

Machrocheilus  sp.  Reticular ia  perplexa  (McChesney). 

Lingula  umbonata  Gox.  Dielasma  bovidens  (Morton). 
Productus  longispinus  Sowerby. 

1  Op.  cit.,  p.  17,  text  figs.  2,  3. 


8  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

Avkulopecteii  providens  (Cox)  I  was  also  found  in  the  plant  shales  over 
the  Jordan  coal.  Spirorhis  carhonaria  is  frequently  present.  Unfortunately 
the  faunas  of  the  trans-Mississippian  Coal  Measures  have  not  yet  been 
studied  sufficiently  to  invest  these  species,  most  of  which  are  supposed  to 
have  a  wide  vertical  range  in  the  Coal  Measures,  with  any  definite  or  avail- 
able correlative  value. 

A  number  of  insect  fragments  have  been  found  among  the  plant  mate- 
rial. Several  of  these  specimens  have  been  described  b}^  Professor  Scudder^ 
as  Paromylacris  cUntoniana  Scudder,  Etoblattina  dintoniana  Scudder,  and 
Anthracoblattina  americana  Scudder.  Two  or  three  other  fragments  have 
not  yet  been  examined  by  a  specialist  in  fossil  insects. 

The  proximity  of  the  lower  coals  from  which  the  plant  fossils  were 
obtained  to  the  Ferruginous  sandstone,  or  even  to  the  eroded  beds  that 
comprise  the  Mississippian  floor  of  the  Coal  Measures,  has  ah-eady  been 
noted.  The  shore  lines  of  the  encroaching  Carboniferous  sea  adapted 
themselves  to  the  erosional  topography  of  the  Mississippian  land.  The 
thickness  and  regularity  of  the  sediments  in  the  bordering  marshes  or 
lagoons  seem  to  have  varied  with  the  depth  and  extent  of  the  marginal 
depressions,  the  lowest  beds  being  most  irregular  The  Jordan  coal,  like 
that  beneath  it,  may  be  presumed  to  have  been  formed  in  these  marginal 
swamps.  It  lies  in  basin-like  areas  of  varying  size,  some  containing  but  a 
few  acres,  others  extending  many  miles.  In  general  it  is  thickest  and  best 
in  the  interior  of  the  basins,  where  it  lies  lowest,  while  it  thins  toward  the 
rising  margins  of  the  embayments  or  swamps.  Yet,  while  it  thins  beyond 
recognition,  and  can  not  be  continuously  traced  in  many  cases  from  one 
embayment  or  estuary  across  to  the  next  along  the  old  shore  line,  it  may 
in  the  region  of  Henry  County  be  usually  recognized  by  the  constancy  of 
its  flora  as  well  as  the  character  of  the  coal.  In  PI.  I,  from  a  photograph 
of  the  stripping  at  Hobbs's  mine,  near  Deepwater,  the  coal  is  seen  to  rise 
and  feather  out  on  a  rather  steep  slope  of  the  Ferruginous  sandstone. 
At  other  points,  presumably  farther  out  toward  the  main  basin,  a  consid- 
erable body  of  shales  and  sandstones  intervenes  in  the  old  embayments, 
although  the  interval  has  not  yet  been  observed  to  reach  100  feet  at  any 
point  in  this  part  of  the  State,  while  landward  the  coal  appears  to  have 

'  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  SuTv.,  No.  124,  1895,  pp.  53,  66,  129. 


PALEONTOLOGIC  METHODS  EMPLOYED.  9 

essentially  fringed  directly  against  the  old  continent.  Even  the  Ferrugi- 
nous sandstone  appears  here  and  there  to  have  been  either  overlapped  b}' 
the  coal  or  eroded  prior  to  the  deposition  of  the  latter.  Thus,  as  Dr.  Britts 
informs  me,  in  artesian  well  No.  2,  at  Clinton,  this  sandstone  was  met  at  a 
depth  of  40  feet,  and  was  found  to  be  about  20  feet  thick;  but  at  well  No. 
1,  about  1  mile  distant,  no  sandstone  was  found,  the  cherty  Mississippian 
floor  being  reached  at  a  depth  of  60  feet. 

From  the  foregoing  stratigraphic  references  it  appears  (1)  that  the  plant 
collections  from  Henry  County,  which  furnished  by  far  the  greater  part  of 
the  material  herein  considered,  come  from  two  horizons  about  45  feet  apart; 
and  (2)  that  these  horizons  may  be  separated  from  the  old  Mississippian 
land  surface  by  an  observed  thickness  of  nearly  100  feet  of  Mesocarbon- 
iferous  sediments  in  the  direction  of  deeper  water,  or  that  they  may,  land- 
ward, rest  practically  in  direct  contact  with  the  old  shore  line  in  that  region. 

It  is  possible  that  in  that  portion  of  the  State  farther  southwest,  as  in 
Barton  County,  in  which  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  sections  can  not  defi- 
nitely be  correlated  as  to  principal  details  with  those  of  Henry  County  or 
the  counties  farther  north,  beds  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  and  Pottsville 
series  extending  for  some  distance  below  the  horizon  of  the  Jordan  coal  may 
come  to  light  along  the  western  flank  of  the  Ozark  uplift.  It  is  certain  that 
the  Pottsville  is  developed  and  is  coal-bearing  near  Fayetteville  in  Wash- 
ington County,  Arkansas.  But  in  the  region  of  Henry  County,  at  least,  the 
richly  phytiferous  roof  shales  of  the  Jordan  coal  mark  the  time  when  the 
continental  subsidence  reached  the  vicinity  of  Clinton,  and  the  abundant 
and  varied  flora  is  of  a  date  which  approximately  marks  in  this  region  the 
close  of  the  period  intervening  since  the  uplift  of  tlie  Mississippian. 

PALEOIVTOLOGIC  METPIODS  EMPIiOYED. 

In  the  following  notes  and  discussions  it  has  seemed  best  to  publish  the 
results  of  a  critical  study  and  comparison,  constituting  essentially  a  revision 
of  many  of  the  species  originally  described  from  Missouri,  as  well  as  to 
give  moi-e  detailed  descriptions  of  or  observations  pertaining  to  other  species. 
The  descriptions  of  the  species  are  based  entirely  on  material  from  Mis- 
souri, and  it  is  hoped  that  they  are  generally  given  in  sufficient  detail  to 
enable  geologists  as  well  as  paleontologists  to  recognize  the  ^'arious  forms 
in  the  field.     In  some  instances  the  scojje  of  species  has  been  narrowed  and 


10  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEI. 

the  lines  of  specific  differentiation  have  been  drawn  more  closely  than  they 
have  usually  been  drawn  in  American  literature,  for  the  reason  that  a 
greater  systematic  refinement,  if  the  types  are  uniform  and  are  satisfacto- 
rily differentiated  by  the  descriptions  and  illustrations,  will  better  ser^•e  the 
purposes  of  stratigraphic  paleontology. 

A  small  number  of  species  i-ecorded  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  occur- 
ring in  Henry  County,  Missouri,  have  not  been  found  in  the  collections  to 
which  I  have  had  access.  These  will  be  specially  enumerated  at  the  close 
of  this  report,  although  there  is  evidence  that  the  record  of  several  of 
them  is  based  on  geographic  errors.  Certain  others  will  he  met  under 
different  and  sometimes  unfamiliar  names.  A  number  of  nomenclatural 
changes  have  been  made  in  conformity  with  the  rules  generally  observed 
by  American  zoologists  or  botanists. 

The  systematic  arrangement,  like  that  employed  in  ])revious  publica- 
tions, is  in  part  temporary.  Many  questions  of  the  classification  of  com- 
mon Paleozoic  species  are  still  under  debate,  pending  the  acquisition  of 
further  knowledge  of  the  internal  structure,  fructification,  or  geologic 
history  of  the  various  types.  In  the  synonymy  the  references  are  chiefly 
confined  to  illustrated  material.  Effort  has  also  been  made  to  point  out 
other  plants  in  America  or  Europe  that  are  closely  related  to  our  species, 
and  to  indicate  the  most  important  specific  differences  between  them. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  SPECIES. 


CRYPTOGA-]MS. 

Ct:   AOETABULARI^E  (P) 

GONOSTICHUS  Lesqiiereus,  1876. 

Seventh  Rept.  (j-eol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1875,  p.  142. 

Stipe  cylindi-ical,  continuous;  frond  enlarging  from  the  base  upward 
in  the  shape  of  a  plate  or  of  a  cup,  or  increasing-  by  successive  superimposed 
layers  or  concentric  laminae;  top  cup-shaped,  concave. 

The  above  diagnosis,  given  by  Professor  Lesquereux  in  the  Coal 
Flora,^  while  differing  greatly  from  the  original,  published  in  1876,  is  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  that  contained  in  the  last  memoir^  in  which  this 
group  of  organisms  was  treated  by  that  distinguished  author.  So  far  as  I 
know,  no  other  writer  has  discussed  the  nature  or  affinities  of  the  fossils  in 
the  genus.  When  the  genus  was  first  established  no  further  suggestion  was 
offered  as  to  its  systematic  relation  than  its  inclusion  in  the  title  "Fossil 
marine  plants."  In  the  Coal  Flora,  however,  Lesquereux  remarks  that 
"these  organized  bodies,  whose  reference  to  plants  is  questionable,  have  in 
their  mode  of  gi-owth  a  relation  to  some  marine  Algse  of  our  time,  the 
Acetabularm,  which  bear,  on  a  continuous  stipe,  successive  umbrella-shaped 
fronds,  the  lower  rendered  solid  by  incrustation  of  calcareous  matter."  The 
fossils,  whose  substance  appears  to  have  been  equally  dense  throughout, 
are  further  compared  with  Zonaria.  Comparison  is  made  with  certain 
sponges,  such  as  CapeUia  rugosa  Goldf,  Camerospongiafungiforniis  Goldf ,  and 

I  Vol.  i.,  1880,  p.  14. 

*  Principles  of  Paleozoic  Botany:  Thirteenth  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  lud.,  1883,  pt.  2,  p.  34. 

11 


12  PLOEA  OP  LOWBE  COAL  MEASDEES  OP  MISSOUEI. 

CceloptycMum  agaricoides  Groldf.,  but  the  smooth  surface  and  continuous  axis 
in  Conostichus  are  regarded  by  him  as  prohibiting  any  such  association.  In 
the  last  pubHcation  to  which  reference  is  made  above,  Lesquereux  appears 
to  have  dismissed  all  doubt  as  to  their  vegetable  nature,  and  we  find  that 
the  plants  of  this  group  are  "distantly"  related  to  the  living  AcetabularicB. 
The  scanty  material  under  my  observation  enables  me  to  tln-ow  no  light  on 
this  interesting  problem.  It  may  be  remarked,  however,  that  the  super- 
ficial aspect  of  the  fossils  is  somewhat  suggestive  of  sponges.  The  types  of 
the  two  following  species  were  obtained  from  Vernon  County,  Missouri. 

Conostichus  Broadheadi  Lx. 

PI.  II,  Figs.  1-5. 

1879.  Conostichus  Broadheadi  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  1,  jjl.  b,  tigs.  1,  2; 
text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  15. 

Stipe  short,  cylindi-ical,  transversely  ribbed;  frond  semiglobular,  cup- 
shaped,  concave  inside,  distinctly  tricostate,  and  deeply  wrinkled  lengthwise 
on  the  outside;  substance  thick. 

The  figures  1  and  2  in  pi.  b  of  the  Coal  Flora,  from  which  the  above 
description  is  taken,  represent  views  of  the  same  specimen,  which  is  now 
No.  250  of  the  Lacoe  collection  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 
So  carefully  are  the  illustrations  made  that  there  is  little  to  be  brought  out 
by  the  photographic  process.  The  strongly  marked  triradiate  structure 
with  the  three  main  equidistant  ridges  extending  from  the  mammillate  base 
to  the  periphery  of  the  cup  is  a  somewhat  conspicuous  feature,  as  has  been 
stated  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  But  in  other  specimens  the  ribs  are  nearly 
equally  prominent  on  all  sides,  and  are  proxdded  with  or  interlarded  with 
undulate  rugose  branchlets,  suggesting  delicate  and  graceful  sculpture  on 
the  outer  sm-face  of  the  cup.  One  of  these  examples,  from  Arkansas,  is 
shown  in  PI.  II,  Fig.  4. 

The  type  of  fossil  known  as  Conostichus  Broadheadi  appears  to  have 
been  quite  widely  distributed  in  the  Carboniferous,  where  its  general  occur- 
rence in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  seems  to  bespeak  for  it  a  stratigraphic 
value,  though  its  more  exact  range  is  not  known  to  me. 

Locality. — Near  the  base  of  the  Coal  Measures,  about  halfway  between 
Nevada  and  Fort  Scott,  Vernon  County,  Missouri.     Nos.  250,  251,  Lacoe 


ALG^  AND  FUNGI.  13 

collection  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.     Also  sent  by  Dr.  Britts  from  Vernon  Covmty, 
Missouri;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6035. 

CONOSTIOHUS   PROLIPER  Lx. 

PL  II,  Fig.  6. 

1879.  Gonostichus  proUfer  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  1,  pi.  B,  fig.  3;  text,  vol.  i 
(1880),  p.  16. 

The  specimen  photographed  in  PL  II,  Fig.  6,  is  the  only  example  of 
this  curious  form  that  has  been  found  in  the  recent  collections  from  Mis- 
souri or  in  the  other  collections  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 
The  type  specimen  is  said  to  have  come  from  this  State.  Although  the 
figure  is  somewhat  suggestive  of  a  concretionary  formation,  the  specimen 
may  well  be  of  the  same  nature  as  Conostkhus  Broadheadi,  and,  judging 
from  the  external  features,  its  structm'e  is  comparable  to  what  would  result 
were  several  specimens  of  the  latter  species'  joined  closely  in  longitudinal 
succession. 

Locality. — About  halfway  between  Nevada  and  Fort  Scott,  Vernon 
County,  Missouri.     Shale  near  base  of  the  Coal  Measures.     (Lesq.) 

KUNOI. 

PYRENOMYCETE^E. 

HYSTERITES  Unger,  1811. 
Chloris  Protogsea,  vol.  1,  p.  1. 

To  this  genus,  established  by  Unger  to  contain  those  fossil  fungi 
apparently  most  closely  related  to  the  li'sdng  Hi/steria,  have  been  referred  a 
considerable  number  of  species  by  various  authors.^  Most  of  these  species 
are  of  Tertiary  age,  but  several  are  from  the  Cretaceous,  while  one  has 
been  reported  by  Nathorst  from  the  Rhastic.  It  is  interesting  to  learn  that 
the  Rhsetic  fungus,  like  the  most  ancient  species  with  which  we  have  to  do, 
appears  to  have  been  parasitic  on  the  leaves  of  Grymuosperms,  Hysterites 
Friesii  Nath.^  having  been  found  on  the  foliage  of  Podozamites  distans 
(Presl)  Fr.  Br. 

'  Sixteen  species  are  enumerated  by  Meschinelli,  Sylloge  Fungorum  Fossilium,  Patavii,  1892. 
'  Nathorst,  Bidrag  till  Sverlges  Fossila  Flora,  Stockholm,  1876,  p.  11,  pi.  i,  ligs.  1,  2. 


14  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Hysterites  Cordaitis  Or.  'Ey. 
PI.  III. 

1877.  Hysterites  Cordaitis  Grand  'Eury,  Fl.  foss.  carb.  Loire,  p.  10,  pi.  i,  fig.  7. 

1892.  Hysterites  Cordaitis  Gr.  'Ey.,  Meschinelli,  Sylloge  Fung.  Foss.  (ex  Saccardo: 

Sylloges  Fung.,  vol.  x),  p.  37. 

1893.  Hysterites  Cordaitis  Gr.  'Ey.,  Potonie,  FI.  Rotlil.  Thiiriugen,  p.  25,  pi.  i,  fig.  5. 
1898.  Hysterites  Cordaitis  Gr.  'Ey.,  Meschinelli,  Fung.  Foss.  Iconogr.,  p.  47,  pi.  xv, 

figs.  7,  9  (nou  hg.  10). 

Conceptacles  numerous,  somewhat  massed  or  scattered  upon  the  leaves 
of  Cordaites,  on  which  their  existence  seems  to  depend;  quite  constant  in 
form;  usually  elongated  in  the  same  direction  as  the  leaf,  and  opening  on 
one  face  of  the  latter  by  a  longitudinal  vent  of  dehiscence,  which  makes 
them  resemble  the  Hysterics. 

The  above  diagnosis,  quoted  from  Grand  'Eury's  descriptive  remarks, 
gives  a  general  idea  of  the  superficial  aspect  of  this  fungus,  the  anatomical 
features  of  which  are  still  unknown.  As  is  shown  in  PL  III,  Fig.  la,  the 
perithecia  in  all  our  specimens  are  of  the  more  or  less  elongated  form 
characteristic  of  the  species,  which,  as  Grand  'Eury  remarks,  appears  to  be 
peculiar  to  Cordaites. 

The  Missouri  examples  of  the  species,  seen  on  the  leaves  of  Cordaites 
communis  Lx.,  seem  to  agree  well  with  the  description  and  figures  of  the 
original  specimens  from  the  basin  of  the  Loire  in  France.  In  many  cases 
only  the  pit  remains  in  the  leaf  substance,  while  in  others  the  perithecia 
are  not  yet  opened.  I  have  seen  similar  remains  on  leaves  of  Cordaites 
from  the  antlnacite  regions  of  Pennsylvania.  None  of  the  remains  which 
I  refer  to  this  species  are  of  the  form  seen  in  the  perithecia  shown  by 
Germar  in  his  figure  of  Neuropteris  subcrenulata  The  discussion  by 
Grand  'Eury  of  this  figure  seems  to  have  led  Professor  Meschinelli  to  the 
erroneous  reference  to  the  latter  species  as  the  host  of  Hysterites  Cordaitis. 
It  is  possible  that  the  round,  oval,  or  oblong  pits  occurring  between  the 
nerves  in  some  species  of  Neuropteris,  and  described  by  several  authors  as 
fern  fructifications,  may  really  i-epresent  a  type  of  fungus  inhabiting  the 
pinnules  of  Neuropteris,  and  perhaps  related  to  Hysterites.  The  question  of 
the  relationship  of  some  of  these  to  the  living  PkyUachora,  pertinently 
suggested  by  the  late  Director  Stur,  is  worthy  of  consideration. 

Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5418. 


FUNGI— BSCIPULITES.  15 

SPHJEROFSIDE^E. 

EXOIPULITES  Goeppert,  1836. 

Systema  Filicum  Foss.,  p.  262. 

BxciPULiTEs  Oallipteridis  (Schimp.)  Kidst. 

PI.  IX,  Figs.  4,  ia. 

1869.  Excipula  CalKpteridis  Schimper,  Traite,  Atlas,  p.  14,  pi.  xxil,  figs.  6,  7 ;  text, 

vol.  1,  p.  142. 
1869.  Excipula  Callipteridis  Weiss,  Fl.  jiingst.  Steink.  Eothl.  Saar-Rh.  Geb.,  p.  19. 
1879. Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  xxxviii,  flg.  2  (ou  Pseudopecop- 

teris  anceps). 
1887.  ExcipuUtes  CalKpteridis  (Schimp.)  Kidston,  Foss.  Fl.  Radstock  Ser.,  p.  339. 
1892.  ExcipuUtes  Callipteridis  (Schimp.)  Kidst.,  Meschinelli,  Syll.  Fuug.  Foss.,  p.  52. 
1898.  ExcipuUtes  CalUpteridis  (Schimp.)  Kidst.,  Meschinelli,  Fung.  Foss.  Iconogr.,  p.  75, 

pi.  xxi,  figs.  10,  10ft. 

The  punctatious  or  dots  described  and  figured  by  Lesquereux  ^  as 
occurring-  on  the  pinnules  of  Pseudopecopteris  anceps  Lx.  have  been  corre- 
lated by  Kidston  and  Meschinelli  with  the  Excipida  CaUipteridis  found  by 
Schimper  on  the  pinnules  of  Callipteris  conferta.  These  minute  fossils  are 
obscurely  noticeable  in  portions  of  a  specimen  of  Pseudopecopteris  squamosa 
(Lx.),  PL  IX,  Fig.  4  {Pseudopecopteris  anceps  Lx.),  from  Missouri,  though 
they  are  not  so  clearly  presented  as  is  often  the  case  in  the  material  from 
Cannelton,  Pennsylvania,  where  they  appear  as  clearly  interneural  minute 
pustules  situated  within  the  lamina,  and  giving  to  the  unaided  eye  the 
impression  of  very  small  dots  scattered  over  the  pinnule. 

As  Kidston  remarks,"  it  is  a  matter  of  interest  that  this  species  should 
be  found  in  both  Europe  and  America  on  the  same  host,  Sphenopteris  neii- 
ropteroides  Boulay,  on  which  ExcipuUtes  Callipteridis  has  been  found  by 
Kidston  and  Zeiller,^  being  recognized  by  those  authors  as  identical  with 
Pseudopecopteris  anceps  Lx. 

Locality. — On  a  specimen  of  Pseudopecopteris  squamosa  from  Pitcher's 
coal  bank,  sent  for  examination  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  of  Clinton,  Missouri. 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  207,  pi.  xxxviii,  fig.  2. 

2  Foss.  Fl.  Eadstock  Series,  p.  339. 

'  Bull.  Soc.  gdol.  France,  (3)  vol.  xii,  p.  192. 


16  FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

FTERIDOPHYXA. 

FILICALES. 

TRIPHYLLOPTERIDE.E. 

ERBMOPTERIS  Scbimper,  1869. 

Traits  pal.  veg.,  Vol.  I,  p.  416. 

In  the  American  Paleozoic  flora  the  genus  Eremopteris  was  given  a 
broad  interpretation  by  Professor  Lesquereux,'  so  as  to  inckide  a  number  of 
species  referred  by  otlier  authors  to  Sphenopteris,  Asplenites,  and  Bhacopteris. 
It  appears  in  a  variety  of  forms  at  the  base  of  the  Mesocarboniferous,  or 
Carboniferous  proper,  and  it  seems  in  its  broader  appHcation  to  be  directly 
allied  to  the  Triphyllopterid  group,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  base  of 
the  Eocarboniferous,  and  from  which  it  seems  to  constitute  a  transition  to 
the  Pseudopecopterid  group,  such  as  Ps.  ohtusUoha  (Brongn.)  Lx.,  through 
Eremopteris  Cheathami  Lx.  and  other  forms  found  in  the  Potts\nlle  series. 
The  division  of  the  genus  with  more  delicatel}'  dissected  pinnae  appears 
to  lead  tlu'ough  the  E.  missouriensis  type  to  the  Diplothmema  furcatum 
(Brongn.)  Stur  type.  It  is  possible  that  the  Missouri  plants  should  be  placed 
in  the  latter  genus  as  restricted  by  Zeiller,  with  .which  they  probably  agree 
as  to  the  bifurcation  of  the  frond.  But  the  same  character  is,  I  believe, 
present  in  the  Triphyllopterid  group;  and  the  flabellate,  bifid,  or  trifoliate 
aspect  of  our  forms  leads  me  to  adopt  the  reference  made  by  Lesquereux  in 
placing  them  in  the  genus  that  is  closer  to  Triphyllopteris  Schimp. 

Eremopteris  missouriensis  Lx. 

PI.  V,  Figs.  1-3;  PI.  YI. 

1879.  Eremopteris  missouriensis  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  9,  pi.  liii,  figs.  8, 

8a;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p,  :i95. 

1880.  Sphenopteris  [Bymenophyllites)  splendens  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  282 

(pars;  uon  pi.  Ivi,  figs.  4,  5). 
1884.  Sphenopteris  {HymenophyUites)  spinosa  Goepp.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii, 

p.  880  (pars).    Record  in  list. 
1884.    An  Sphenopteris  {HymenophyUites)  fur cata  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol. 

iii,  p.  880  (pars)?    Record  in  list. 

'Fronds  lax,   intricate,  flexuous,   once    or  twice    dichotomous,  tri-    or 
•quadi-ipinnate ;    rachis   of  the  superior  orders  flexuous,  sometimes  subge- 

1  Coal  Flora,  vol,  i,  1880,  p.  292  et  seq. 


FEENS— TEIPHYLLOPTEEIDE.E— EEEMOPTERIS.  1 7 

iiiculate,  sleuder,  flat  or  canaliculate  above,  round-terete  beneath,  lineate, 
bordered  on  either  side  by  a  rugose-lineate  lamina  nearly  equaling  the  axis 
in  width;  ])rimary  pinnae  not  very  large,  palmate  above  the  very  open- 
angled  dichotomies;  secondary  pinnae  ovate,  deltoid,  or  triangular,  rather 
dense,  often  slightly  geniculate  toward  the  base  to  suit  the  origin  of  the 
tertiary  pinnae;  tertiary  pinnae  alternate,  open,  the  lower  at  a  right  angle 
to  the  axis  or  shghtly  reflexed,  the  basal  ones  shorter,  close,  often  slightly 
overlapping,  often  flexuous,  linear-triangular,  acute;  pinnules  or  inferior 
divisions  open  near  the  base,  oblique  farther  up,  sometimes  a  little  distant, 
but  generally  close  or  partly  overlapping,  alternate,  variable  in  size,  more 
or  less  broadly  ovate  or  triangular,  the  basal  ones  palmate,  more  or  less 
deeply  cut  in  subdivisions  or  lobes,  decurrently  alate;  lobes  or  ultimate 
divisions  linear,  obcuneate  or  somewhat  narrowl}-  obovate,  decurrent, 
obtusely  pointed,  obtuse,  often  truncate-emarginate  or  shallowly  bifid  at 
the  apex;  nervation  thin,  often  obscured;  primary  nerve  decurrent,  fork- 
ing near  the  base  to  supply  each  division,  or  again  at  the  base  of  each  lobe, 
a  single  nervil  entering  into  and  passing  to  the  apex  of  each  lobe  or  tooth; 
lamina  moderately  thick,  rugose,  with  fine,  short  bristles  or  very  naiTow 
scales  appressed  parallel  to  the  nervation. 

This  species,  represented  by  a  large  suite  of  specimens,  shows  consid- 
erable variation  in  the  outlines  of  the  ultimate  pinnae  or  pinnules,  according 
to  their  position  in  the  frond  and  the  degree  of  their  development.  Some- 
times the  lower  basal  pinnules  in  the  lower  part  of  the  frond  present  a 
form  resembling  Splienopteris  spinosa,  while  those  near  the  end  of  the  upper 
pinnae  approach  Sphempteris  furcata ;  and,  in  fact,  an  examination  of  the 
specimen  on  which  the  record^  of  the  occurrence  of  the  latter  species  in  tins 
region  appears  to  be  based,  shows  clearly  that  it  is  a  part  of  the  marginal 
portion  of  a  frond  of  Eremopteris  missouriensis.  I  have  seen  precisely  the 
same  form  on  a  rock  in  direct  union  with  the  normal  form  of  the  Missom-i 
species.  Moreover,  I  am  unable  to  find  any  distinctive  characters  by  which 
specimens  from  this  region  labeled  Sphenopteris  spinosa  Goepp.  and  Sphe- 
nopteris  splendens  by  Lesquereux  can  be  even  varietally  separated  from  the 
fine  series  of  examples  of  Eremopteris  missouriensis. 

The  original  description  and  illustration  of  Eremopteris  missouriensis, 


'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ili,  p.  880. 
MON   XXXVII 2 


18  FLOEA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MBASUEES  OF  MISSOUEl. 

prepared  by  Professor  Lesquereux  from  a  small,  badly  broken  specimen, 
loaned  to  me  tlirougli  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  Britts,  is  necessarily  insuf- 
ficient; a  careful  inspection  with  a  weak  glass  shows  the  outline,  nervation, 
and  striated  surface  to  be  the  same  as  those  seen  more  cleai-ly  on  the  better- 
preserved  specimens,  some  of  which  came  from  the  same  bed  as  the 
original.  My  comparisons  have  been  further  aided  by  reference  to  a  num- 
ber of  other  examples  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  since  the  publi- 
cation of  the  species,  and  loaned  by  Dr.  Britts,  as  well  as  by  reference  to  the 
Lacoe  collection. 

The  frond  of  Eremopteris  missouriensis  is  tripinnate,  if  not  quadripinnate, 
appearing  bifurcated  at  the  base,  the  pinnae  long,  flexuous,  often  slightly 
geniculate,  and  tapering  to  an  acute  point.  The  lobes  of  the  pinnules,  as 
seen  in  PI.  V,  Figs.  2,  3,  are  always  blunt,  usually  rounded  at  the  end,  and 
in  A^ery  many  cases  have  a  sinus  in  a  truncate-obcoi'date  apex.  The  ulti- 
mate pinnse  are  more  deeply  divided  and  more  symmetrical  than  repre- 
sented in  pi.  liii,  figs.  8,  8fl,  of  the  Coal  Flora,  while  the  nervation,  like 
that  seen  in  many  species  of  Diplotkmema,  consists  of  a  single  large  flexuous 
nerve  passing  into  the  pinnule  and  forking  to  permit  a  single  nervil  to  pass 
up  into  each  lobe. 

The  surface  of  the  entire  pinnule  is  striate  with  fine  dark  lines,  appar- 
ently composed  of  rows  of  short,  closely  appressed  hairs  or  narrow  hair-like 
scales  which  are  parallel  to  although  entirely  independent  of  the  nervation, 
as  is  strongl}^  shown  in  slightly  macerated  specimens,  or  especially  clearly 
when  the  impression  of  the  under  surface  of  the  limb  is  exposed.  This 
striation  has  been  mistaken  f-^r  and  inaccm-ately  represented  as  nervation  in 
the  above-mentioned  figure.  Those  specimens  which  I  have  seen  from  the 
same  locality,  labeled  Sphenopteris  /areata  and  Sphenopteris  splendens  by 
Professor  Lesquereux,  I  have  found  to  be  indistinguishable  by  any  character 
from  Eremopteris  missouriensis. 

It  is  quite  possible  that  Eremopteris  missouriensis  should  be  placed  in 
the  genus  Diplothmema,  between  which  genus  and  Eremopteris  it  seems  to 
be  intermediate.  It  would  not  be  at  all  sm-prising  if  the  mode  of  division 
characteristic  of  Diplothmema  were  discovered  in  Eremopteris  missouriensis. 
The  resemblance  of  our  species  to  Diplothmema  palmatum  (Schimp.)  Stur^ 


I  Stur,  Fame  der  Carbon-Flora,  p.  310,  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  3. 


FERNS— TEIPHYLLOPTERIDE^—EEEMOPTERIS.  19 

appears  so  great,  at  least  superficially,  as  to  cause  one  to  question  whether 
there  is  more  than  a  varietal  distinction  between  the  two. 

Our  species  is  quite  distinct  from  the  smoother,  more  lax  Sphenopteris 
furcata^  which  has  more  acute,  generally  larger  lobes,  and  which,  with  its 
very  closely  related  species,  Sphenopteris  Royi  Lx.,  seems  to  be  largely 
confined  to  the  "Conglomerate  series"  or  Pottsville  series.  Sphenopteris 
spAendens  Lx.  and  Splmiopteris  spinosa  Goepp.  are  very  insufficiently  repre- 
sented in  the  collections  from  other  localities.  Consequently  no  attempt 
will  be  made  at  this  time  to  point  out  the  diff"erences  between  these  species 
and  Eremopteris  missouriensis. 

Localities.— Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6512,  5513,  5657, 
5659,  5681,  5682;  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5509,  5670;  Owens's 
coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5514;  Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5510,  5511; 
Henry  County,  Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5508,  5515. 

Eremoptekis  buobata  n.  sp. 

'PI.  IV;  PI.  V,  Figs.  4-6. 

Fronds  apparently  lai-ge,  sinuous,  quadripinnate ;  rachis  broad,  flexu- 
ous,  canaliculate  above,  raised  beneath,  consisting  of  a  compact  pithy  (!) 
portion,  occupying  one-third  of  the  entire  width,  with  broad,  flattened 
vascular  borders;  primary  pinnae  alternate,  open,  spreading  somewhat 
irregularly,  tapering  from  near  the  base  to  the  acute  apex;  secondary  pinnse 
neai-ly  at  right  angles  below,  becoming  more  oblique  above,  alternate,  cor- 
responding to  the  bends  in  the  rachis,  slightly  overlapping,  ovate  or  oblong, 
acute,  terminating  in  a  spiny  prolongation  of  the  rachis;  secondary  rachis 
somewhat  flexuous,  sharply  striate,  bordered  by  a  thick  lamina  from  the 
decun-ing  pinnules  or  ultimate  pinnse ;  pinnules  alternate,  more  or  less  open, 
close  to  one  another,  often  slightly  overlapping,  decurrent,  more  or  less  con- 
stricted at  the  base,  usually  with  very  broad  attachment,  ovate-deltoid  when 
compound,  becoming  triangular  or  oblong-triangular  and  acute  in  passing 
into  pinnse,  truncate-lobate,  or  more  or  less  deeply  cut  into  broadly  obcune- 
ate,  truncate  lobes,  the  latter  usually  once  or  twice  somewhat  bilobate  or 
sub-bilobate,  the  lobes  always  broadly  cuneate,  truncate,  emarginate,  or  suli- 
bilobate,  often  thickened  at  the  top,  spreading  in  the  process  of  develop- 


20  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

ment;  lamina  thick,  with  ckill  hister,  covered,  hke  the  rachis,  with  clear, 
sharp,  kregular,  fine  intermittent  striae,  parallel  in  general  to  the  nervation, 
and  apparently  representing  rows  of  closely  appressed  trichomes  or  scales ; 
nervation  Pseudopecopteroid,  though  usually  totally  obscured  in  the  coria- 
ceous lamina,  the  nerves  originating  in  a  single  decurrent  bundle  and 
forking  twice  or  more  at  a  moderate  angle,  while  arching  to  meet  the 
borders  nearly  at  a  right  angle. 

The  material  before  me,  while  clearly  representing  a  well-defined 
species,  does  not  exhibit  the  pinnation  sufficiently  completely  to  give  an 
entirely  satisfactory  diagnosis  of  the  frond.  The  rachis,  with  broad,  leath- 
ery border,  a  portion  of  which,  seen  from  beneath,  is  shown  in  PI.  IV,  is 
strikino-lv  similar  to  that  seen  in  a  remarkably  fine  slab  of  Mariopteris 
nervosa  in  the  Lacoe  collection,  which  aff'ords  very  interesting  evidence  of 
a  lax  or  possibly  a  prostrate  habit  of  growth  for  those  ferns. 

The  most  remarkable  and  constant  character  is  the  spreading,  verj^ 
broadly  cuneate,  truncate  lobe,  dividing  once  or  more  according  to  an 
unequally  bilobate  system,  as  seen  in  Figs.  5,  6,  PI.  V. 

This  mode  of  lobation  is  very  nearly  like  that  of  Eremopteris  Cheat- 
hami  Lx.,^  or  Sphenopteris  solida  Lx.,^  while  the  elongation  of  the  rachis  into 
a  blunt,  spiny  production  in  the  process  of  pinnation  is  like  that  seen  in  the 
group  represented  by  Mariopteris  (or  ''Pseudopecopteris'')  muricata.  The 
Sphenopteris  solida  of  Lesquereux  may  at  some  future  time  be  identified 
with  our  species;  for  the  specimen  published  in  the  Coal  Flora  was  shown 
so  erroneoush^,  without  uncovering  the  lobes  of  the  pinnules  or  depicting 
the  rachial  characters,  that  I  am  not  wholly  certain  that  my  separation  of 
Eremopteris  hilobata  is  really  correct.     The  former  should  be  re-illustrated. 

The  species  seems,  notwithstanding  its  Pseudopecopteroid  characters, 
to  be  properly  included  in  the  genus  Eremopteris,  although  constituting  one 
of  the  several  intermediate  forms  that,  in  my  opinion,  show  the  relation  of 
Pseudopecopteris  to  Triphyllopteris,  tlu-ough  the  Eremopteroid  types. 

7^0f«//i^.— Specimens  sent  by  Dr.  Britts,  in  1892,  as  a  special  consign- 
ment, from  Owens's  coal  bank;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5659,  5699,  5700,  5701,  6036. 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  769,  pi.  ci,  tig.  3. 

-  Op.  cit.,  p.  770,  pi.  civ,  figs.  2-4.  It  may,  indeed,  well  be  asked  wtietber  all  these  do  not  belong 
to  the  same  genus. 


FERNS— RELATIONS  OP  PSEUDOPECOPTERIS  AND  MARIOPTERIS.      21 

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS  Lesquereux,  1880. 

Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  189. 

Before  introducing-  in  the  same  classification  the  terms  Mariopteris  and 
Pseudopecopteris,  concerning  the  apphcation  of  which  there  seems  to  be 
some  confusion,  I  wish  to  explain  briefly  my  interpretation  of  the  scope 
and  relation  of  the  groups  originally  and  properly  included  under  each 
generic  name. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  genus  Pseudopecopteris,  as  first  proposed 
by  Lesquereux,^  was  so  defined  essentially  as  to  contain  that  portion  of 
Stur's  genus  Diplothmema^  comprising  the  species  with  Pecopteroid  and 
Neuropteroid  pinnules.  In  another  place '^  I  have  already  referred  to  the 
relations  of  the  genus  Mariopteris  Zeiller,*  which  was  founded  on  a  still 
more  restricted  portion  of  Stur's  genus.  The  original  scope  of  the  genus 
Pseudopecopteris,  as  seen  by  the  diagnosis  ^  and  figures,  when  compared  with 
the  scope  of  the  genus  Mariopteris^  which  antedates  it,  shows  that  the  two 
genera  are  largely  the  same,  the  latter  being  entirely  included  in  the 
former,  though  the  essential  characters  are  not  similarly  defined.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  Professor  Lesquereux,  had  he  been  aware  of  Professor 
Zeiller's  work,  would  have  either  adopted  the  latter's  classification  or  amended 
the  genus  Mariopteris,  extending  it  to  include  the  Neuropteroid  group  of 

I  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  1880,  p.  189. 

2 Culm-Flora,  toI.  ii,  1877,  pp.  226,  233. 

3  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  1893,  p.  46. 

<Bull.  Soc.  g<?ol.  France,  (3)  vol.  vii,  1878,  p.  93.  Fl.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Fr.,  1878,  pi.  clxvii, 
fig. 5;  test  (1879),  p.  68.   Fl.  foss.  liouill.  Valenciennes,  text  (1888),  p.  159. 

5  "Primary  rachis  forking  near  the  base  in  diverging  branches  of  equal  size,  or  divaricate  and 
dicbotomous ;  branches  polypinnate,  ultimate  divisions  often  forked;  pinnules  connate  or  separated 
to  the  base,  of  various  shape,  oblong-obtuse  or  ovate-lanceolate,  oblique  or  in  right  angle,  decurring 
to  the  rachis  and  bordering  it  by  a  narrow  wing;  lateral  veins  oblique,  generally  forking  once,  the 
lowest  pair  twice."    Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  1880,  p.  189. 

^"Fronde  composee  de  pennes  quadripartites,  ^  sections  bipinn^es ;  le  rachis  primaire  ^mit  des 
rameaux  alternes,  nus,  qui  se  bifurquent  sous  un  angle  plus  ou  moins  ouvert  en  deux  courtes  branches 
symdtriques,  dout  chacuue  se  bifurque  a  sou  tour  en  deux  pinnes  bipiun^es,  la  penne  ext<?rieure  par 
rapijort  £l  la  bifurcation  principale  etant  plus  petite  que  celle  qui  se  trouve  du  cote  interieur.  Pinnules 
plus  ou  moins  rapprochees,  tantot  soudees  les  unes  aux  autres,  tantot  libres  et  contractees  a  la  base, 
obliques  et  un  pen  dt5currentes  sur  le  rachis,  entiferes  ou  divisees  en  lobes  pen  profonds.  La  pinnule 
infi'rieure  de  chaque  penne  secondaire  est  habituellement  d'une  forme  un  pen  dirtorente  de  celles  (jui 
suivent,  lobce  au  pinnatifide.  Nervure  mediane  uette,  se  prolongeant  presque  jusqu'au  somniet  des 
pinnules,  d<5curreute  ii  la  base  Bur  le  rachis;  nervures  secondaires  tres-obliques,  g^neralemeut  dicho- 
tomes,  se  divisant  sous  des  angles  aigus,  naissant  pour  la  plupart  de  la  nervure  m<;diane,  mais 
qnelques-unes,  il  la  base,  naissant  directemeut  du  rachis.  Fructification  inconnue."  V^g.  foss.  terr. 
houill.  Fr.,  p.  68,  1879. 


22  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

Sphenopterids ;  or  he  might  have  restricted  the  genus  Pseudopecopteris  to  the 
species  which  would  remain  in  it  at  present  after  taking  out  those  covered 
by  the  characters  of  Mariopteris.  Thus  it  appears  that  the  chief  difference — 
a  rather  important  one— in  the  original  scope  of  the  two  genera  was  the 
inclusion  of  the  round  pinnuled  or  Neuropteroid  Sphenopterids  in  Lesque- 
reux's  genus.  The  inclusion  in  Pseudopecopteris  of  certain  Pecopteroid 
species,  on  account  of  a  supposed  method  of  division  in  their  fronds,  is  a 
subordinate  feature  and  need  not  be  considered  at  present. 

In  my  report  on  the  plants  from  the  Carboniferous  outliers,^  I  have 

referred  Pseudopecopteris  mazoniana  Lx.  to  the  genus  Mariopteris  on  account 

of   its    apparent    affinities    with  the  muricata  group.      Although    after    an 

examination    of    the   figured    specimens   from    Mazon    Creek,    Illinois,    I 

am  inclined  to  believe  that  not  all  the  examples  identified  by  Lesquereux 

as  Pseudopecopteris   mazoniana  belong   in  reality  to  the  same  species,  it 

still  seems  to  me  probable  that  some  of  the  types  of  that  species,  which 

was  given  first  place  in  the  genus  Pseudopecopteris  by  its  author,  belong 

properly  to  the  muricata  group.     This  group,  as  Zeiller  remarks,  is  very 

homogeneous,  being  composed  of  quadi-ipartite  fronds  of  the  Diplothmemcs 

with    Pecopteroid    pinnules,   the    well-developed   lamina   being    entire    or 

slightly  lobed  or  denticulate.    Naturally  in  a  classification  depending  largely 

on  the  mode  of  the  basal  division  of  the  fronds  it  is  often  impossible  to 

determine  definitely  as  to  this  character;  and  the  grouping  in  such  cases  is 

dependent  on  the  features  and  analogy  of  the  other  parts.      Thus  there 

seems  little  doubt  of  the  unity  of  Ps.  nervosa  (Brongn.)  Lx.,  Ps.  muricata 

(Schloth.)  Lx.,  Ps.  latifolia  (L.  &  li.)  Lx.,  Odontopteris  sphenopteroides  Lx.,  and 

Ps.  acuta  (Brongn.)  Lx.  within  the  same  group;  and  in  most  of  these  species 

the  quadripartite  character  of,  the  frond  has  been  observed,  showing  their 

identity  with  the  genus  Mariopteris  Zeill.     I  have  seen  the  same  mode  of 

division  in  Ps.  Newherryi  Lx.,  and  it  seems  probable  that  it  will  also  be 

found  to  exist  in  Ps.  cordato-ovata  (Weiss)  Lx.  and  Ps.  SllUmanni  (Brongn.) 

Lx.,   while   several  of  the   forms   still  included  by  Zeiller  in  the    genus 

Diplothmema   bear    signs    of    a    generic    relation    to    Mariopteris   muricata 

(Schloth.)  Zeill. 

In  my  former  remarks  on  the  subject  I  was  disposed  to  consider  the 
o-reater  portion  of  the  species  in  Pseudopecopteris  as  having  the  essential 

1  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  1893,  p.  46. 


'     FERNS— RESTEICTION  OF  GENUS  PSEUDOPECOPTEEIS.  23 

frond  divisions  of  Mariopteris,  thus  leaving  no  good  reason  for  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  former  genvis.  So  far  as  I  am  aware,  however,  this  mode 
of  division  has  not  yet  been  seen  in  the  group  represented  by  Psetidopecop- 
teris  obtusiloha  or  Ps.  anceps  Lx.  (Splienopteris  neuropterokles  Boulay),  which 
is  still  included  by  most  European  authors  in  the  genus  Sphenopteris, 
although  it  is  generally  recognized  as  distinct  from  the  true  Sphenopterids. 
This  group  is  one  of  considerable  solidarity,  the  line  of  demarcation 
between  it  and  the  other  species  of  Sphenopteris  being  fully  as  distinct  as 
that  between  many  of  the  familiar  genera  resting  on  the  superficial  char- 
acters of  the  sterile  fronds  in  the  Carboniferous  flora.  For  this  reason, 
which  was  largely  the  cause  of  its  inclusion  by  Lesquereux  in  the  genus 
Pseudopecopteris,  I  would,  after  removing  those  species  which  conform  to 
the  older  genus  Mariopteris,  propose  to  restrict  the  genus  Pseudopecopteris 
to  the  very  natural  group  of  large-round-pinnuled  species^  typically  repre- 
sented by  the  Sphenopteris  obtusiloha  of  Brongniart. 

Although  these  generic  divisions  are  artificial,  and  the  species  now 
associated  in  a  genus  may  eventually  be  found  to  belong  to  entirely  differ- 
ent orders,  I  believe  that  the  interests  of  the  study  of  the  Carboniferous 
flora  will  be  promoted  by  the  maintenance  of  the  genera  Marmjiteris  and 
Pseudopecopteris,  as  above  restricted,  Diplothmema  being  reserved  for  the 
group  of  dissected  forms,  of  which  D.  furcatum  (Brongn.)  Stur  is  a  typical 
example.  In  this  classification  Mariopteris  Zeill.  includes  the  Pecopteroid 
or  Alethopteroid  forms,  in  which  the  primary  pinnse  are  divided  by  a  double 
dichotomy  into  four  divisions  of  equal  rank,  while  Pseudopecopteris  may 
comprise  the  round-lobed  or  round-pinnuled^  species  of  the  type  of  Sphe- 
nopteris obtusiloha  Brongn.  The  fronds  of  this  type,  to  which  among  others 
1  would  refer  S.  Schillingsii  Andrii,  S.  solida  Lx.,  and  S.  neuropteroides  Boulay, 
are  perhaps  dichotomous  in  the  lower  part,  though  a  quadripartite  habit 
has  not,  I  believe,  been  observed. 

■The  relations  of  several  species,  like  Ps.  Sheaferi  Lx.,  placed  in  the  section  "  Gleichenites" 
by  Lesquereux,  but  the  relation  of  which  to  the  obtusiloba  group  seems  very  distant,  if  observable, 
can  best  be  treated  in  a  revision  in  detail  of  the  material  included  in  the  genus  Pseudopecopteris. 

''Section  "Neuropteroides"  of  Brongniart,  iu  part. 


24  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

PSEUDOPECOPTEEIS   OBTUSILOBA   (Broilgn.)    Lx. 

PI.  VII,  Figs.  1-3;  PI.  YIII. 

1829.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongiiiart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  201,  pi.  liii,  fig.  2* 

1848.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongu.,  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pi.  xv, 

fig.  2. 
1853.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  BrongQ.,  Newberry,  Ann.  Sci.,  Cleveland,  vol.  i,  9,  p.  106. 
1855.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongu.,  Ettingshausen,  Steinkohlen-Fl.  Radnitz,  p.  37, 

pi.  xxi,  fig.  2. 
ISOO.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongn.,  Lesquerenx,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Arkansas.,  vol.  ii, 

X).  315. 
1860.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongn.,  H.  C.  Wood,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  vol. 

xii,  p.  440. 
1874.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongn.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  bohm.  Kohlen-Abl.,  vol.  i, 

pi.  i,  fig.  9. 
1876.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongn.,  Ferd.  Eoemer,  Leth.  Geogn.,  Pal.,  Atlas,  pi.  li. 

figs.  Iffl,  16;  text  (1880),  p.  169. 

1878.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongu.,  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.,  Atlas,  pi.  clxiii, 

figs.  1.2;  text  (1879),  p.  39. 

1879.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongn.,  Schimper,  in  Zittel:  Haudb.  Pal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  108, 

fig.  77. 
1881.  Spheno2)teri.sobtusilobaBTongn.,Weiss,  Ausd.  Fl.  d.  Steinkolil.,  pi.  xi,  figs. 67,  67a. 
1883.  Sphenopteris   obtusiloba  Brongn.,  Renault,  Cours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  iii,  p.  190.  pi. 

xxxiii,  figs.  5,  6. 
1886.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongu.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  liouill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas, 

figs.  1,  pi.  iii,  Ifl.,  2,  2« ;  pi.  iv,  tig.  1 ;  text  (1888),  p.  65. 
1897.  Sphenopteris  obtusiloba  Brongu.,  Potonie,  Lehrb.  d.  Pfianzeni>al.,  p.  137,  fig.  131. 
1833.  Sphenopteris  irregularis  Sternberg.  Yersuch,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  5-6,  p.  63,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  4; 

fasc.  7  u.  8,  p.  132. 
1855.  An  Sphenopteris  irregularis  Sternb.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  14,  pi. 

xxiii,  figs.  2-4  (excl.  syn.)! 
1860.  Sphenopteris  irregularis  Sterub.,  F.  A.  Eoemer,  Palseontograpbica,  vol.  ix,  p.  24, 

pi.  iv,  fig.  5. 
1866.  Sphenopterisirregularis^tecub.,  Audrii,  Vorweltl.  Pfl.  Steink.,  p.  26,  pi.  viii,  pi.  ix, 

fig.l.    • 
1869.  Sphenopteris  irregularis  Sterub.,  vou  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens,  p.  56, 

pi.  xvi,  fig.  2  ( ?) ;  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  5,  6. 
1836.  Gheilanthites  obtusilobus  (Brongn.)  Goeppert,  Systema,  p.  246. 
1836.  Gheilanthites  irregularis  (Sternb.)  Goeppert,  Systema,  p.  247. 
1836.  SphenojHeris  latifolia  Lindley  and  Huttou,  Fossil  Flora,  vol.  iii,  pi.  clxxviii. 
1848.  Sphenopteris  trifoliolata  (Artis?)  Brongn.,  Sauveur,  V4g.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg., 

pi.  xix,  fig.  2;  pi.  xxi. 
1869.  Sphenopteris  trifoliolata  (Artisi),  von  Eoehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphaleus,  p.  65, 

pi.  xvi,  fig.  3  (excl.  syn.). 
1869.  Sphenopteris  {Aneimioides)  obtusiloba   Brongn.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  399, 

pi.  XXX,  fig.  1. 


FERN  S— TBIPHYLLOPTEKIDE2E— PSBUDOPECOPTEEIS.  25 

1869.  Sphenopteris    {Oymnogrammides)  irregularis    Sternb.,  Scliimper,  Traits,  vol.  i, 

p.  373. 
1877.  Biplothmema  obtusilobum  (Brongn.)  Stur,  Oulm-Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  124  (230). 
1885.  Diplothmema  obtusilobum  (Brougn.)  Stur,  Fame  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  pp.  296, 354,  pi. 

XXV,  figs.  Sa-c;  pi.  xxvb,  flg.  1. 

1888.  Biplothmema  obtusilobum  (Brougn.)  Stur,  Toula,  Die  Steiukoblen,  p.  187,  pi.  i, 

figs.  7,  8. 
1877.  Biplothmema  irregulare  (Sternb.)  Stur,  Culm-Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  124  (230). 
1885.  Biplothmema  irregulare  (Sternb.)  Stur,  Fame  d.  Carbon-Flora,  p.  296. 
1879.  Pseuclopecopteris  irregularis  (Sternb.)  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  8,  pi.  lii, 

figs.  1-3  (8?);  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  211. 
1884.  Pseudopecopteris  obtusiloba  (Brongn.)  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  753. 

1889.  Pseudo2)ecopteris  obtusiloba  (Brongn.)  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol. 

ii,  p.  803,  text  fig. 
1893.  Sphenopteris  (Pseudopecopteris)  obtusiloba  Brongn.,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol. 
Surv.,  No.  98,  p.  52. 

Fronds  tripiiinate  or  quadripinnate  below;  rachis  strong,  flat,  naked, 
striated,  slightly  undulate  belovr,  becoming  more  flexuous  toward  the  tip ; 
primary  pinnae  broad,  lanceolate,  acute,  pinnatifid  to  near  the  extreme  apex; 
secondary  pinnae  at  right  angles  below,  becoming  oblique  above,  alternate, 
distant,  contiguous  or  slightly  imbricated,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  straight 
or  curved,  those  in  the  middle  and  lower  portions  of  the  primary  pinnee 
provided  with  pinnae  of  the  third  order,  those  above  bearing  reduced' ter- 
tiary pinnae  or  pinnatifid  pinnules,  those  still  nearer  the  top  being  provided 
with  large,  broad,  rather  triangular-ovate  pinnules,  divided  into  3  to  .5  more 
or  less  deeply  separated,  round-obtuse  lobes ;  secondary  and  tertiary  rachises 
narrow,  more  or  less  distinctly  flexuous  to  correspond  to  the  insertion  of  the 
pinnae  or  pinnules,  but  sometimes  appearing  nearly  straight,  sulcate  above, 
rounded  on  the  lower  side,  finely  and  evenh-  striate,  bordered  by  narrow 
laminae;  tertiary  pinnae  distinct,  alternate,  usually  close,  sometimes  distant, 
or  even  overlapping,  the  lower  ones  at  a  right  angle  to  the  secondary  rachis, 
the  upper  somewhat  oblique,  12-22  mm.  long,  5-12  mm.  wide,  more  or  less 
acutely  pointed,  provided  with  2  to  5  pairs  of  alternate,  sessile,  or  broad- 
pedicellate,  half-round,  ovate,  or  reniform  and  dilated,  usually  more  or  less 
distinctly  trilobate  pinnules,  generally  close  or  slightly  imbricated,  those  in 
the  lower  part  of  the  frond  more  distant,  slightly  decurrent;  surface  of  the 
pinnules  coriaceous,  curved  backward  somewhat  near  the  border,  and 
marked  between  and  parallel  to  the  nerves  with  close,  minute  striae;  mar- 
gins apparently  thickened  and  traversed  on  the  upper  side  by  a  narrow 


26  FLOKA  OP  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

furrow  or  gutter;  pinnules  of  the  iipper  secondary  pinnae  broad,  more  or 
less  deeply  dissected  into  3,  sometimes  4,  bi-oad,  rounded  or  truncate- 
rounded,  or  obovate  lobes,  the  lowest  pair  of  the  pinnules  of  the  pinnae 
subpalmately  divided  into  4  to  6  lobes,  one  or  more  of  the  divisions 
sometimes  elongated,  those  pinnules  toward  the  top  of  the  pinnae  becoming 
less  distinctly  lobed  and  approaching  the  proportions  of  those  borne  on  the 
tertiary  pinnae;  primary  nerves  originating  at  a  narrow  angle  and  curving 
outward,  dichotomizing,  the  secondary  nerves  forking  and  curving,  indistinct, 
to  the  border;  fructification  unknown. 

The  excellent  suite  of  specimens  from  Missoui-i  rej^resenting  Sphenopteris 
dbtusiloba  Brongn.  has  already  been  described  somewhat  fully.^  The  lines 
of  the  differentiation  of  this  species  from  Sphenopteris  trifoliolata  Artis  are 
still  uncertain,  although  it  is  quite  well  recognized  that  more  than  one  species 
is  included  under  the  two  names. 

The  examination  of  the  originals  of  the  Pseudopecopteris  irregularis 
(Sternb.)  Lx.  figured'  firom  the  same  locality  as  some  of  the  specimens 
before  me,  and  a  comparison  of  these  with  material  from  the  same  place, 
published  later  by  Lesquereux^  as  Pseudopecopteris  obtusiloba  (Brongn.), 
show  that,  so  far  as  the  specimens  from  Missouri  are  concerned,  the  only 
difference  between  the  few  examples  identified  by  that  author  is  that  of  size. 
The  more  complete  representation  shows  every  gradation  from  the  small 
fragments  such  as  that  figured  as  Ps.  irregularis  in  the  Coal  Flora,  or  Fig.  1, 
PL  VII,  and  the  average  proportions,  there  being  no  specific  distinction 
between  them.  The  specimens  illustrated  on  PI.  VII,  Figs.  2,  3,  and 
PI.  VIII,  show  well  the  general  aspect  of  fragments  from  the  various  parts 
of  the  primary  pinnae.  Many  of  the  trilobate  pinnules  of  the  form  seen  in 
the  upper  part,  of  PI.  VII,  Fig.  3,  enlarged  in  PI.  IX,  Fig.  5,  somewhat 
resemble  the  Pseudopecopteris  anceps  Lx.* 

The  collection  of  specimens  from  other  American  localities  identified 
as  Pseudopiecopteris  obtusiloba  seems  to  show  several  phases  of  this  species, 
one  or  more  of  which  may  deserve  at  least  varietal  distinction,  while  it  is 
possible  that  the  true  Sphenopteris  trifoliolata  of  Artis  is  also  present. 

I  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98, 1893,  p.  53. 
-  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  212,  pi.  lii,  figs.  1,  2. 
^Op.  cit.,  vol.  iii,  p.753. 

*  Pseudopecopteris  squamosa  (Lx.)  has  priority  over  Ps.  anceps,  which  is  identified  by  Zeiller  and 
Kidston  as  Sphenopteris  nenropleroides  (Boulay)  Zeill. 


FERNS— TRIPHYLLOPTEKIDE^—PSEUDOPECOPTEEIS.  27 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5440,  5441,  5624, 
5625,  5627,  5628,  5629,  5635,  5716,  5717,  5718;  Hemy  County,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  5438.     Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5439. 

PSBUDOPEOOPTEBIS   SQUAMOSA   Lx.  sp. 

PI.  IX,  Fig.  4. 

1854,  Sphenopteris  squamosa  Lesquereux,  Bost.  Journ.  N.  H.,  vol.  vi.  No.  4,  p.  420, 
1858.  Sphenopteris  squamosa  Lesquereux,  G-eol.  Penusylvania,  vol.  il,  p.  862,  pi.  x, 

fig.  3. 
1876.  Pecopteris  neuropteroides  Boulay  (non  Kutorga),  Terr,  houill.  n.  d.  Fr.,  p.  32, 

pi.  ii,  tigs.  6,  6b. 
1879.  Pseudopecopteris  anceps  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  7,  pi.  xxxviii,  figs.  1-4; 

text,  vol.  1  (1880),  p.  207  (cum  syn.). 
1889,  Pseudopecopteris  anceps  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  796, 

text-figs. 
1883.  Sphenopteris  nevropteroides  (Boul.)  Zeiller,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  (6)  bot.,  vol.  xvi, 

p.  186. 

1886.  Sphenopteris  nevropteroides  (Boul.)  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas, 

pi.  ii,  figs.  1,  la,  2,  2a;  text  (1888),  p.  349. 

1887.  Sphenopteris  neuropteroides (Bon\.)  Zeill.,  Kidston,  Foss.  Fl.  Eadstock  Ser.,  p.  349, 
1897.  Ps€udo2)ecopteris  squamosa  (Lx.)  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Ainer.,  vol.  viii, 

p.  291. 
1899.  Pseudopecopteris  squamosa  (Lx.)  D,  White,  19th  Aan.  Eept.  U,  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  3, 
p.  474, 

"Frond  compound,  multifid,  dicliotomous  or  quadripinnate ;  primary 
rachis  broad;  pinnae  of  the  third  order,  oblique,  distant,  rigid  or  flexuous; 
ultimate  pinnae  short,  inclined  upward,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  pin- 
nately  lobed;  pinnules  short,  round,  ovate  or  subquadrate,  connate  at  the 
base,  the  lower  generally  free,  the  upper  joined  to  the  middle;  upper  pinnae 
simple,  undulate  by  the  gradual  cohesion  of  the  lobes ;  veins  forking  twice, 
curving  to  the  borders,  all  derived  from  a  thin  midrib  of  the  same  size  as 
the  veins." 

Although  this  species,  familiar  to  paleontologists  as  Pse.udopecopteris 
anceps,  is  not  rare  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  obtained 
from  many  localities,  it  is  only  recently  that  it  has  been  collected  west  of 
the  Mississippi  River.  Even  now  it  is,  so  far  as  I  know,  represented  only 
by  the  specimen  ilkistrated,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  4,  which  was  loaned  to  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  by  Dr.  Britts.    Owing,  therefore,  to  the  paucity  of 


28  FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEI. 

material  from  Missom-i,  the  above  description  is  that  given  by  Professor 
Lesquereux  under  Pseudopecojiteris  anceps  in  the  Coal  Flora.  The  Missouri 
plant  appears  to  differ  from  the  type  only  by  a  slightly  closer  arrangement 
of  the  nerves. 

The  identity  oiSphenopteris  squamosa  Lx.  andiPseudopecopteris  anceps  Lx., 
signified  by  the  inscription  of  the  former  as  a  synonym  preceding  the  descrip- 
tion, is  e-sadent  from  a  comparison  of  the  figure  oi  Spltenopteris  squamosa  given 
in  the  Geology  of  Pennsylvania^  with  the  fine  series,  including  the  tvpes 
from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania.,  now  resting  in  the  Lacoe  collection.  The 
equivalence  of  Pseudopecopteris  anceps  Lx.  with  the  Pecopteris  neiiropteroides 
of  Boulay,  first  recognized  by  Zeiller,  was  soon  afterwards  corroborated  by 
Kidston,^  after  a  comparison  of  the  European  material  with  specimens  from 
Pennsylvania.  Those  specimens  which  I  have  seen  from  the  Eadstock  coal 
field  or  the  Department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  seem  to  represent  a  form  with 
smaller  pinnules  than  those  in  our  common  type,  although  there  appears  to 
be  no  important  diff'erence  between  them.  It  is  probable  that  the  few  frag- 
ments in  om-  collections  may  be  below  the  average  in  respect  to  size  of  the 
pinnules. 

That  Pseudopecopteris  squamosa,  as  a  whole,  was  very  large  is  shown 
by  many  fine  fragments  of  fronds  found  near  Pittston,  Pennsylvania,  in  one 
of  which  (No.  3431  of  the  Lacoe  collection)  we  find  a  segment  of  a  rachis 
15  mm.  wide,  giving  off  two  opposite  branches,  each  nearly  10  mm.  in 
width.  I  do  not,  however,  remember  noticing  dichotomous  fronds  con- 
forming to  the  description,  the  general  habit  being  a  pinnate  branching  like 
that  shown  in  pi.  xxxviii  of  the  Coal  Flora. 

The  punctation  seen  frequently  on  the  surface  of  the  pinnules  of  this 
species,  as  illustrated  in  fig.  2  of  the  Coal  Flora,  and  which  is  obscurely 
observable  with  the  aid  of  a  lens  in  the  Missouri  specimen,  has  been  iden- 
tified by  Kidston^  and  Meschinelli*  with  the  Excipidites  CalUpteridis(^c\nm])?) 
Kidst.  These  dots,  which  generally  show  as  small  23ustules,  are  distinctlv 
interneural,  and  are  strongly  suggestive  of  glands.  They  are  possibh' 
comparable  to  the  canities  occupied  by  ovoid  granules  found  b}'  Renault^  in 
AletJiopteris  aqtiiUna. 

I  Vol.  ii,  1858,  p.  862,  pi.  x,  fig.  3. 

■'Fobs.  F1.  Radstock  Ser. ;  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xxsiii,  1887,  p.  349. 

3Loc.  cit.,p.  339. 

^  Sylloge  Fungorum  Fossilium,  1892,  p.  52. 

'  Cours.  bot.  foss.,  vol.  iii,  1883,  pi.  xsvii,  fig.  10. 


FERNS— TEIPHYLLOPTEEIDE.E—PSBUDOPECOPTEEIS.  29 

Pseudopecopteris  squamosa  may  readily  be  distinguished  from  Pseudo- 
pecopteris  obtusUoba  by  the  more  regular,  compact,  oblique  pinnules,  which 
are  much  less  constricted  at  the  base,  the  texture  being  thinner  and  not  so 
leathery,  and  the  rugosity,  irregularly  stiiate  in  the  direction  of  the  nerves, 
while  the  thin  and  rather  close  nerves  of  the  former  may  be  observed  with- 
out the  aid  of  a  glass  in  most  of  the  specimens. 

Locality. — From  Pitcher's  coal  bank.  Specimen  in  the  cabinet  of  Dr. 
J.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Missouri. 

Pseudopecopteris  sp. 
PI.  VII,  Figs.  4,  5. 

The  peculiar  specimens  figured  are  the  largest  of  the  very  few 
fragments  of  this  plant  I  have  seen  among  the  hundreds  of  fossils  from 
Owens's  bank,  Henry  County,  Missouri.  The  larger  fragment  appears  to 
represent  the  upper  portion  of  a  lateral  secondary  pinna.  The  rachis  is 
strong,  sulcate,  and  apparently  obscurely  alate.  The  lateral  pinnse  are 
alternate  or  subalternate,  straight,  rigid,  with  a  rather  strong  percurrent, 
narrowly  winged  rachis,  which  is  produced  as  a  spine.  The  pinnules  are 
close,  generally  slightly  overlapping,  3  to  5-lobate  below,  passing  into  pinnse, 
ovate,  round,  reniform,  or  obovate  above,  attached  by  a  very  broad  subpedicel 
to  the  decun-ent  lamina  along  the  rachis.  The  limb,  which  is  very  thick 
and  coriaceous,  is  covered  by  rough  striae  or  rows  of  scales  or  closely 
appressed  hairs  radiating  in  a  system  parallel  to  the  nervation,  which  is 
too  much  obscured  for  definite  discernment.  The  other  fragment,  while 
conforming  with  the  characters  of  the  specimen  just  described,  is  specially 
notable  on  account  of  the  well-developed  terminal  spine. 

Although  the  fragments  apparently  belong  to  a  hitherto  undescribed 
species,  I  hesitate  to  so  designate  them  on  account  of  lack  of  sufficient 
material.  The  more  distinctive  characteristics  of  the  plant  are  the  very 
small  size  of  the  pinnules,  the  broad  footstalks  of  the  latter,  the  rounded  or 
semitruncate  lobes  and  pinnules,  which  are  frequently  reniform,  and  the 
thick,  scaly  surface.  The  fragment  clearl}^  belongs  to  the  Pseudopecopteris 
ohtusiloba  gi'oup,  and  is  perhaps  nearer  to  Ps.  trifoliolata  or  Ps.  nummidaria 
than  to  any  other  known  species.     The  specimens  in  hand  are  much  more 


30  FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MIBSOUEL 

delicate  than  those  figured  by  Artis,  Andi-a/  or  Stur^  and  seem  to  differ  from 
both  by  their  broad  pedicels  and  percurrent  rachises. 

Locality. — Owens's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5618,  5667. 

MAEIOPTEEIS  Zeiller,  1878. 

1877.  Diplothmema  Stur,  Culm-Flora,  vol,  ii,  p.  226  (pars). 

1878.  3fario2)teris  Zeiller,  Bull.  Soc.  geol.  Fr.,  (3)  vol.  viii,  p.  93. 

1879.  Pseiidopecopteris  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  G;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  j).  190 

(pars). 

MAEIOPTEEIS  cf.  ISTEEVOSA  (Brongn.)  Zeill. 

1832  or  1833.  Pecopteris  nervosa  Brougniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  297,  pi.  xciv,  pi.  xcv, 

figs.  1,  2. 
1836.  Alethopteris  nervosa  (Bronga.)  Goeppert,  Systeiua,  p.  312. 

1877.  Diplothmenia  nervosum  (Brongn.)  Stur,  Culm  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  230. 

1878.  Mariopteris  nervosa  (Brongn.)  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Fr.,  pi.  clxvii,  figs. 

1-4;  text  (1879),  p.  09. 

1879.  Pseudopecopteris  nervosa  (Brongn.)   Lesquereux,  Coal   Flora,  Atlas,  p.  6,  pi. 

xxxiv,  figs.  1,  2  (noQ  3!);  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  197. 

The  rather  comprehensive  species,  Mariopteris  nervosa  (Brongn.)  Zeill., 
seems  to  be  represented  by  a  single  fragment  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton. 
This  fragment  has  a  close  resemblance  to  specimens  of  M.  nervosa  figured  by 
Sauveur,'  Zeiller,*  and  Stur,^  or  the  figures  given  by  the  last-named  author^ 
as  Diplothmenia  muricatwm  (Schloth.)  Stur.  The  specimen  from  Missouri 
differs  from  the  common  American  form,  which  has  very  broad,  triangular 
leaves,  by  the  somewhat  ovate  shape  of  the  latter,  which  are  constricted  at 
the  base  and  turned  slightly  upward  at  the  point. 

On  account  of  the  many  transitional  and  polymorphous  phases 
observed  in  and  between  M.  nervosa  and  M.  muricata,  Professor  Zeiller 
and  several  others  of  the  most  distinguished  paleobotanists  agree  to  include 
all  these  forms  under  the  latter  name.  Our  American  material,  however, 
appears  to  show  a  much  greater  diversity  of  forms  than  the  European,  the 
extremes  being  much  farther  a^^art,  while  the  stratigraphic  series  covered  by 
the  group  is  well  marked  by  the  difference  between  the  older  and  the  younger 

'  Sphenopteris  numnmlaria,  Vorweltl.  Pfl.,  p.  35,  pi.  xi. 

- Diplothmema  trifoliolatum  (Art.)  Stur,  Famed.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  349,  pi.  xix,  figs.  1-4. 

■'  V^g.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pi.  xliv,  fig.  1. 

*  Vi5g.  foss.  teiT.  houill.  Fr.,  pi.  clxvii,  fig.  2. 

''  Fame  d.  Caibon-Fl.,  pi.  xxiv,  tig.  2. 

"  Stur,  op.  cit.,  p.  393,  pi.  xxii,  tigs.  3-5. 


FERNS— TEIPHYLLOPTERIDE^—MARIOPTERIS.  3 1 

forms;  thus  M.  niuricata  is  very  highly  differentiated  in,  and  is  confined 
almost  exclusively  to,  the  Pottsville  series,  while  M.  nervosa  is  character- 
istic of  the  Alleghany  series,  seldom  being  found  within,  and  near  the  top, 
of  the  Pottsville  series.  The  relations  of  the  niuricata  and  nervosa  types 
have  been  more  fully  discussed  by  the  writer  in  the  report  on  the  fossil 
plants  from  the  McAlester,  Indian  Territory,  coal  field.' 

The  form  in  hand  is  not  to  be  confused  with  the  one  that  I  have  com- 
pared with  M.  muricata.  The  latter  is  most  intimately  related  to  a  form 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  Pottsville  series. 

Locality. — Henry  County,  Missouri.  Received  from  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts, 
Clinton,  Missouri.     Precise  locality  unknown.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5459 

Mariopteris  sphenopteroidbs  (Lx.)  Zeill. 

PI.  IX,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  X. 

1879.  Odontopteris  sphenopteroides  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  4,  pi.  xxi,  figs.  3, 

4;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  139, 
1881.  Alethopteris  nervosa  (Brongu.)  Goepp.,  AchepoM,  Niederrb.-Westfal.    Sieink., 

p.  i'2  (pi.  xi,  flg.  IG!) 
1883.  Sphenopteris   nobilis  Acbepolil,    Niederrh.-Westfal.  Steiuk.,  Erganzungsbl.,  iii, 

flg.  5. 
1886.  Mariopteris  sphenopteroides  (Lx.)  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss,  houill.  Valeuciennes,  Atlas,  pi. 
xix,  figs.  3,  4;  text  (1888),  p.  171. 

.  Fronds  quadripinnate,  dichotomous,  spreading,  with  a  somewhat  flexu- 
ous  rachis ;  secondary  (I )  pinnae  alternate,  oblong-triangular,  acute ;  tertiary 
Q)  pinnae  alternate,  open,  triangular-lanceolate,  tapering  to  an  acute  point  or 
spine;  rachis  flexuous  to  correspond  to  the  pinnation,  canaHculate  above, 
terete  beneath,  finely  obscurely  striate,  with  a  narrow  border;  ultimate 
pinnae  open,  nearly  at  right  angles  below,  more  oblique  above,  close,  gen- 
erally slightly  overlapping,  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute, 
usually  terminating  in  a  short  spine;  pinnules  alternate,  more  or  less  open, 
generally  touching  when  fully  developed,  or  even  overlapping  a  little,, 
ovate-deltoid,  somewhat  constricted  at  the  base,  more  or  less  deeply  divided 
into  lobes  or  teeth,  decurrent  to  border  the  usually  slightly  flexuous  rachis, 
the  lower  pair  on  each  pinna  polymorphous  and  compound,  especially  the 
proximal  one,  which,  in  the  lower  pinnae,  is  once  or  twice  di-sdded  in  the  man- 
ner characteristic  of  the  genus;    lobes  or  teeth  deltoid,  obtuse,  inclined 


'Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  xlx,  pt.  3,  p.  475. 


32  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

upward,  broader,  more  deeply  dissected  in  the  lower  part  of  tlie  pinnules 
and  higher  in  the  larger  jjinnules,  varying  much  according-  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  pinnule,  becoming  narrower,  closer,  and  more  spinous  toward 
the  tip,  where  they  often  resemble  short  claws,  the  terminal  one  being 
usually  finally  developed  as  a  spinous  process;  limb  not  very  thick,  rather 
coriaceous,  arched  upward  between  the  nerves,  and  very  tinely  striate  in 
the  direction  of  the  nervation,  probably  by  rows  of  minute  hair-like  scales; 
nervation  coarse,  rather  distant,  slightly  depressed  above,  clear  and  in  relief 
beneath,  originating  at  a  single  point  on  the  rachis,  carving  rapidly  outward, 
and  forking,  often  three  or  four  times,  rather  openly,  before  reaching  the  bor- 
ders, where  they  are  slighth'  turned  upward  in  entering  the  lobes  or  teeth. 

In  the  course  of  my  examinations  of  the  Paleozoic  plant  types  in  the 
Illinois  State  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  of  the  Missouri  specimens 
from  the  Lesquereux  collection,  now  part  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  I  had 
opportunities  to  examine  the  type  specimens  from  both  the  Missouri  and 
the  Illinois  localities  and  to  verify  their  specific  identit}?^,  together  with  a 
fine  series  of  examples  from  the  Missouri  locality.  This  comparison  has 
convinced  me  that  the  apparently  anomalous  nervation  of  the  pinnules  in 
figs.  3  and  4  of  Odontopteris  sphenopteroides  on  pi.  xxi  of  the  Coal  Flora, 
which  are  otherwise  Sphenopteroid,  is  due  entirely  to  imperfect  drawing,  the 
actual  nervation  being  more  truthfully  represented  in  the  detail,  fig.  3a,  of 
the  same  plate,  which  is  obviously  not  Odontopteroid.  Additional  material, 
labeled  perhaps  at  the  time  of  description  or  soon  after  the  publication  of  the 
species,  shows  still  more  clearly  the  Mariopterid  outlines  and  teeth,  often 
developed  into  claws  or  blunt  subspines,  the  terminal,  especially  in  the  larger 
pinnules  and  pinnse,  passing  into  nearly  naked  prolongations  of  the  main 
nerve  or  rachis.  Thus,  in  pinnation,  flexuosity,  outlines,  marginal  wing, 
lamina,  and  nervation,  the  species  is  plainly  Sphenopteroid,  of  the  group 
included  by  Professor  Lesquereux  in  Pseudopecopteris  or  by  Zeiller  in  Mari- 
opteris.  In  the  younger  pinnules  the  apex  is  somewhat  obtuse-truncate  and 
cut  into  narrow  and  less  blunt  teeth. 

In  the  mode  of  development  of  its  pinnules,  nervation,  and  limb, 
Mariopteris  splienopteroides  suggests  a  dentate  modification  of  Mariopteris 
nervosa  (Brongn.)  Zeill.,  or  M.  latifolia  (Brongn.)  Zeill.^     My  own  studies 

'See  Mariopteris  muricata  (Schloth.)  Zeill.,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  A^alenciennes,  pi.  xx,  figs.  2,3,4; 
M.  acuta  (Brongn.)  Zeill.,  loc.  cit.,  iil.  xviii,  fig.  2.  Also  see  Stur,  Farne  d.  Carbou-Fl.,  Diplothmema 
pilosuvi  Stur,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  2. 


FEENS— TRIPHYLLOPTEIilDE^E— MARIOPTERIS.  33 

of  the  stratigi-aphic  changes  of  the  floras  in  the  Coal  Measures  S3'steni  of 
the  central  portion  of  the  Appalachian  trough  lead  me  to  conclude  that  M. 
spJienojjteroidcs  is  closer  to  M.  nervosa  than  to  any  other  species,  both  forms, 
between  which  there  are  intermediate  stages,  having  been  developed  fi-om 
a  polymorphous  earlier  stock  generally  referred  tu  Mari^jteris  murkata 
(restricted)  or  Pseudopecopteris  muricata  as  determined  by  Lesquereux. 

The  illustrations  of  M.  splienopteroides  given  by  Zeiller  in  his  beautiful 
work  on  the  Flora  of  the  Valenciennes  Basin'  appear  to  me  as  somewhat 
doubtfully  referable  to  this  species,  being  in  some  respects  closer  to  the 
form  commonl}'  identified  in  the  United  States  as  Pseudopecapteris  nervosa 
(Brongn.)  Lx.  From  his  figures  and  detailed  drawuigs  it  woidd  seem  that 
the  pinnae  are  more  obtusely  pointed,  instead  of  being-  spmous,  the  pinnules 
being  emarginate  or  crenulate,  not  deepl)^  dentate  or  dentate- spmous,  and 
the  nerves  less  distant,  coarse,  or  irregular  tlian  in  the  American  form.  The 
characteristic  facies  of  the  pinnae  of  the  latter,  and  even  the  nervation, 
which  is  relatively  more  distant  and  irregular  than  in  M.  nervosa,  or  stronger 
than  in  M.  latifolia  or  M.  acuta,  are  shown  in  the  photographs,  PI.  X,  or  the 
enlargement,  PI.  IX,  Fig.  la. 

Mariopteris  sphenopteroides  lias  been  found  in  the  western  coal  reo-ion 
of  Arkansas  and  in  the  Lower  Productive  Goal  Measures  (XIII)  at  Mazon 
Creek,  Illinois,  and  near  Coalburg,  West  Virginia;  and  it  thus  far  seems  to 
be  characteristic  of  a  limited  zone  near  the  l^ase  of  the  Lower  Coal  Meas- 
ures, or  Alleghany  series. 

Localities. — Frequent  at  Owens's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Xat.  Mus.,  5532, 
5707-5711;  also  at  Gilkersou's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5533;  Pitcher's  coal 
bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5584  (?). 

Mariopteris,  .'^p. 
PI.  IX,  Fig.  3. 

A  few  small  fragments  found  among  the  collections  represent  a  phase 
of  a  new  species  generally  limited  to  the  upper  part,  of  the  Potlsville  series 
in  the  American  Coal  Measures.  This  form,  being  exceedingly  rai-e  in  the 
Alleghany  series  of  Missouri,  is  not  present  in  sufficient  material  from  this 


'Fl.  foss.  basin  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  1886,  pi.  xix,  figs.  3,4;  text  (1888),  p.  171. 
MON   XXXVII 3 


3-i  FLORA  OP  LOWER  GOAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

region  for  a  good  diagnosis.  I  have  concluded,  therefore,  to  give  only  a 
figure  of  a  Henry  County  specimen  (No.  4438)  in  the  Lacoe  collection, 
reserving  its  full  description  and  illustration  until  the  Pottsville  flora  is 
specially  treated,  when  this  form  will  be  shown  to  belong-  to  the  grou]) 
represented  by  Mariopteris  mnricala  (Schloth.)  Zeill.,  as  commonly  identified 
in  this  country.     The  plant  in  hand  stands  near  the  latter  species. 

Locality. — The  form  is  from  Henry  County,  Missouri,  No.  4438,  Lacoe 
collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  The  second  sjiecimen  is  from  Oweus's  coal 
bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5437. 

Mariopteris  (sp.  novJ). 

PI.  VII,  Fig.  6. 

The  specimen  illustrated  in  PI.  VII,  Fig.  6,  found  among  the  later 
consignments  sent  by  Dr.  Britts,  is  the  only  representative  in  the  collections 
of  a  form  which  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  definitely'  correlate  with  any 
described  species.  As  will  be  observed  in  the  photograph,  the  pinnatifid 
pinnules,  nearly  developed  into  pinnae,  are  close,  triangular,  and  notice- 
abl}-  decurrent.  A  remarkable  feature  is  the  very  large  proportion  of 
the  lower  lobes  as  compared  with  the  few  small  lobes  succeeding  them  on 
the  pinnule.  In  fact,  the  upper  part  of  the  pimnile  seems  undeveloped. 
The  rachis  is  finely  lineate  and  very  narrowly  margined.  The  ner^■ation, 
shown  in  PI.  YII,  Fig.  Go,  is  decurrent  and  fairly  distinct.  The  lamina, 
slightl)'  thickened,  is  dull,  elevated  in  ridges  between  the  nerves,  and 
bordered  by  a  ver}'  narrow  gutter.  The  general  form  of  the  pinnules 
and  the  features  of  the  lamina  are  suggestive  of  Mariopteris  nervosa 
(Brongn.)  Zeill.,  while  the  form  of  the  lobes  and  the  character  of  the 
nervation  unite  to  remind  owe  of  the  Mariopteris  muricata  group.  Still, 
the  generic  reference  of  this  specimen,  whicli  may  represent  either  a  new 
species  or  an  Old  World  form  not  understood  by  me,  is  considered  merely 
as  tentative. 

Localitij. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  56t)6. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE^—aPHENOPTElUS.  35 

SPHENOPTERIDE.E. 

SPHENOPTERIS  Brongiiiart,  1822. 

1822.  Filicites-sect.  Sphetwpteris  Brouguiart,  Mem.  inus.  hist,  iiat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  233. 
1826.  Sphwnopterin  Sternberg,  Versucb,  vol.  i,  teut.,  p.  xv. 
1828.  Sphenopteris  Brouguiart,  Prodrome,  p.  28. 

Sphenopteeis  mixta  Schimp. 
PI.  XI,  Fig.  3;  PI.  XII,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  XIII,  Figs.  4,  5. 

1866.  Sphenopteris  rigida  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  ])p. 

435,  469,  pi.  xxsix,  flgs.  5,  6  (excl.  syn.). 
1889.  Sphenopteris  rigida  Miller,  N.  Amer.  Geol.  Pal.,  p.  143. 

1869.  Sphenopteris  (Gheilanthides)  mixta  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  382. 

1870.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p. 

409,  pi.  XXV,  tigs.  7,  8. 
1879.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp.,  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  9,  pi.  liv,  figs. 
2  (1,  3?);  text,  1  (1880),  p.  276. 

1883.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp.,  Lesquereux,  13th  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  pi.  xv, 

tigs.  1(2,3"?). 
1886.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valencieunes,  Atlas,  pi.  xii, 
tig.  3;  text  (1888),  p.  95. 

1889.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp.,  Kidston,  Trans.  Roy.  See.  Edinb.,  vol.  xxxv,  1, 

p.  405. 

1890.  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  iii.,  p.  987 

(text  tig.  ?). 

1870.  Sphenopteris  sinuosa  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p.  409. 

1872.  An  Sphenopteris  (Aneimioides)  pulchra  Marrat,  Proc.  Liverpool  Geol.  Soc,  Feb- 
ruary, 1872,  p.  101,  pi.  viii,  tigs,  lab'i 

1884.  Pseudopecopteris  nummularia  (Gutb.)  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  751, 

pi.  ciii,  tigs.  1-3;  2d  type  in  part  (excl.  syn.). 
1893.  Ovopteris  mixta  (Schimp.)  Potonie,  Fl.  Rothl.  Thiiringen,  p.  44. 

Fronds  tri-  or  polypiimate,  spreading,  extremely  intricate  and  delicate ; 
rachis  narrow,  usually  rounded  below,  sliallowly  sulcate  above,  finely  striate, 
punctate  by  the  attachment  of  rather  distant  spines  or  spiny  scales,  flexuous, 
sometimes  slightly  geniculate,  and  bordered  in  the  smaller  divisions  by  a 
very  narrow  decurrent  lamina ;  primary  (?)  jiinuiE  oval  (I),  obtuse,  lax,  flex- 
uous ;  secondary  (?)  pinnae  alternate,  very  long,  linear-lanceolate,  very  slen- 
der, flexuous  or  slightly  subgeniculate,  open,  generally  at  a  right  angle  to 
the  primary  (?)  rachis,  close  or  more  often  somewhat  overlapping,  hardly 
contracted  at  the  base,  tapering  from  above  the  middle  to  a  very  slender, 


36  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

generally  flexuous  point;  ultimate  pinnae  alternate,  very  open,  triangular- 
linear,  sometimes  extremely  elongated  or  lanceolate-acute,  varying  as  to 
size  according  to  place  in  the  frond,  often  somewhat  geniculate,  usually 
rather  distant,  but  often  contiguous  or  even  overlapping,  pinnatifid  below; 
pinnules  alternate,  open,  often  very  small,  sometimes  extremely  small, 
ovate  at  first  with  a  broad  basal  attachment,  becoming  ovate-triangular 
and  sublobate  to  5  and  more  ovate  close  lobes,  separated  by  an 
angular  sinus,  which  is  decurrent  as  the  pimuiles  become  pinnatifid,  with 
narrow  attachment  and  diminishing  marginal  wing  in  passing  downward; 
lamina  minutely  rugose,  rather  thick,  slightly  repand  at  the  margin; 
nervation  generally  rather  indistinct;  nerves  rather  strong  near  the  rachis, 
thinning  in  passing  upward,  a  single  primary  nerve,  originating  at  a  rather 
open  angle  and  branching  pinnately  at  a  wide  angle  nearly  opposite  each 
sinus,  the  lower  branches  forking  again  in  the  larger  lobes  or  pinnatifid 
pinnules,  all  the  nervation  being  generally  clear  (in  the  under  surface  of 
the  pinnule. 

The  true  species,  as  first  illustrated  in  the  Illinois  geological  reports,^ 
the  types  of  which  I  had  an  opportunity  to  examine  in  the  Illinois  State 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  is  well  represented  by  a  large  series  of  good 
specimens  in  the  collections  in  hand.  Recently,  during  a  study  of  a  portion 
of  the  Lacoe  collection,  the  examples  figured  in  the  Coal  Flora^  as  Psendo- 
pecopteris  nummularia  (Gutb.)  Lx'.,  which  came  from  Henry  Count}",  Missouri, 
were  found  to  have  been  labeled  Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp.  by  Professor 
Lesquereux,  a  reference  which  seems  to  indicate  the  belief  on  his  part,  at 
the  late  date  when  the  specimens  were  catalogued,  in  the  specific  identity 
of  the  specimens  figured  under  the  former  name  with  Splienopteris  mixta 
Schimp.  After  a  careful  comparison  of  the  normal  specimens  of  S.  mixta 
with  these  types  of  Pseudopecopteris  nummularia  I  can  find  no  distinguish- 
ing specific  character  between  them. 

Concerning  the  specimen  purporting  to  come  from  the  same  region, 
illustrated  in  the  Atlas  to  the  Coal  Flora,  pi.  liv,  fig.  1,  under  this  name,  I 
feel  constrained  to  regard  it  as  not  the  same  species.  The  original  of  this 
figure,  transmitted  to  me  for  study  tlu'ough  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Lacoe,  is  on 
the  whole  very  poorly  preserved,  while  the  margins  of  the  apparently  some- 


'  Report  Geol.  Suiv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  1866,  pi.  xxxis,  figs.  5,  6. 
2Vol.iii,pl.  ciii,  agB.l,  2,3. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE.E—SPHENOPTERIS.  37 

what  withered  or  macerated  pinnules  are  curled  under  and  buried  in  the 
matrix.  The  characters  of  the  detail,  fig.  la,  loc.  cit.,  I  have  been  unable 
to  confirm  in  the  large  specimen,  while  the  rough  rachis  and  the  general 
habit  of  the  pinnse,  which  are  quite  inaccurately  illustrated,  are  strongly  sug- 
gestive of  some  specimens  of  S'pliempteris  Brittsii  Lx.  found  in  the  same  beds. 
No  intermediate  forms,  such  as  might  connect  this  specimen  with  the  type 
of  Sjjhenopteris  mixta,  have,  so  far  as  I  know,  been  found.  On  the  contrary, 
its  characters  would  seem  to  indicate  such  a  variation  from  the  normal  as 
might  be  regarded  as  more  than  merely  varietal. 

The  normal  form  of  Sphenopteris  mixta  is  well  shown  in  Fig.  4,  PI. 
XITI,  which  represents  a  middle  portion  of  the  tripinnate  frond.  Fio\  1, 
PI.  XII,  shows  a  lax  lateral  segment  with  large  pinnules,  and  Fig.  2,  PI. 
XII,  illustrates  a  part  of  a  large  pinna  having  the  aspect  of  the  figure  given 
in  the  Illinois  report. 

Although  this  species  is  included  by  Potonie^  in  the  section  of  the 
Sphenopterids  for  which  he  created  the  genus  Ovopteris,  I  am  inclined 
rather  to  regard  it,  on  the  evidence  of  its  superficial  characters,  as  related 
to  Sphenopteris  qucrcifolia,  S.  microcarpa  Lx.,  and  the  group  represented  in 
*S'.  Ho^ninghausii  Erongn. 

Sphenopteris  mixta,  which  in  its  habit  and  even  in  many  details  is  close 
to  the  specimen  figured  by  Stur'  as  Hapalopteris  rotundifolia  (Andra)  Stur, 
or  to  Sphenopteris  Laurentii  as  figured  and  described  b)^  Andra'  and  seen 
by  myself  in  British  specimens,  is  easily  distinguished  from  Spliempteris 
Brittsii  Lx.  by  the  more  robust  habit,  the  spiny  rachis  not  so  flexuous,  the 
rougher  lamina,  and  the  sharp  teeth  of  the  latter.  The  diff'erences  between 
it  and  S.  Lacoei  are  noted  in  the  remarks  following  the  description  of  the 
latter. 

Localities. — Owens's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5713,  5714,  5524,  5527, 
5531 ;  Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5458  ;  Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  5692,  5521,  5522,  5529;  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5712, 
5715,  6037,  5687,  5522,  5526,  5530. 


1  Potoni^,  Fl.  Rothl.  Thiiringen,  1893,  p.  42. 

2  Fame  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  33,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  3,  4. 

'Urweltl.  Pfl.  Steinkohlengeb.  Pr.  Rheiul.  u.  Westphal.,  Pt.  iii,  1869,  p.  39,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  1,  3,  3. 


38  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

Sphenopteris  Lacoei  D.  W. 

PI.  XII,  Fig.  3. 

1893.  i^phenopteris  Lacoei  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Xo.  98,  p.  56,  pi.  ii.,  figs.  5, 6. 

Fronds  quadripinnate,  spreading ;  primary  pinnae  broad,  at  right  angles 
or  somewhat  obhque  to  the  rachis;  primary-  rachis  finely  striated,  flat,  or 
slightly  arched,  naked;  secondary  pinnae  alternate,  close,  often  somewhat 
overlapping,  oblique  above,  at  right  angles  in  the  middle  and  curving 
backward  below,  slender,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  slightly  contracted  toward 
the  base,  nearly  straight  or  gently  flexuous  and  curving,  simply  pinnate,  or 
pinnatifid  below,  the  largest  divisions  being  developed  as  ultimate  pinnae, 
with  the  same  relations  to  the  secondary  pinnae  as  those  of  the  latter  to  the 
primarj"  pinnae;  secondary  rachis  rather  narrow,  slightly  flexuous  to  corre- 
spond to  the  jDosition  of  the  pinnules,  and  bordered,  at  least  in  the  upper 
part,  Ijy  a  very  narrow  lamina  decurring  from  the  pinnules;  pinnules  cori- 
aceous, dull,  flat,  alternate,  at  right  angles  to  the  rachis  below,  oblique 
above,  close,  sometimes  contiguous,  or  overlapping,  usually  with  a  decurrent 
attachment  to  the  rachis,  cordate-ovate,  or  somewhat  querciform,  slightly 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  alternately  lobed,  more  or  less  constricted  at  the  base, 
especially  on  the  distal  side,  the  blade  connate  by  a  naiTOw  decurrent 
lamina;  the  larger  pinnules,  about  6  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  constricted  at 
the  base  so  as  frequently  to  appear  pedicellate,  the  smaller  ones  above 
becoming  sessile  by  the  slightly  conti'acted  base;  lobes  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  larger  pinnules  divided  to  near  the  midrib,  larger  than  those  above, 
more  or  less  distinctly  cuneate  toward  the  base,  or  rhomboidally  rounded 
or  rounded-truncate  at  the  broad  top,  slightly  separated  by  a  narrow,  decur- 
rent, rounded  sinus,  becoming  in  passing  upward  more  connate  and  obovate, 
smaller,  more  united,  and  more  obtusely  rounded,  graduall)^  passing  into 
the  small  indistinct  terminal  pinnule ;  lobes  of  the  pinnatifid  pinnules 
broadening,  becoming  more  distant,  more  pointed  and  crenate,  sessile  by 
the  slightly  contracting  base,  then  lobate,  and  finally  full-developed  pinnules; 
primary  nerves  strong,  somewhat  decurrent,  especially  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  pinnae,  though  often  appearing  slightly  inclined  or  at  right  angles  to  the 
rachis  in  the  lower  part,  sometimes  appearing  as  a  short  pedicel;  nervation 
obscure^  a  primary  nerve  passing  into  each  lobe,  and  emitting  nervils  that 


FEENS— SPHENOPTEEIDB^— SPHENOPTERIS.         39 

usually  fork  once,  but  a  portion  of  the  nervils  in  the  lower  part  of  the  lobes 
apparently  springing  directly  from  the  midrib;  fructification  unknown. 

This  delicate  species,  which  is  closely  related  to  Sphenopteris  mixta,  is 
represented  by  several  specimens.  It  appears,  however,  to  differ  from  the 
latter  in  having  its  lobes  more  rounded,  obovate,  truncate,  and  deeply  dis- 
sected, the  margins  less  sinuate,  and  the  sinuses  more  rounded.  It  is  further 
marked  by  a  greater  degree  of  rigidity  in  the  pinnae;  the  rachises  are  not 
punctate,  the  pinnules  thinner,  smoother,  and  the  nerves  thinner  and  more 
obscure.  The  specimen  illustrated  in  PI.  XII,  Fig.  3,  is  that  from  which 
the  detail  published  in  my  report  on  the  Flora  of  the  Outlying  Coal  Basins 
was  prepared.^ 

Localities. — Owens's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6516  (?),  5517;  Pitcher's 
coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5802;  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5687. 

Sphenop'J'eris  Wardiana  n.  sp. 
PI.  XI,  Figs.  1,2. 

Frond  polypinnate,  thin  and  extremely  delicate;  rachises  of  the  larger 
pinna?  slender,  very  obscurely  and  very  finely  striated;  secondary  (?) 
pinnge  linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  flexuous ;  pinnaj  of  the  next 
order  alternate,  open  to  nearly  a  right  angle,  close  or  slightly  touching, 
triangular  to  linear-triangular,  slightly  flexuous,  becoming  lax  in  the  upper 
part,  which  is  provided  with  pinnatifid  pinnules  above  the  ultimate  pinnae ; 
ultimate  |nnuae  alternate,  open,  the  lower  ones  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis, 
short,  oblong-triangular  or  ovate-triangular,  a  little  distant,  sometimes 
touching  or  nearly  contiguous,  and  joined  along  the  rachis  by  an  extremely 
naiTOw  border ;  pinnules  extremely  small,  alternate,  oblique,  rarely  touch- 
ing, ovate  or  obovate  when  very  small,  entire,  round,  attached  by  the  whole 
base  or  cohering  one-third  the  way  up,  or,  when  larger,  crenulate-sublobate, 
cixt  into  2  to  5  round  or  oblong-round  oblique  lobes,  which  are  connate  most 
of  their  length,  becoming  separated  by  a  deeper  decurrent  sinus  when  fully 
matured  as  pinnules;  nervation  obscured  in  the  thick  texture  of  the 
lamina;  primar}'  nerve  oi'iginating  at  a  somewhat  open  angle  and  forking 
to  supply  a  nervil  to  each  lobe  or  crenulation;  fructification  unknown. 

I  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  pi.  ii,  fig.  6. 


40  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

This  somewhat  unique  species  in  our  American  Coal  Measures  flora  is 
specially  chaKieterized  by  the  extremely  small  size  of  its  parts  and  its 
minute,  rounded  pinnules,  which  are  round-crenulate  or  roundish,  creuu- 
late-lobate  in  ahnost  the  earliest  stage,  the  lobes  being  marked  as  mere 
scallops  or  deep  ca-eilulations  and  cohering  until  a  period  of  deeper  dissec- 
tion, to  form  simple  round  or  oval  pinnviles,  whereupon  the  latter  begin  at 
once  to  show  2  to  5  or  7  crenulations,  repeating  the  form  of  dense  coherent 
clusters. 

Wlien  first  examining'  the  specimens  the  observer  is  at  once  impressed 
with  the  suuihtrity  in  their  form,  habit,  and  grosser  details  to  Sphenopteris 
{Coryttepteris)  coraUoides  Grutb.,^  the  species  to  which  S.  Wardiana  is  per- 
haps most  nearly  related ;  but  a  study  with  the  lens  of  the  minute  divi- 
sions shows  differences  in  form,  svibstance,  and  nervation  as  great  as  those 
between  many  of  the  larger  species  in  the  group.  The  pinnules  or  lobes 
in  the  plant  from  Mi.ssouri,  Fig.  2,  PI.  XI,  are  much  more  ovate,  not  so 
trimcate,  the  crenulations  fewer  and  occurring  on  the  sides  of  the  rounded 
or  ovate  puuiides,  neither  so  dentate  at  the  top  nor  so  constricted  at  the 
base  as  ui  the  plant  figiu-ed  b}'  Grutbier.  In  S.  Wardiana  the  texture  of 
the  pinnule  is  leathery,  the  principal  nerves  of  no  unusual  thickness,  and 
the  ner-snls,  which  are  less  fasciculate,  are  rather  thin  and  difficult  to  dis- 
cover. Spheiuypteris  canadensis  Du.,  from  the  Carboniferous  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, is  larger,  more  lax,  the  divisions  more  elongated  and  less  crenulate, 
while  the  textm'e  is  membranaceous.  In  its  general  aspect  Sphenopteris 
Wardiana  suggests  a  microphotograph  of  the  smaller  pinnules  of  S.  Lacoei 
or  S.  mixta.  It  belong-s  perhaps  to  that  group  of  Sphenopterids  represented 
by  Sphenopteris  Haminghausii  Brongn. 

This  interesting-  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Prof  Lester  F.  Ward, 
whose  thoughtful  and  very  thorough  methods  in  the  field  of  correlative 
and  philosophical  paleobotany  have  revolutionized  the  treatment  of  fossil 
plants  in  this  country,  while  accomplishing  a  distinct  benefit  to  the  science 
in  its  broader  and  more  comprehensive  aspects. 

Localities. — Owens's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5617;  Pitcher's  mine, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5615. 


'  See  in  particular  the  fragments  and  details  given  in  Gutbier,  Abdriicke,  p.  40,  pi.  v,  iigs.  8,  8a; 
or  Zeiller.  Fl.  foss.  hnuill.  Valenoieuue.s,  p.  117,  pi.  x,  figs.  4,  4a,  5,  5o. 


FEEIS  S— SPHENOPTERTDE.E— SPHENOPTERIS.  4 1 

Sphenoptiiris  (Hymenotheca)  Beoadheadi  n.  sp. 
PL  XIII,  Figs.  1,2. 

1897.  Sphenopteris  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  viii,  p.  296. 

Fertile  frond  tripinnate;  primary  piiiuse  liuear-lanceolate,  acute;  pri- 
mary rachis  broad,  flat  above,  irregularly  finely  striate;  secondary  piunje 
open,  somewhat  oblique  or  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  primary  rachis, 
subopposite  or  alternate,  rather  distant,  linear,  tapering  from  the  base  to  a 
rather  acute  point;  secondary  rachis  indistinctly  striate,  more  or  less  rigid; 
ultimate  divisions  or  pinnules  subopposite,  obhque,  strongly  decurrent, 
either  simple,  cuneate,  rounded  above  and  arching  inward,  or  forking  once 
or  more  pinnately  and  divergently,  always  preserving  the  cuneate  form 
of  lobes  with  rounded  ends,  while  passing  into  the  pinnte,  which  are  at  first 
1  cm.  or  more  in  length,  with  5  to  7  pinnules,  then  elongating  with  divided 
basal  pinnules;. lamina  moderately  thin,  slightly  rugose.  Nervation  thin, 
the  primary  nerve  forking  pinnately  at  the  base  of  e-ach  lobe  or  pinnule, 
each  of  which  is  traversed  b}-  a  branch.  Fructification  consisting  of  oval 
or  round-oval  sporangia  placed  one  upon  and  nearly  covering  the  end  of 
each  lobe  or  pinnule. 

Although  the  sterile  form  of  this  species  is  not  definitely  known  to  me, 
the  fei'tile  form  possesses  so  much  that  is  of  interest  and  new  to  our  flora 
that  I  describe  it  here  without  waiting  for  the  correlation  of  the  fertile  and 
sterile  portions  of  the  plant.  Owing  to  the  coarsely  arenaceous  character 
of  the  matrix,  the  detail  of  the  fruiting  is  not  so  clear  as  is  desirable,  the 
general  appearance  of  the  compressed  sporangia  being  that  of  granular, 
carbonaceous  matter.  In  this  state  it  resembles  somewhat  the  Discopteris 
Schumanni  of  Stur's  Carbon-Flora.^  But  at  several  points  the  sporangia 
show  a  slightly  raised  ridge  or  keel  parallel  to  the  longer  axis,  apparently 
like  that  of  the  ITymenophylUtes  figured  by  Schimper,'^  and  still  more 
strongly  resembling  the  Hymenotheca  Dathel  of  Potonid.''  In  fact,  the  rela- 
tionship of  our  fern  with  that  described  by  Potonie  is  so  evident  from  the 
details,  so  far  as  they  are  visible,  as  well  as  from  the  form  and  habit  of  the 
frond,  that  Httle  room  for  doubt  is  left  as  to  its  actual  generic  identity, 


'Page  149,  pi.  Ivi,  figs.  2,  3.  *Trait(=,  vol.  i,  p.  415,  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  4-8. 

3  Jahrb.  K.  Pr.  geol.  Landesanst.  >i.  Beigakad.,  1889  (1892),  p.  20,  pi.  ii,  figs,  la,  16,  Ic. 


42  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

whatever  questious  may  remain  concerning  the  relationship  of  the  genus 
Hymenotlieca  to  the  Hymenophyllacece. 

Sphenopteris  Broadheadi  seems  to  differ  from  the  type  species  of  Hyme- 
notJieca  from  Schwadowitz  by  its  more  ovate  lobes,  generally  more  clearlv 
bi-  or  tripartite,  and  the  larger  or  more  oval  sporangia. 

The  specimen  photographed,  Figs.  1  and  1  a,  PI.  XIII,  represents  a  seg- 
ment from  the  upper  part  of  a  supposed  primary  pinna.  It  illustrates  well 
the  characteristic  bi-  or  trilobation  of  the  pinnules  or  ultimate  divisions, 
which  may  be  noted  also  in  Fig.  2a,  drawn  from  a  large  segment  from  the 
middle  of  a  tripinnate  fragment.  Unfortunately  all  the  specimens  appear 
to  show  the  upper  surface  of  the  fronds,  so  that  the  fructifications  are  seen 
in  the  impressions  as  depressed  granular  areas,  lying  within  the  periphery 
of  the  limb,  although  close  up  in  the  apex.  The  position  of  the  sporangia 
within  the  margin  of  the  lamina  seems  to  disagree  with  the  fruit  of  DipJotli- 
mema  as  developed  in  Biplothniema  Zeilleri  Stur,^  to  the  fertile  pinnae  of 
which  the  smaller  divisions  of  our  fossils  bear  a  considerable  resemblance. 
Furthermore,  as  was  remarked  above,  in  a  few  instances  there  appears  to  be 
a  longitudinal  line  traversing  the  sporangia  in  the  Missouri  specimens.  The 
Sphenopteris  fertiUs,  illustrated  by  Renault,^  may  belong  to  the  same  genus. 

The  general  habit  of  the  small  pinnules  in  the  upper  part  of  our  speci- 
mens is  much  like  that  seen  in  Sphenopteris  tenella  Brongn.^  or  in  S.  Wood- 
tvardii  Kidst.*  Our  species  seems  also  rather  close  to  Hymenophyllites  Hum- 
holdtii  as  figured  by  Goeppert,^  while  it  is  also  comparable  to  Feistmantel's 
figure "  of  Hymenophyllites  Schimperiana  Goepp. 

As  remarked  in  the  discussion  of  Sphenopteris  missouriensis,  that  species 
may,  perhaps,  represent  the  sterile  fronds  of  the  plant,  to  the  fertile  portion 
of  which  I  have  given  the  name  Sphenopteris  Broadheadi.  As  stated  before, 
I  have  separated  the  fertile  fragments  on  account  of  the  difi'erences  in  the 
form  of  their  pinnae,  in  the  degree  of  division  or  incision  in  proportion  to 
the  size  of  the  lobes  or  pinnules,  and  the  greater  simplicity  of  the  lai-ger 
and  more  decurrent  lobes. 

ioca%.— Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5619,  6620. 

'  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi.  xv,  figs.  5,  5a-6. 

'Cours.  bot.  foss.,  vol.  iii,  pi.  xxsiii,  figs.  15, 16. 

'  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  186,  pi.  xlix,  figs.  1,  la. 

1  Kidston,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xxxiii,  pi.  six,  figs.  1,  la-c. 

*Foss.  Fl.  Uebergangsgebirjie,  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  1,  2. 

''Zeitschr.  d.  Dentsch.  Geol.  Gesell.,  1!<73,  pi.  xv,  figs.  13,  13a,  p.  ,513. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE.E—SPHENOPTEmS.  43 

SPHENOPTERIS   MISSOURIENSIS  II.  Sp. 

PI.  XIV,  Figs.  1,  2. 

Primary  (?)  piniife  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  contracted  at  the  base, 
with  broad,  very  finely  lineate  rachis;  pinna?  of  the  next  order  alternate, 
open,  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  th^  rachis  in  the  lower  part  of  the  superior 
pinna,  becoming  more  obhque  above,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate, 
slightly  contracted  at  the  base,  tapering  rapidly  in  the  iipper  part  to  a 
short,  acute  point,  straight  or  slightly  flexuous,  close,  nearly  touching  or 
overlapping  a  little,  slighth'  dense,  the  rachis  slender,  shghtly  sinuate, 
appearing  on  the  lower  side  as  a  raised  strand,  with  a  narrow  border; 
ultimate  pinnfe  very  open,  the  lower  ones  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the 
rachis,  alternate,  rather  close,  touching  or  slightly  ovei-lapping  in  the  lower 
portion  of  the  frond,  deltoid-oblong,  obtuse  or  obtusely  rounded  at  the  apex, 
broadest  at  the  decurrent  base,  the  lowest  inferior  one  heteromorphous,  the 
uppermost  succeeded  by  pinnatifid  and  simple  pinnules;  pinnules  alternate, 
oblique,  the  angle  of  their  origin  averaging  about  45°,  short  and  broad, 
curving  outward,  close,  nearly  touching  or  sometimes  overlapping,  cuneate, 
with  round  or  round-truncate  apex  when  small,  or  becoming  obovate  and 
ovate  or  obovate-deltoid  in  the  pinnatifid  stage,  ordinarily  showing  a  marked 
tendency  toward  a  broadly  cuneate  form,  with  the  apex  cut  by  a  shallow 
sinus  into  2  broad,  rounded  teeth  or  lobes,  which  are  afterwards  more 
deeply  separated,  while  others  are  formed  from  the  upper  division,  so  that 
the  pinnule  is  cut  into  about  8  or  9  short,  broad,  obtxise  lobes  before  the 
lower  ones  develop  the  cuneate,  shallowly  bifid  form  so  common  in  the 
plant;  lamina  not  very  thick,  very  minutely  striated  in  the  direction  of 
the  nervation,  apparently  by  the  presence  of  extremely  small  appi-essed 
hairs;  nervation  fine,  not  very  distinct,  though  slightly  in  relief  on  the 
dorsal  surface;  primary  nerve  more  or  less  distinctly  decun-ent,  forking  low, 
at  a  moderate  angle,  to  furnish  a  single  nervil  for  each  lobe. 

The  general  aspect  of  this  beautiful  and  graceful  plant  can  be  inferred 
from  the  photograph,  PI.  XIV,  Fig.  1,  prepared  from  the  largest  specimen 
found  in  the  collection.  As  noted  in  the  description,  the  conspicuous  char- 
acter of  the  pinnule  is  the  outward-curved,  close,  cuneate,  more  or  less 
bifid  form,  which  after  the  development  of  other  lobes  is  quickly  reproduced 


44  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

in  the  latter.  The  position  of  the  pinnse  on  the  right  in  this  specimen  indi- 
cates a  point  of  origin  beneath  the  surface  of  the  rachis  as  here  presented, 
which  probably  consists  of  a  central  axis  with  thick  lateral  laminfe.  The 
pinnae  probably  spring  from  the  central  axis. 

Sphenopteris  missouriensis  is  perhaps  most  closely  related  to  the  S.  tenn- 
ifolia  Brongn./  from  which  it  differs  by  the  more  open  angle  of  the  pinnse, 
which  are  less  acute,  and  the  closer  pinnules  or  lobes,  which  seem  to  be  more 
broadly  cuneate,  with  more  obtusely  rounded  teeth.  It  also  resembles 
somewhat  the  specimens  figured  by  Stur-  as  Saccopterls  grypophyUa  (Goepp.) 
Stur,  or  as  Sphenopteris  formosa  by  Achepohl,^  though  these  species  differ  in 
the  details  as  much  as  in  size. 

I  am  far  from  certain  that  the  fragments  which  I  have  described  as 
Sphenopteris  Broadheadi  are  not  really  the  fertile  pinnte  of  S.  missouriensis. 
I  have  separated  them,  however,  on  account  of  the  more  slender,  distant, 
acute  pimia?,  and  the  more  oblique  and  much  more  deeply  dissected  pinnules 
and  lobes  which  remain  simple  or  only  bifid  to  a  much  larger  size  than  in 
the  latter  species.  While  it  is  possible  that  the  fertile  jjimijE  represent  only 
modified  and  somewhat  reduced  pinnae  of  the  sterile  species,  it  hardly  seems 
probable  that  in  such  a  case  the  individual  ultimate  divisions  would  retain 
the  common  characters  to  a  greater  size  while  presenting  a  simpler  form  of 
division  combined  with  a  greater  degree  of  dissection.  The  force  of  this 
will  be  seen  in  a  comparison  of  the  fertile  pinnae  with  the  smaller  sterile 
fragment.  Fig.  2,  PI.  XIV,  which  probably  comes  from  the  upper  part  of  a 
frond  of  the  same  species  as  the  large-  fragment.  Both  the  fertile  and  the 
sterile  forms  have  probably  a  relation  to  the  Cheilanthites  (Sphenopteris) 
grypophiilla  Goepp. 

The  heteromorphous  pinna  seen  at  the  base  of  the  lower  lateral  pinna 
on  the  right  in  the  large  specimen  is  suggestive  of  a  relationship  for  our 
species  to  the  genus  Biplothmema  Stur.  The  form  of  the  large  fragment 
illustrated  is,  however,  opposed  to  such  a  consideration. 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5663 ;  Hobbs's  coal 
bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5664. 


'Hist.  v€g.  foss.,  p.  190,  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  1,  la. 
-Fame  (1.  Carbou-Flor.i,  pi.  liii,  fig.  5. 
■■NiedeiTh.-Westfiil.  Steinkohlengeb.,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  S,  p.  51. 


FERNS— SPHBNOPTERIDEJ3—SPHEI«I  OPTERIS.  45 

Sphenopteeis  pinnatifida  (Lx.). 
PI.  XVIII,  Figs.  3,  4;  PI.  XIX,  Fig.  1. 

18G6.  Hymenophyllites  plnnatifidus  Lesquereiix,  Rept.  Geol.  Siirv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  p.  436, 

pi.  xxxiv,  figs.  2,  2a. 
1879.  Sphenopteris  (Hymenophyllites)  tridactylites  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal    Flora, 

Atlas,  pi.  Iv,  flgs.  9,  9(v-h  (figs.  8,  8«  1);  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  284  (pars). 

Fi'onds  polypinuate,  delicate,  spreading;  secondary  (?)  pinnae  alternate, 
close,  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  contracted  at  the  base,  tapering  to  a  rather 
acnte  point;  secondary  rachis  straight  or  slightly  cnrving,  somewhat  sulcate 
above,  rounded  beneath,  minutely  irregularly  striate,  naked ;  tertiary  pinnae 
alternate,  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  superior  rachis,  nearly  contiguous 
or  overlapping  somewhat,  usually  very  slightly  decurrent  at  the  base,  linear- 
lanceolate,  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  tapering  from  below  the  middle 
to  an  acute  tip;  tertiary  rachis  slightly  flexuous,  minutely  winged  near  the 
apex;  ultimate  pinnai  alternate,  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis,  or  nearly  so, 
generally  slightly  distant,  sometimes  touching  or  overlapping  a  little,  8  mm. 
to  20  mm.  or  more  in  length,  lanceolate  or  lanceolate-triangular,  sometimes 
slightly  decurrent,  terminating  in  a  single  oval,  obtusely  pointed  pinnule,  and 
provided  with  ovate,  rounded-obtuse,  alternate  or  subopposite,  simple,  bi-, 
tri-,  or  many-lobed  pinnules,  the  latter  becoming  7  to  8  lobed  and  elongated 
in  jjassing  into  pinnae;  lobes  or  incipient  pinnules  oblique,  decurring  along 
the  rachis,  more  or  less  deeply  divided,  according  to  the  degree  of  develop- 
ment; limb  dull,  rather  thin;  nerves  slightly  flexuous,  not  very  distinct, 
forking  pmnately  to  permit  one  nervil  to  enter  each  lobe;  fructification 
consisting  of  groups  of  crowded  sporangia  situated  on  the  lobes  of  the  pin- 
nules and  covering  the  surface  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  lobes;  sporangia 
ovoid,  about  .375  mm.  in  longer  diameter,  and  about  .3  mm.  in  the  shorter 
diameter,  apparently  composed  of  cells  elongated  in  the  direction  of  the 
longer  axis,  and  opening  by  an  apical  pore. 

It  was  only  after  an  examination  of  the  type  specimen  of  Hymenophyl- 
lites pinnatifidus  Lx.,  illustrated  in  the  second  volume  of  the  Reports  of  the 
Illinois  Geological  Survey,^  that  it  became  evident  to  me  that  our  Missouri 
specimens  belonged  to  this  poorly  delineated  species,  wliich  was  afterwards 


'  PI.  xxxiv,  figs.  2,  2a.  p.  436. 


46  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

referred  by  Professor  Lesquereux  to  Sphenopteris  tridactylites  Brongn. 
From  the  latter,  however,  so  fai-  as  that  species  is  illustrated  and  described 
in  foreign  literature,  Hi/menojihi/Uites  pinnatifidus  differs  very  much,  the 
analogies  being  much  closer  to  Sphenopteris  delicatula  Brongn.  as  figured 
by  Sauveur,^  Triclwmanites  (Zeilleria)  delicatula  illustrated  by  von  Roehl,- 
or  the  Sphenopteris  {Hapjolopteris)  Schiitzei  Stur,  represented  by  Kidston  in 
the  flora  from  the  Lanarkshire  coal  field.^ 

In  PI.  XIX,  Fig.  1,  is  shown  a  photograph  of  a  portion  of  the  original 
of  figs.  9  and  9rt-&,  on  pi.  Iv,  of  the  Coal  Flora,  referred  to  Sphenopteris 
tridactylites  Brongn.  The  enlarged  detail,  Fig.  la,  PI.  XIX,  of  the  sterile 
pinna  in  this  specimen  (No.  4304  of  the  Lacoe  collection),  which  comes 
from  the  same  locality  as  the  other  specimens  before  me,  and  represents 
precisely  the  same  form,  shows  the  great  difference  in  proportions  between 
S.  pinnatlfida  and  the  original  type  of  the  species  of  which  it  was  made  a 
synonym. 

Fig.  9  in  the  plate  of  the  Coal  Flora  includes  only  the  middle  one  of 
thi-ee  compound  pinnte  borne  on  the  right  of  a  somewhat  flexuous  rachis 
3  mm  in  width.  Portions  of  alternately  placed  pinnse  on  the  other  side  are 
also  fertile.  Although  the  laminaj  or  margins  of  the  divisions  of  the  pinnule 
are  obscure  in  the  fertile  frond,  even  where  the  sporangia  are  absent  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  pinna,  enough  is  clear  to  show  that  the  form  of  the  sterile 
pinnules  on  the  same  pinna  is  the  same  as  in  the  sterile  pinna  by  its  side. 
Fig.  9rt  of  the  Coal  Flora,  which  seems  to  agree  with  fig.  8«  of  the  same 
plate,  fails  to  show  either  the  real  character  of  the  division  of  the  pinnule  or 
the  open  angles  and  space  between  the  lobes,  which  are  very  delicate. 

The  sporangia  seem  to  present  the  general  aspect  shown  on  the  right 
in  Lesquereux's  fig.  9fl,  though  they  are  not  so  round.  Under  the  lens 
they  appear  Xo  have  a  structure  like  that  shown  in  the  genus  Urnatopteris 
of  Kidston,*  which,  in  certain  specimens  less  compressed,  ours  seems  to 
resemble  in  ovoid  form  and  ajiical  pore.  But  Urnatopteris  has  the  sporangia 
in  two  rows,  one  on  each  side  of  the  nerve  of  the  lobe,  while  in  Sphenopteris 
pinnatifida  the  sporangia  seem  to  be  in  irregular  groups.    This  compact  group- 


'  V6g.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Kelg.,  pi.  xxiii,  tig.  5. 

■Foss.  Fl.  St.eink.  Wustphiilmis,  p.  6!^,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  6b. 

'PI.  iii.tig.  5. 

■'Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  xl,  1884,  p.  494.     ZeilltT,   Fl.   foss.  hmiill.  Valeuciennes,  1888,  p. 

33,  tig.  20. 


FERNS— SPHBNOPTEEIDE^—SPHENOPTERIS.  47 

ing  of  the  sporangia  is  suggestive  of  Cydotheca  Kidston/  or  possibly  itf^no- 
tlieca  of  Zeiller,^  though  in  this  form  also  they  are  described  as  biseriate.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  generally  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  trace  the  limb 
of  the  pinnule  beneath  or  beyond  the  sporangia,  so  that  in  most  cases  the 
aspect  of  the  pinnule  is  much  like  that  of  HymenophylUtes  quadridactylites 
(Gutb.)  Goepp.,^  or  still  more  the  H.  yennanica  of  Potonie',*  to  both  of 
which  our  species  would  also  seem  related  by  the  characters  of  the  sterile 
pinna.  Sphenopteris  pinnatifida  is,  however,  in  its  habit,  form,  size,  and 
details,  so  close  to  the  8.  (HymenophylUtes)  quadridactylites  (Gutb.)  Goejjp.  as 
figured  by  Zeiller^  as  to  make  it  very  strongly  probable  that  the  sporangia, 
the  appearance  and  mode  of  occurrence  of  which  appear  to  be  the  same, 
are  really  annulate  and  are  generated  from  the  extremities  of  the  lobes. 
Still,  I  have  not  yet  been  able  clearly  to  identify  a  ring  in  the  sporangium. 
These  specimens  should  be  studied  more  thoroughly  in  connection  with 
other  material  representing  fertile  ferns  from  the  Paleozoic  series. 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5803,  5807,  5808; 
very  rare  at  Gilkerson's  Ford.  The  specimen  partially  figured  in  the 
Coal  Flora  from  the  same  vicinity  is  No.  4304,  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus. 

Sphenopteris  van  Ingeni  n.  sp. 

PI.  Xiri.  Fig.  3. 

1880.   An  Sphenopteris  Dubuissonis  Brougn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  275 
(excil.  syu.);  vol.  iii  (1884),  p.  880? 

Fronds  tri-  or  poly-  (?)  pinnate,  very  tenuous  and  delicate;  primary  (?j 
pinnae  slightly  flexuous,  with  a  finely  striate  rachis  consisting  of  a  broad 
axis  bordered  by  thickened,  rather  narrow  laminae;  pinnae  of  the  next 
order  alternate,  very  open  or  even  reflexed  near  the  base,  more  oblique 
above,  close,  touching  or  overlapping  considerably,  triangular,  tapering 
from  the  base  to  the   acute   or  acuminate  point,  or  long-linear,  the  sides 

'Annals  and  Mag.  N.  H.,  July,  1888,  p.  26,  pi.  i,  figs.  10-12. 

"Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  (6)  bot.,  vol.  xvi,  1883,  p.  186,  pi.  ix,  figs.  18-20;  Fl.  fos.s.  houill.  Valenciennes, 
p.  32,  fig.  19. 

=  Goeppert,  Systeiua,  1836,  p.  2.51.     See  also  Zeiller,  Fl.  toss,  liouill.  Valenciennes,  p.  56,  fig.  36. 

<Ueber  eiiiige  Carl  ion  faine:  .lahib.  K.  Pr.  geol.  Landesanst.  u.  Bergakad.,  1889  (1892),  p.  23,  pi. 
iv,  figs.  la-c. 

»F1.  foss.  houill.  Valeiirieiiiii-s,  ]p1.  viii,  lij^s.  1,  la,  2,  2a,  3,  3«,  b,  c. 


48  FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

nearly  parallel  in  the  lower  portion,  and  tapering  from  the  middle  upward, 
with  a  slightly  flexuous,  moderately  strong,  shallowly  canaliculate, 
extremely  narrowly  bordered  rachis;  ultimate  pinnse  alternate,  open  nearly 
at  a  right  angle  near  the  base,  becoming  somewhat  oblique  higher  up,  close, 
touching  or  somewhat  overlapping,  oblong,  triangular,  obtuse  or  slightly 
obtuse,  somewhat  rigid,  nearly  equilateral,  constricted  at  the  hardly  decur- 
rent  base,  the  lower  inferior  pinna  slightly  elongated,  and  joined  along  the 
rachis  by  a  very  narrow,  often  obscure,  wing;  pinnules  or  lobes  verv  small, 
and  delicately  denticulate  or  cristate;  when  small,  obovate,  oval,  or  ovate, 
and  obtusely  rounded  above,  cut  into  2  to  5  short,  rather  broad  and  acute 
teeth,  and  attached  by  nearly  the  wliole  width,  with  a  rather  broad  decur- 
rent  wing;  when  larger,  about  2.5-3.5  mm.  long  and  about  1.5-2.5  mm. 
wide,  becoming  more  deeply  dissected  in  5  or  6  lobes,  the  lower  ones  of 
which  already  have  each  2  or  3  teeth  formed;  lamina  membranace- 
ous, transparent;  nervation  verv  distinct;  primary  nerves  of  tlie  pin- 
nules or  shorter  ultimate  pinnse  rather  strong,  lineate,  rigid  near  the  base, 
tapering  in  passing,  slightly  flexuous,  to  the  summit;  basal  nerve  of  each 
pinnule  or  lobe  originating  at  a  very  open  ang-le,  seldom  decurrent,  and 
forking  pinnately  at  a  wide  angle,  one  straight  or  slightly  upturned  uervil 
entering  and  passing  to  the  apex  of  each  tooth. 

The  specimens  to  which  I  have  given  the  above  name  represent  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  delicate  species  I  have  yet  seen  from  the  Carbon- 
iferous of  this  country.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  extremely  delicate  and 
lace-like  effect  of  its  regular  pinnne  and  transparent  limb,  traced  in  a  pattern 
of  exquisite  daintiness  and  intricacy.  The  plant  is  specially  characterized 
by  the  smallness  and  mode  of  dentition  of  the  divisions  and  the  tenuity  of 
the  lamiufe. 

The  general  aspect  of  Splienopteris  van  Ingcni  is  at  once  strikingly 
suggestive  of  Sphenopteris  Buhmssonis  Brongn.,^  under  which  name  it  was 
probably  identified  bv  Lesquereux  from  this  region.^  Although  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  it  is  very  closely  related  to  and  belongs  in  the  same  group 
with  Brongniart's  plant,  it  differs  from  that  species,  as  will  be  seen  in  Fig. 
3,  PI.  XIII,  and  the  enlarged  detail.  Fig.  3rt,  in  the  closer,  much  wider 
pinnae,  and  the  more  elongated,  less  constricted  lobes  or  pinnules,  which 

'Hist.  ve'g.  fos.s.,  pi.  liv,  figs.  4a,  45,  p.  195. 
'Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  880. 


FEENS— SPHENOPTERIDE^— SPHENOPTEEIS.  49 

are  more  numerously  dentate,  especially  on  the  lateral  margins.  Sphenop- 
teris  temiifolia  Brongn.,  to  which,  as  figured  by  Gutbier,^  it  bears  some 
resemblance,  is  still  more  deeply  dissected,  while  the  details  of  the  same 
species  given  by  Brongniart^  and  Kidston^  indicate  a  quite  different  plant. 

It  is  perhaps  more  closely  related  to  S.  Matlieti  Zeill.,*  or  S.  miniiti- 
seeta  F.  and  W.,^  from  the  Upper  Barren  beds  in  the  Appalachian  trough. 

I  have  seen  in  the  collections  specimens  from  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois, 
and  the  Lorway  seam  of  Cape  Breton  labeled  Sphenopteris  cristata  Brongn., 
that  are  related  somewhat  closely  to  this  species.  These  specimens  are 
involved  in  the  difficulty  alluded  to  in  my  remarks  on  8.  ch(erophijlhkles. 

Locality. — All  the  specimens  were  collected  by  Mr.  Gilbert  van  Ingeu 
at  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat  Mus.,  5568,  5616. 

Sphenoptbkis  ch^rophylloides  (Brongu.)  Presl. 

1S35  or  1S36.  Pecopteris  chmroplujUoides  Brougniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  357,  pi.  cxxv, 

figs.  1,  3. 
1870.  Pecopteris  charophylloides  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol. 

iv,  p.  40i. 
1883.  Pecopteris  clucrophylloides  Brongn.,  Renault,  Cours.  bot.  foss.,  vol.  iii,  p.  124,  pi. 

xxi,  figs.  10, 11. 
1838.  Sphenopteris  cluvrophyUoides  (Brongn.)  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Versuch,  vol.  ii,  p. 

131. 
1880.  Sphenopteris  chcerophylloides  (Brongn.)  Presl,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i, 

p.  270. 
1886.  Sphenopteris  charophylloides  (Brongn.)  Presl,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valen- 

cieunes,  Atlas,  pi.  xi,  figs.  1,  1«,  2,  2a-b;  text  (1888),  p.  90. 
1865.  Cheilanthites  Brongniartii  Ettingshausen,  Farrnkriiut.  d.  Jetzw.,  j).  73. 
1883.  Renaultia  chcurophylloides  (Brongn.)  Zeiller,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  (6)  bot.,  vol.  xvi,  p. 

185,  pi.  ix,  figs.  16,  17. 
1888.  Renaultia  chwrophylloides  (Brongu.)  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  29. 

1883.  HapaJox^teris  typica  Stur,  Morph.  u.  Syst.  Culm-  u.  Carbonfarne,  p.  29  (661),  fig.  8. 
1885.  Hapalopteris  typica  Stur,  Fame  d.  Carbon -Fl.,  p.  27,  fig.  8,  p.  46,  pi.  xlii,  figs. 

3,  3((,  4. 

1884.  An  Sphenopteris  Gravenhorstii  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  880? 

1885.  Hapalopteris  chcerophylloides  (Brongn.)  Stur,  Fame  d.  Carbou-FL,  p.  176. 

1888.  IIapalop>teris  chcerophylloides  (Brongn.)  Stur,  Sclieuk,  Die  foss.  Pflanzenr.,  p.  29. 
1893.  Ovopteris  chcerophylloides  (Brongn.)  Potonie,  Fl.  Rotbl.  Thiiringen,  p.  44. 


'  Abdriicke,  p.  39,  pi.  x,  6g.s.  9,  9a. 
-  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  pi.  xlviii,  fig.  1,  p.  190. 
^  Traus.  Roy.  Soc.  EcUub.,  vol.  xsxiii,  pi.  xix,  figs.  2,  2a-h. 
*  Fl.  foss.  honill.  Commentry,  vol.  ii,  pi.  i,  figs.  3-6,  p.  49. 
•■^Fontaiue  aud  White,  Puiuiiau  Flora,  pi.  v,  figs.  1-4,  p.  43. 
MON   XXXVII 4 


50  FLORA  OF  LOWER  GOAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

In  the  lists  at  the  end  of  the  third  vokxnie  of  the  Coal  Flora  SpJienop- 
teris  chcerophyUoides  Brongn.  is  recorded^  as  occurring  in  the  vicinity  of 
Clinton,  Henry  County,  Missouri.  But  while  a  few  specimens  in  the  col- 
lections agree  well  with  one  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  which  Dr. 
Britts  has  had  the  goodness  to  loan  me  for  comparison,  it  seems  to  differ  in 
some  respects  from  the  details  first  illustrated  in  Brongniart's  species.  In 
fact,  among  the  considerable  number  of  American  specimens  that  have 
been  ascribed  to  this  species  there  would  seem  to  be  included  representa- 
tives of  several  species,  the  individuality  and  characters  of  which  can  be 
developed  only  by  a  thorough  scrutiny  and  detailed  revision  of  the  group  of 
Sphenopterids,  including  S.  chmropliylhides,  8.  cristata  Brongn.,  8.  Graven- 
horstii  Brongn.,  and  8.  pseiidonmrrayana  Lx. 

It  is  probable  that  the  material  on  which  the  record  of  5".  Grovenhorstii 
Brong-n.  in  the  Clinton  flora  was  based  is  of  the  same  nature  as  that  ideu- 
tified  as  8.  ch(eroplnjlJoides.  The  specimen  figured  (PI.  XIX,  Fig.  2)  differs 
more  from  the  »S'.  Brittsii  type  than  any  other  included  under  the  name  5^. 
chcerophyUoides.  It  pei-haps  represents  the  form  recorded  as  8.  Gravenhorstii 
At  present  I  am  far  from  certain  that  the  Missouri  specimens  of  the  former, 
if  not  of  both  species,  are  not  really  fragments  of  the  smaller  and  more 
delicate  pinnpe  of  8.  Brittsii  Lx.  Nevertheless,  until  a  thorough  revision  of 
the  American  material  in  this  section  of  the  genus  8phenopteris  (^Ovoptrrls) 
is  made,  so  as  to  show  the  true  relations  of  the  forms,  I  shall  record  this 
plant  as  5".  ch(BrophyUoides^  in  respect  to  the  identification  of  Professor 
Lesquereux. 

Localities. — Identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  from  Hobbs's  bank; 
Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5518;  Owens's  coal  bank,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  5519. 

Sphenopteris  cristata  (Biougu.)  Presl. 

1828.  Pecopteris  cristata  Bronguiait,  Prodrome,  p.  58. 

1835  or  1836.  Pecopteris  cristuta  Brongiiiart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  356,  pL  cxxv,  fig.  4  (5?). 
1838.  Sphenopteris  cristata  (Brongn.)  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Versuch,  vol.  ii,  p.  13L 
1855.  An  Si)heno2)teris  cristata  (Brongn.)  Presl,  Geiaitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  19, 

pi.  xxiv,  figs.  1,  Ifl,  2,  2rt? 
1869.  Sphenopteris  cristata  (Brongn.)  Presl,  von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westpbalens, 

p.  CO,  pi.  xxix,  tigs.  14,  14rt. 


I  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  880. 


FERNS— SPHENOI  TERIDE.E— SPHENOPTEKIS.  5 1 

1879.  Sphenopteris  cristata  (Brougu.)  Presl,  Schimper,  in  Zittel:  Hand.  Palieont.,  vol. 

ii,  p.  109,  flg-.  80. 

1880.  Sphenojitet-is  cristata  (Brongn.)  Presl,  Lesqnerenx,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  274;  vol. 

iii  (1884),  p.  761,  pi.  cii,  figs.  1,  !«  (fig.  1«  copied  from  Brongniart). 
1890.  Sphenopteris  cristata  (Brongn.)  Presl,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Commentry,  vol.  i, 

p.  64,  pi,  iii,  figs.  1,  Iff,  2,  2a-b. 
1893.  Ovopteris  cristata  (Brongn.)  Potonie,  Fl.  Kotbl.  Thiiringen,  p.  44. 

The  remarks  made  under  S.  chcBrophyUoides  Brongu.,  referring-  to  the 
differentiation  of  the  specimens  in  the  United  States  that  have  been  assigned 
to  that  species,  apply  with  equal  force  to  S.  cristata  Brongn.  In  the  collections 
now  in  hand  are  a  number  of  specimens  with  naiTow  terete  and  nonpunctate 
rachises  and  a  rather  thin,  smooth  limb,  on  which  the  veins  are  clearly  seen, 
the  nervation  and  mode  of  division  of  the  pinnules  being  very  close  to 
Sphenopteris  cristata  as  illustrated  by  Brongniart  ^  and  Zeiller."  The  Missouri 
specimens  also  agree  well  with  others  from  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois,  placed  by 
Lesquereux  in  the  same  species. 

The  relations  of  the  American  specimens  in  8.  cristata  to  those  identi- 
fied as  8.  cli(eropliylloides  can  best  be  shown  in  a  monographic  revision  of  this 
section  of  the  Sphenopterids. 

Localities. — Hobbs's  coal  bank,  II.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5504;  Owens's  coal 
bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5503,  5507;  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
5505. 

Sphenopteris  suspecta  n.  sp. 

PL  XXXV,  Figs.  1-3. 

Frond  tri-  or  polypinnate,  rather  compact;  secondary  (?)  pinnae  lanceo- 
late, contracted  somewhat  at  the  base,  acute,  slightly  flexuous  and  lax; 
rachis  slender,  slightly  flexuous  in  accordance  with  the  bases  of  the  lateral 
pinnae,  shallowly  canaliculate  above,  terete  below,  minutely  lineate,  and 
very  distantly  punctate ;  ultimate  pinnse  alternate,  open,  somewhat  reflexed 
at  the  base,  becoming  oblique  toward  the  top,  rather  close,  a  little  distant 
or  touching,  often  gently  curved,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base;  pinnules  large,  close,  usuall}^  touching 
or  slightly  overlapping,   oblique,  ovate  or  Dvate- oblong,   slightly   curved 

'  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  356,  pi.  cxxv,  fig.  45.  The  figure  of  the  enlarged  pinnule  is  copied  in  Les- 
quereux's  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  pi.  cii,  tig.  la. 

^Fl.  foss.  houiU.  Valcutiennes,  Atlas,  pi.  X,  figs.  1,  In,  2,  2a-b. 


52  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

upward,  obtuse,  entire,  or  slightly  crenulate  before  becoming  pinnatifid,  a 
little  decuiTent  and  narrowly  connate;  lamina  thin,  dull,  arched  gently 
backward  toward  the  margin;  nervation  quite  distinct,  clear  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  pinnule,  in  relief  on  the  lower  surface;  primary  nerve  oblique 
or  slightly  decurrent  in  the  lower  part,  which  is  much  nearer  to  the  inferior 
than  to  the  superior  angle  of  the  pinnule,  thin,  though  sometimes  appearing 
double  on  the  lower  side  of  the  lamina,  slightly  geniculate  at  the  bases  of 
the  nervils,  and  passing  to  near  the  apex  of  the  pinnule;  nervils  rather 
distant,  oblique,  at  a  variable  angle  of  divergence,  simple  and  straight  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  rather  small  pinnules,  generally  forking  once  below  the 
midrib,  and,  in  the  larger  pinnules,  the  upper  branch  usually  forking  again. 

The  specimens  representing  this  species  are  quite  uniform  in  their 
characters,  the  most  conspicuous  of  which  are  the  form,  compactness,  size, 
and  entireness  of  the  jDinnules,  and  the  distinctness,  thinness,  and  distance 
of  the  nervation. 

Fragments  of  the  pinnae  might,  at  first  glance,  be  taken  for  some  form 
of  Pecopterls,  e.  g.,  P.  clintoni  Lx.,  on  account  of  the  resemblance  in  the  size 
and  outline  of  the  larger  pinnules  and  isolated  ultimate  pinnae.  The  mode 
of  division  and  the  other  features  of  the  rachis,  which  is  here  and  there 
marked  by  punctation,  and  the  nervation  are,  however,  those  of  Sphenopteris. 

The  relation  of  this  species  is  with  the  group  represented  by  Splienop- 
teris  cristata  Brongn.  and  5".  dicer opliylloides  Brongn.,  the  nervation  of  which 
is  plainly  similar.  In  a  few  instances,  where  the  backward-arched  margin 
is  broken  or  buried  in  the  matrix  so  as  to  render  the  pinnules  more  pointed 
with  rough  borders,  the  resemblance  to  some  of  the  American  specimens 
listed  as  S.  chmrophylloides  is  especially  strong,  and  it  is  not  impossible  that 
our  plant  may  have  been  in  certain  cases  identified  as  that  species. 

Splienopteris  suspiecta  is  readily  distinguished  from  S.  cheer opliylloldes 
Brongn.  and  S.  cristata  Brongn.  by  its  more  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  pinnules 
with  entire  margins.  The  nervation  differs  much  from  S.  Integra  Andra, 
while  the  margins,  thin  lamina,  and  more  slender  character  of  the  pinnae 
preclude  any  confusion  with  partially  covered  fragments  of  S.  Brittsii  Lx. 

Localities. — Owens's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5650,  5651,  5652 ; 
Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  §.  Nat.  Mus.,  5649,  with  Cordaites  communis  Lx. 
and  Hysterites  Cordaitis  Gr.  'E'y. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTEEIDE.E—SPHENOPTEEIS.  53 

Sphenopteris  Bkittsii  Lx. 
PI.  XV,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XVI;  PI.  XVII;  PI.  XVIII,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  XIX,  Fig.  3. 

1879.  Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  10,  pi.  Iv,  flgs.  2, 2b;  text, 

vol.  1  (1880),  p.  277  (vol.  iii,  1881,  p.  764,  pi.  cii,  figs.  3,  4,  4rt?). 
1883.  Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lesquereux,  13th  Eept.  Geol.  Surv.  ludiaua,  p.  216,  pi.  xv, 

fig.  3. 
1890.  Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  iii,  p.  983,  text  fig. 
1893.  Ovopteris  Brittsii  (Ls.)  Potonie,  Fl.  Eothl.  Thiiringen,  p.  44. 

Fronds  large,  tri(poly-"?)pinnate;  rachis  of  the  various  orders  vs^ell  devel- 
oped,   flexuous,    sometimes   slightly   subgeniculate,   low-roimded  beneath, 
broadly  and  shallowly  canaliculate  on  the  upper  surface,  faintly  striate, 
rough,  provided  with  short  lax  scales  or  spinous  scales;  primary  (!)  pinnae 
alternate,  very  open,  often  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis,  or  reflexed,  stand- 
ing close,  usually  overlapping,  flexuous  or  sinuate,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  more  or  less  lax,  contracted  toward  the  base  and  presenting  a 
rather  rough  surface  and  ragged  margin  on  account  of  the  uneven  lamina 
and  the  slightly  repand  and  sharp-toothed  border;  pinna;  of  the  next  order 
alternate,  open,  somewhat  arched  backward  below,  flexuous,  close,  frequently 
overlapping,  usually  curving  upward  and  parallel,  but  often  at  a  right  angle 
to  the  rachis,  and  sinuate,  linear,  tapering  from  near  the  base  to  the  slightly 
obtuse  apex,  sometimes  very  slender,  flexuous,  and  reduced  toward  the  base; 
ultimate  pinnge  alternate,   generally  rather  close,  less   often  touching  or 
slio-htly  overlapping,  very  open,  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  pinna,  ovate-triangular,  obtusely  pointed,  wider  on  the 
upper  side  at  the  base,  usually  curving  upward  somewhat,  slightly  flexuous, 
with  depressed,  well-marked  punctate-rugose  rachis,  and  joined  by  a  narrow 
decurrent  lamina;  pimiules  alternate,  close,  compact,  usually  slightly  o\-er- 
lapping,  set  obliquely  by  a  broad  attachment,  ovate   or  ovate-triangulfw, 
'arching  upward,  uusymmetrical,  imich  wider  on  tlie  upper  side  at  the  base, 
the  lower  side  being  slightly  reduced,  broadly  ovate,  the  upper  part  pin- 
nately  cut  in  narrow,  very  short,  obtuse,  strongly  upward-pointed  teeth 
when  young,  becoming  more  triangular  and  pinnately  lobed  by  very  shallow 
narrow  sinuses  in  five  or  more  upward-inclined  divisions  when  larger,  the 
lobes  broad,  truncate-rounded,  bi-  or  tri-  to  quinquedentate,  increasing  to 


54  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

small  pinnules,  the  decurrent  sinuses  between  the  latter  gradually  approach- 
ing the  rachis  but  not  reaching  it;  lamina  rather  thick,  rugose,  often  arched 
between  the  nervils,  and  usually  somewhat  repand,  so  as  to  conceal  the 
teeth  in  the  matrix;  nervation  generally  clear,  the  primary  nerve  strong, 
originating  at  a  moderate  angle,  but  slightly  if  at  all  decurrent,  slightly 
subgeniculate  near  the  top,  forking  pinnately  at  a  rather  open  angle  at  the 
base  of  each  lobe,  each  secondary  nerve  in  the  pinnatifid  pimiules  forking 
pinnately  again  in  the  middle  portion  of  the  lolje  to  furnish  one  oblique 
upward-turning  nervil,  which  passes  to  the  apex  of  each  tooth. 

One  of  the  most  common  species  in  the  flora  of  the  Coal  Measures 
about  Clinton  is  that  described  by  Lesquereux  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
Coal  Flora  as  Sphenoiiteris  Brittsu.  Fragments  of  this  species  are  found 
scattered  over  a  large  proportion  of  the  slabs,  and,  although  its  surface  is 
rugose  and  irregular,  often  ragged  in  appearance,  the  slender  sinuous  pinnae 
are  frequently  pleasing  in  general  effect. 

The  semblance  of  a  smooth  margin  in  the  lobes  of  many  examples  is 
due  to  a  slight  convexity  of  the  pinnules  and  the  consequent  concealment 
of  the  teeth  in  the  matrix,  and  is  ]iot  really  so  frequent  nor  so  complete  as 
might  be  inferred  from  the  figure  in  the  Coal  Flora.  On  this  account  I 
have  sought  to  represent,  by  plioto-reproduction,  figures  of  portions  which 
will  show  the  margin  as  well  as  several  phases  in  the  development  of  the 
pimife.  The  margins  are  decurrent  in  the  specimen  figured  by  Lesquereux, 
as  well  as  in  ours.  The  former  also  shows  the  punctate  rachis,  often  slen- 
der or  somewhat  geniculate.  The  punctations  on  the  stem  are  found  to  be 
the  basal  scars  of  short  spines.  The  compound  pinnules  are  always  decur- 
rent, bordering  the  rachis  with  a  narrow  wing.  Very  rarely,  when  the 
margins  are  broken  away  or  concealed,  the  most  slender  pinnse  of  Splienop- 
teris  Brittsii  resemble  ;S'.  mixta  Schimper,  but  even  in  these  attenuated  pinnae 
tte  species  can  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  more  rugose,  coriaceous 
texture,  the  uneven  surface  of  the  limb,  the  much  stronger  rachis,  densely" 
punctate,  the  broad,  compact  pinnules,  the  more  ovate  lobes,  the  straighter 
jnnnse,  and  the  dentition,  seen  even  in  the  earliest  stage  of  the  division. 

Splienopteris  Brittsu  Lx.  belongs  naturally  to  the  section  of  the  Sphe- 
nopterids  represented  by  S.  cli(Brophylloides  Brongn.,  or  S.  cristata  Brongn., 
which  Potoni(^^  separates  as  a  distinct  genus,  Ovopteris.     Our  specimens 

'  Fl.  Rothl.  Thiiringen,  p.  44. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE.E—SPHENOPTERIS.  55 

are,  in  fact,  close  to  S.  crlstafa,  and  seem  to  have  been  slightly  confused 
in  the  Missouri  collections  with  both  that  species  and  S.  cheer ojjhyUoides. 
While  agreeing  in  several  featui-es  with  the  former,  it  may  be  distinguished 
in  small  fragments  by  the  thick  coriaceous  texture,  the  compact  upward- 
curving  pinnules,  and  the  teeth  situated  on  the  distal  margin  of  the  pinnule 
or  lobes  and  pointing  upward. 

The  characters  last  named,  combined  with  the  strongly  unequilateral 
pinnules,  frequently  give  the  more  slender  pinnae  an  appearance  suggestive 
of  Sphenopteris  Essingli  Andra  or  S.  incequUateralis  Lx/ 

I  have  seen  no  fertile  pinnje  from  Missouri 'which  seem  to  me  to  be 
definitely  referable  to  this  species.  The  specimens  from  Nelsonville,  Ohio, 
described  and  figured  in  the  third  volume  of  the  Coal  Flora, ^  the  types  of 
which  are  in  the  Lacoe  collection,  have  a  smooth  rachis,  a  thin,  smooth 
lamina,  much  more  slender  pinnules,  and  some  differences  in  dentition  and 
nervation,  so  that  it  will,  I  believe,  be  necessary  to  regard  them  at  present 
as  varietally  if  not  specifically  distinct. 

Localities.— V\ic\\er'%  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5703,  5706,  5669,  5495, 
5497,  5501,  5502,  5626,  with  abundant  Spirorhis  carbonaria;  Deepwater, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5704,  5494,  5498,  5668;  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  5500;   Owens's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5705. 

Sphenopteris  canneltonensis  u.  sp.  * 

PI.  XV,  Fig.  2. 

1881.  SphenojHeris  hymeiiophylloides  Brougu.,  Lesquereux,  Ooal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  764, 

pi.  cii,  fig.  2  (escl.  syn.). 
1897.  Sphenopteris  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Atner.,  vol.  viii,  p.  300. 

The  original  of  the  figure  published  in  the  Coal  Flora  as  Sphenopteris 
hymenophyUoides  Brongn.,  and  which  is  now  No.  4262  in  the  Lacoe  collec- 
tion, 1  find  to  have  been  labeled  later  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  together 
with  other  specimens  of  the  same  form,  as  Sphenopteris  Giithieriana  Gein. 
That  the  type  from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania,  can  hardly  represent  Brong- 
niart's  species"  appears  probable  from  a  comparison  of  the  above-cited  figure 
in  the  Coal  Flora  with  that  given  by  Brongniart.     The  American  specimens 

'  Co.al  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  765,  \>\.  ciii,  figs.  4,  5,  oa. 

=  1884,  p.  764,  pi.  cii,  figs.  3,  4,  4o. 

2 Hist.  v^g.  foss.,  p.  189,  pi.  Ivi,  figs,  iu,  46. 


56  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

differ  in  the  angle  and  form  of  the  pinnules,  the  lobes  being  imich  more 
deeply  denticulate,  while  the  nerves  are  straight  and  fork  in  adaptation  to 
a  more  prevailingly  bifid  instead  of  trifid  tendency  in  the  system  of  the 
division  of  the  lobes.  Moreover,  S.  hymenophylloides  Brongn.  was  described 
from  the  Oolite  of  Whitby,  in  Yorkshire. 

Our  specimens,  including  the  fragments  from  Missouri,  are  character- 
ized especialh'  b}'  the  alate  pinnules  and  lobes,  bifid  in  their  system  of 
division  and  traversed  by  very  distinct,  strong,  straight,  rigid  nerves.  ■ 
Thus,  while  it  is  apparently  closely  related  to  S.  Guthieriana  Geinitz^  or 
S.  Picandeti  Zeiller,^  it  seems  to  me  to  be  hardly  admissible  to  either.  Both, 
especialh'  the  former,  have  the  pinnse  more  slender,  acute,  decurrent,  and 
less  alate.  Sphenopteris  Picandeti  Zeill.  has  the  pinnules  narrower  at  the 
base,  the  lobes  less  often  bifid,  the  nerves  more  slender.  The  lower  pinnules 
of  the  smaller  pinnpe  of  5*.  canneltonensis  are  often  broadly  alate,  and  except 
for  the  sharp  teeth,  nearly  truncate  at  the  broad  apex.  From  the  form  of 
the  pinuation  seen  in  the  segments  from  Cannelton  I  suspect  that  the  frond 
has  the  mode  of  division  illustrated  by  Zeiller^  in  Biplotlimema  Zeilleri  Stur, 
to  which  our  species  is  obviously  very  close,  probably  more  closely  related 
than  to  any  other,  though  in  this,  too,  we  seem  to  have  a  much  more  delicate 
and  elongated  s)'stem  of  pinnation,  the  divisions  being  naiTower  and  the 
lobes  acuminate.  Specimens  from  Cannelton  which  are  perhaps  doubtfully 
separable  from  S.  canneltonensis  were  identified  by  Lesquereux  as  S.  snhlo- 
hata  Weiss.  It  is  possible  that  a  comparison  of  specimens  or  a  more 
complete  representation  of  S.  canneltonensis  may  prove  its  identity  with 
the  Diphthmema  Zeilleri  Stur. 

For  the  present,  since  the  American  specimens,  which  deserve  further 
illustration,  can  hardly  be  referable  to  Splmiopteiis  hymenophylloides  Brongn., 
or  S.  Guthieriana  Gein.,  I  name  them  after  the  locality  in  Pennsylvania 
from  which  the  specimen  figured  by  Lesquereux  was  obtained.  This  fig- 
ured specimen,  No.  4672  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  is  thus  the  type  of  the 
Sphenopteris  canneltonensis. 

Localities.— Rohhs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5665;  a  very  doubtful 
fragment  is  from  Owens's  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5569. 

'  Gutbier,  Abdriicke,  pi.  iv,  fig.  13.     Geinitz,  Verst.  Steinkohlenf.  Sachsen,  p.  15,  pi.  xxiii,  fig.  10. 
=  Fl.  foss.  bouill.  Commentry,  vol.  i,  p.  53,  pi.  ii,  figs.  10-12. 

3  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valecciennes,  p.  151,  pi.  x%',  fig.  5 ;  pi.  xvi,  fig.  12.  Stur,  Farue  d.  Carbon- 
Flora,  p.  329. 


FEENS— SPHENOPTERIDBJi:— SPHENOPTERIS.  57 

SPHENOPTEEIS    CAPITATA    11.  Sp. 

PI.  XV,  Fig.  3. 

1897.  Sphenopteris  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Gool.  Soc.  Auier.,  vol.  viii,  p.  300. 

Frond  tripinnate  or  polypinnate,  delicate;  secondary  (!)  pinna?,  alternate, 
lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  rather  obtuse  point;  rachis 
slender,  somewhat  flexuous,  round,  naked,  smooth;  ultimate  pinnse  oval- 
lanceolate,  alternate,  close,  rarely  overlapping  a  little,  slightly  oblique,  or 
nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis;  pinnules  alternate,  hardly  contiguous, 
often  with  broad,  stalk-like  attachment,  joined  by  a  narrow  wing  decurring 
along  the  rachis,  ovate,  sublobate  in  3  to  5  more  or  less  distinctly  marked, 
distally  directed,  rounded  or  obtusely  pointed  teeth  or  lobes;  limb  thin, 
dull,  minutely  rugose,  cut  in  acute  decurrent  sinuses  between  the  pinnules 
and  lobes;  nervation  rather  indistinct,  the  median  nerve  originating  at  an 
acute  angle  with  the  rachis,  curving  outward,  branching  pinnately  at  a 
moderate  angle,  one  nervil  passing  into  each  lobe  or  tooth. 

The  more  salient  features  of  this  interesting  plant  are  the  compact 
ultimate  pinnpe  and  the  more  or  less  distinctly  broadly  ovate  pinnules  or 
lobes  which  are  slightly  incised  by  very  broad,  shallow  sinuses  or  crenula- 
tious  to  form  broad,  rounded,  erect  lobes,  the  lower  being  inclined  so 
obliquely  as  to  give  the  pinnule  a  slightly  stalked  appearance.  The 
pinnules  are  more  or  less  oblique,  witli  a  notably  broad  attachment  with 
the  marginal  wing.  The  nerves,  which  are  incorrectly  delineated  in  Fig. 
3«,  are  slender  and  flexuous,  forking  at  a  moderate  angle  to  furnish  one 
nervil  for  each  lobe.  They  are  mostly  obscured  in  the  smooth  or  very 
minutely  rugose,  dull,  opaque  lamina.  The  mode  of  division  aiidlobation 
of  this  specimen  is  suggestive  of  that  shown  by  Gutbier^  in  his  Sphempteris 
rutcefoUa  [non  (Eichw.)  Schimp.],  though  the  members  of  the  latter,  which 
is  referred  to  the  S2)h.  gracilis  type,  are  smaller  and  more  deeply  dissected. 

The  texture,  surface,  obscure  nervation,  and  the  more  compact  pin- 
nules, provided  with  but  few  very  broadly  rounded  crenulations  or  teeth, 
are  characters  by  which  the  form  before  us  can  readily  be  distinguished 
from  corresponding  portions  oi  Splienopteris  Brittsiil^^.,  in  which  the  margin 

1  Abdrucke,  pi.  x,  figs.  10,  11,  p.  42. 


58  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

may  be  broken  or  buried  in  the  matrix  so  as  to  present  a  somewliat  similar 
outline. 

Locality. — Xear  Clinton,   Henry    Countv    Missouri ;    precise    locality 
unknown;   U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5662. 

Sphenoptebis  ilj.ixoisensis  n.  sp. 

PI.  XIX,  Fig.  4;  PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  1. 

1870.  AJetliopteris  liymenopliylloides   Lesquereus,  Kept.  Geol.   Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv, 

p.  393,  pi.  X,  figs.  2,  3,  4  (uou  fig.  1). 
1874.  AlethojJieris  hymenoiyhylloides  Lx.,  Scliimper,  Traite,  vol.  iii,  p.  500. 

1878.  AMhopieris  hymeno^ihyUoides  Lx.,  Andrews,  Elem.  Geol.,  p.  177,  fig.  323. 

1879.  Pseudopecopteris  hymenophylloides  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  10,  pi.  Ivi, 

figs.  3,  3a-&  (non  fig.  2);  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  196  (pars). 

Fronds  tri-  or  poly-(?)  pinnate,  lax,  rather  delicate;  form  of  primary 
pinnae  not  sufficiently  known  for  description;  secondary  (?)  pinnte  oblong- 
lanceolate,  or  lanceolate,  acute,  rather  dense  though  delicate,  the  rachis  being 
rather  slender,  flneh'  lineate,  rounded  beneath,  shallowly  canaliculate  on 
the  upper  side,  with  narrow  thread-like  central  strand  in  relief  on  the  back, 
giAang  off  thread-like  branches  for  the  pinufe  of  the  next  order,  and  bor- 
dered by  a  wide  lamina;  ultimate  pinna?  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate  or 
oblong-triangular,  broadest  at  the  base,  rather  blunt  pointed,  open  or  some- 
what oblique,  close,  usually  slightly  overlapping,  provided  with  simple  or 
pinnatifid  pinnules  in  the  lower  portion,  becoming  pinnatifid,  and  crenulate- 
lobate  by  the  confluence  of  the  pinnules  near  the  top,  and  joined  at  the  base 
of  the  decurrent  lamina;  rachis  of  the  ultimate  pinnse  thread-like,  terete  on 
the  back,  nearly  straight  and  often  decurrent  at  the  base  to  meet  the  supe- 
rior rachis  at  a  very  narrow  angle;  pinnules  alternate,  oblique,  usually  at 
an  angle  of  nearly  45°  of  divergence  from  the  rachis,  close,  usually  touch- 
ing or  slightly  overlapping,  generally  curving  slightly  upward,  either  when 
small,  short,  oblong,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  .75-1.5  mm.  wide,  obtuse  or  obtusely 
pointed  at  the  top,  connate  up  to  near  the  middle,  or,  when  larger,becoming 
ovate  and  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  and  developing  at  first  1  to  3  very  erect, 
narrow,  obtuse  teeth  above  the  middle,  later  bearing  4  to  6  short  broad 
teeth,  and,  becoming  cut  into  6  to  9  longer  obtuse  teeth,  soon  passing  the 
lobate  stage  into  pinnules,  the  lower  pair  of  which  are  usually  quite  oblique, 
although  the  lowest  inferior  pinnule  is  sometimes  heteromorphous ;  lamina 


FERI^S— SPHENOPTEEIDE^— SPHENOPTEEIS.  59 

thin,  smooth,  slightly  arched;  nervation  moderately  clear;  nerves  narrow, 
straight  or  nearly  straight,  somewhat  rigid,  slightly  depressed  or  obscure 
on  the  n^^P^i"  surface,  distinct  and  somewhat  in  relief  on  the  back;  primary 
nerve  emitted  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  very  rarely  decurrent  at  the  base, 
and  giving  off  simple  branches  at  an  angle  of  nearly  40°,  one  nervil  to  pass 
into  each  lobe  or  crenulation,  the  dentate  pinnules  having  but  one  simple, 
slightly  upward  turning,  rigid  nerve  to  enter  each  of  the  few  teeth,  the 
younger  pinnules  having  a  single  nervil,  which  gives  off  a  branch  for  each 
incipient  crenulation  or  developing  lobe;  fructification  unknown. 

The  smaller  type,  illustrated  in  the  Fourth  Illinois  Report^  as  Alethop- 
teris  liymenophylloides  Lx.,  and  in  the  Coal  Flora-  as  Pseudopecopteris  hymeno- 
phyllokles  Lx.,  is  represented  in  the  Missouri  collections  by  several  speci- 
mens, two  of  which  are  shown  in  PL  XIX,  Fig,  4,  and  PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  1. 
The  latter,  which  shows  a  section  from  the  upper  part  of  a  compound  pinna, 
is  comparable  to  fig.  3  of  the  plate  in  the  Coal  Flora,  while  the  former, 
which  includes  the  apex  of  a  slender  pinna  similar  to  the  ujDper  part  of  the 
same  type,  agrees  precisely  with  a  specimen  (No.  3984  of  the  T^acoe 
collection)  from  Mazon  Creek,  the  type  locality,  identified  under  the  above 
name  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  Other  fragments  agree  with  the  details 
and  lower  portions  of  Lesquereux's  fig.  3,  and  leave,  in  fact,  no  doubt  as  to 
the  identity  of  our  plant  with  the  small  original  type  of  Pseudopecopteris 
hymenophyUoides  Lx. 

The  more  salient  characteristics  in  the  examples  from  both  States  are 
the  tlu-ead-like,  wide-bordered  axis  in  the  rachises,  from  which  the  strands 
turn  off  to  the  subordinate  pinnse,  the  rather  smooth,  oblique  pinnse  pro- 
vided with  relatively  few  pinnules,  the  small  pinnules  or  connate  lobes 
generally  very  oblique  and  distant,  and  the  simplicity  and  apparent  rigidity 
of  the  nervation,  the  nervils  being  regular  in  the  angle  of  their  divergence 
and  seldom  forking  in  the  pinnule  or  lobe  or  small  pinnule  until  a  tooth  is 
in  process  of  formation.  The  usual  form  of  the  pinnule  is  seen  in  the 
larger  fragment,  PL  XLIV,  Fig.  1.  It  is  especially  difticult  to  distinguish 
the  pinnules  from  pinnae,  owing  to  the  early  passage  to  a  pinnatifid  arrange- 
ment in  the  lower  portion  of  the  pinnules.  The  formation  of  the  first  tooth 
on  the  lobe,  or  of  the  first  lobe  on  the  pinnule,  whichever  term  is  applied 


'  1870,  p.  393,  pi.  X,  figs.  3, 3, 4. 

'Atlas,  p.  10,  pi.  Ivi,  figs.  3,  Sa-b,  copied  from  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv. 


60  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

to  these  divisions,  is  marked  by  au  outward  pushing  of  the  h\mina  on  the 
23roximal  margin  above  the  middle  so  as  to  form  a  step-hke  offset  in  the 
margin,  which  is  gradually  cut  into  a  rather  blunt,  broad  lobe  or  tooth  by 
the  descent  of  an  oblique  sinus.  Another  characteristic  of  the  species  is 
the  upward  direction  of  the  divisions,  which,  except  when  the  lower  inferior 
lobe  is  polymorphous,  brings  the  points  of  the  lower  lobes  or  teeth  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  the  base  of  the  pinna  or  pinnule. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  above  notes  and  a  comparison  with  the  origi- 
nal figures,  the  smaller  type  illustrated  by  Lesquereux  is  very  different  in 
form,  division,  and  nervation  from  the  larger  type  shown  in  fig.  1,  pi.  x,  of 
the  Illinois  Report,  copied  as  fig.  2  of  the  plate  in  the  Coal  Flora.  In  short, 
it  does  not  seem  possible  that  pinnte  with  the  type  of  large,  lax,  rather 
broadly  confluent,  crenulate  pinnules  with  a  flexuous,  rather  narrowly 
bifurcated  and  outward-cur\  Ing  system  of  nervation  illustrated  in  this 
figure  could  have  belonged  to  the  same  species  as  that  described  above. 
Accordingly,  I  find  myself  iinpelled  to  separate  this  larger  form,  fig.  1  of  the 
Illinois  Report  or  fig.  2  of  the  Pennsylvania  Report,  from  the  small  species 
lying  before  me;  and  since  this  smaller  species  from  Illinois  and  Missouri 
seems  in  its  form,  mode  of  division,  and  nervation  to  be  a  Sphenopteris  rather 
than  either  a  Pseudopecopteris  or  a  Pecopteris,  I  am  constrained,  though  not 
without  regret,  to  give  it  a  new  name,  there  being  already  a  Sphenopteris 
hymenophylloides  Brongn. ' 

Should  the  mode  of  division  in  the  frond  of  our  species  be  found  to  be 
that  of  Pseudopecopteris,  then  either  the  specific  name  liymenoplnjlloides  Lx. 
may  be  restored,  in  which  case  it  will  be  necessary  to  furnish  some  other 
designation  for  the  large  species  from  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois,  or  the  name 
ilUnoisensis  may  be  continued,  the  species  represented  by  the  large  type 
being  still  known  by  its  original  appellation. 

ioco/;7//.— Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5564,  5661,       37. 

Sphenopteris  (Crossotheoa)  ophioctLOSSOides  (Lx.). 
PI.  XX,  Figs.  3,  4. 

1879.  Sorocladus  ojjhiofflossoides  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  8,  pi.  xlviii,  flg'.  11; 
text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  329. 

Fronds  large,  quadripinnate  or  polypinnate;  primary  pinna;  rather 
dense,   rough,   and  somewhat  rigid;    secondary  pinnte  oblique,   alternate, 


FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE.E—SPHENOPTERIS.  61 

overlapi^ing,  parallel,  lanceolate;  tertiai-)'  pinute  open,  alternate,  rigid,  over- 
lapping a  little,  lanceolate,  or  lanceolate-triang-ular,  rather  obtuse,  witli 
stout,  roughly  striate  rachis,  which  is  shallowly  canaliculate  on  the  ventral 
surface;  ultimate  pinnae  alternate,  open,  somewhat  flexuous,  nearly  touch- 
ing or  slightly  overlapping,  rather  dense,  ovate-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  with  irregular  surface;  pinnules  alternate,  when  A'ery  small  broadly 
ovate,  close,  and  decurrent,  becoming  confluent  and  obliterated  toward  the 
top  of  the  pinna,  or,  when  larger,  crenulate  and  cut  in  rounded  or  ovate, 
decurrent,  outward-curved  lobes  in  the  lower  part,  crenulate  and  ovate- 
rounded  above,  the  largest  ones  ovate-triangular,  very  obtuse  and  pinnatifid, 
with  a  broad  attachment  sometimes  slightly  elongated  to  form  a  broad,  very 
short,  decurrent  footstalk  with  narrow  borders  decurring  along  the  rachis; 
lamina  coriaceous,  slightly  furrowed  over  the  pnmary  nerve  in  the  larger 
pinnules,  repand;  nervation  quite  distinct,  coarse,  and  usually  slightly  sal- 
ient on  the  upper  surface,  giving  the  pinnule  a  very  rough  aspect ;  primary 
nerve  strong,  originating  obliquely,  curving,  often  quite  decurrently,  flex- 
uous, more  or  less  distinctly  subgeniculate  in  adaptation  to  the  secondary 
nerves  at  the  bases  of  the  lobes  or  erenulations;  secondary  nerves,  one  for 
each  lobe  or  crenulation,  given  off"  at  a  rather  open  angle,  and  forking  once 
or  twice  at  a  wide  angle,  all  the  divisions,  especially  the  upper  branches, 
curving  strongly  outward,  and  each  forking  once  or  twice  again,  according 
to  the  stage  of  the  development  of  the  lobe,  the  nerves  of  each  lobe  or 
very  small  pinnule  having  a  fasciculate  appearance,  and  strongly  arched 
upward,  the  ultimate  nervils  passing  parallel  to  the  margin,  which,  in  the 
larger  lobes,  they  reach  at  nearly  a  right  angle  to  the  midrib;  fertile 
pimiag  very  different  from  the  sterile  pinna?,  in  the  lower  or  middle  por- 
tion of  which  they  are  probably  borne;  consisting  primarily  of  oblong  or 
oblong-ovoid,  more  or  less  curved,  fleshy  pinnules  about  8-12  nun.  long 
and  2-3  mm.  in  width,  borne  alternately  and  apparently  sessile  on  a  broad 
rachis;  sporangia  fusiform,  about  1.75  mm.  long,  and  .75  nun.  in  width  near 
the  base,  tapering  to  an  acute  point,  apparently  aiTanged  pendent  or  some- 
what inflexed  in  a  close  or  crowded  fringe  about  the  margin  of  the  fertile 
pinnule. 

Among  the  specimens  last  transmitted  by  Dr.  Britts  from  Clinton  are 
several  fragments  of  sterile  pinnae  which,  almost  without  doubt,  belong  to  the 
same  plant  as  the  fertile  specimens  described  from  the  same  beds  nearly 


62  FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

twenty  years  ago  hy  Professor  Lesquereux  under  the  name  Sorodadus  ophio- 
glossoldes}  The  extremely  close  relationship  of  the  sterile  pinnte  from 
Missouri  with  others  from  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois,  which  the  unpublished 
manuscript  and  drawings  of  Professor  Lesquereux  show  in  direct  connec- 
tion with  Sorodadus  sagittatus  Lx.,^  the  identity  of  structure  which  on  exam- 
ination of  the  type  specimens  I  find  to  exist  between  Sorodadus  ophioglossoides 
and  Sorodadus  sagittatus,  and  the  surprising  and  impressive  analogy  of  both 
the  fertile  and  the  sterile  segments  of  the  American  species  to  the  corres- 
ponding portions  of  Splienopieris  Boulayi  Zeill.,  and  Splienopteris  Crepini 
Zeill.,  from  the  Valenciennes  basin,  place  beyond  doubt  the  relationship  of 
the  sterile  fragments  from  Missouri  to  the  group  represented  by  Sorodadus 
sagittatus  Lx.  And  since  the  remarkable  affinities  between  the  Missouri 
and  the  Illinois  sterile  forms  compel  us  to  expect  a  fertile  pinna  for  the 
Missouri  species  very  similar  to  that  described  from  the  other  State,  we  can 
hardly  avoid  the  conclusion  that  Sorodadus  opMogtossoides,  which  completely 
satisfies  these  conditions  and  fulfills  the  analogies,  is  really  the  fertile  por- 
tion of  the  species  to  which  the  fragment  illustrated  in  PI.  XX,  Figs.  3,  4, 
which  comes  from  the  same  region,  belongs. 

It  would  manifestly  be  unjust  to  anticipate  the  publication  of  any 
data  included  in  the  manuscript  report  of  Professor  Lesquereux,  however 
interesting  might  be  the  comparison  of  the  details  therein  contained. 
Consequently  no  further  reference  will  be  made  to  the  sterile  specimens 
from  Ilhnois. 

The  Missouri  specimens  liefore  me  are  specially  characterized  by  the 
irregular  appearance  of  the  surface  of  the  pinnae,  the  system  of  crenulate 
lobation,  and  the  ragged  aspect  of  the  nervation,  which  appears  fasciculate 
at  the  base  of  the  lobes,  and  arches  strongly  upward. 

The  types  of  Sorodadus  ophioglossoides  Lx.,  from  Henry  County,  now 
in  the  Lacoe  collection  (Nos.  4170-4172)  in  the  United  States  National 
Museum,  bear  a  very  striking  and  interesting  resemblance  in  their  form,  in 
the  characters  of  the  fleshy  lamina,  and  the  fringe  of  sporangia  about  the 
latter,  suggesting,  as  Zeiller  remarks,  fringed  epaulets,  and  even  in  the 
superficial  characters  of  the  sporangia,  to  the  type  of  Sphmopteris  Boulayi 

iCoal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  329,  pi.  slviii,  fig.  11. 

2  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  329,  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  10-106 ;  vol.  iii,  p.  760,  pi.  c,  figs.  4,  5.  Through  a  misun- 
derstanding a  very  incomplete  drawing  of  one  of  the  specimens  examined  by  Professor  Lesquerenx 
was  included  in  Lesley's  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  606. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTEEIDE^—SPHENOPTEEIS.  63 

Zeill.,  illustrated  in  figs.  4  and  ia,  pi.  iv,  of  the  magnificent  atlas  to  the 
Valenciennes  Flora.  In  a  few  examples  the  surface  of  the  pinnules  when 
exposed  is  shown  to  be  barred  pinnately  on  either  side  of  the  midrib  so  as 
to  resemble  some  of  the  figures  of  fertile  pinnules  of  Danmites  Goepp.^ 
This  feature,  shown  in  both  the  Coal  Flora  and  in  Zeiller's  figures,  is  regarded 
by  the  latter  as  corresponding  to  lobation  of  the  lamina. 

The  genus  Sorodadus  of  Lesquereux^  was  presented  as  a  substitute  for 
Stajyhi/Iopferis  Presl,  to  include  "all  agglomerations  of  sporanges  of  various 
forms,  either  borne  upon  separate  segments  of  a  fern,  like  those  of  Botrychmm 
without  visible  remains  of  leaves,  or  whose  connection  to  frond-bearing 
leaves  can  not  be  traced  and  is  unknown;"  or  "for  the  description  of  ferns 
of  the  coal  represented  by  fructifications  whose  relation  is  unknown." 
Naturally  the  fructifications  included  in  the  genus  may  be,  and  actually 
are,  of  widely  different  relations.  Thus  Sorodadus  steUatus  Lx.,  placed  by 
Lesquereux  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  species  in  this  genus,  is  quite 
equivocal,  wliile  Sorodadus  asteroides  Lx.,  which  follows  it,  would  seem 
to  belong  to  the  genus  Calymmotheca  Stur.^  Sorodadus  sagittatus  and 
Sorodadus  opJdoglossoides  fall  within  the  genus  Crossotheca  of  Zeiller,*  and 
Sorodadus  WortJmii  represents  a  fertile  type  perhaps  included  in  Hatdea 
Corda®  or  Asterotheca  Presl." 

The  differences  between  the  sterile  portions  of  Sphenopteris  opMoglos- 
soides  and  Splie^iopteris  Boulayi  or  ;S'.  Crepini  may  readily  be  learned  from  a 
comparison  of  the  descriptions  and  figures.'' 

The  fertile  pinnules  of  the  American  form  are  not  so  large  nor  so 
pedicellate  as  in  Sphenopteris  Boulayi  Zeill.  Sorodadus  opjltiogJossbides 
differs  from  Sorodadus  sagittatus  by  the  narrower  and  more  slender  form 
of  the  fertile  pinnules  of  the  former,  which  are  not  dilated  at  the  base 
nor  distinctly  and  broadly  pedicellate.     The  forms  included  in  the  genus 

'  Cf.  Danoeites  sarcepontanus  Stur,  Morph.  Syst.  Culm-  u.  Carbon-Farne,p.l46;  or  Danmtes  Emer- 
soni  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  pi.  xxviil,  lig.  2. 

»Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  1879,  p.  8,  pi.  xh'iii;  text,  vol.  1,  1880,  p.  327. 

'Culm-Flora,  vol.  ii,  1877,  p. 255.     Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bouill.  Valenciennes,  1888,  p. 34  pi  xii   figs  2 
2a-b.  ■'     '       '     ^"    ' 

^  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  bot.,  (6) vol.  xvi,  August,  1883,  p.  lSO  =  Sorotheca  Stur,  Morph.  Sjst.  Culm-  u. 
Carbou-Farne,  December,  1883,  p.  175.     See  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bouill.  Valenciennes  p.  34. 

•■  Fl.  (1.  Vorwelt,  1845,  p.  89. 

f'  In  Corda :  op.  cit.,  p.  89. 

'  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bouill.  Valenciennes,  p.  115,  pi.  iv,  ligs.  ia-c;  p.  112,  pi.  xiii  figs.  1-3. 


64  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Sorodadus  deserve  a  detailed  description  along  with  other  material  com- 
prising fertile  ferns  from  the  American  Coal  Measures. 

Localities. — The  sterile  forms  come  from  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  5536,  5698.  The  original  specimens  of  Sorodadus  ophioglossoides 
Lx.  from  Hem-y  County,  without  more  exact  locality,  are  Nos.  1227  and  4272 
of  the  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis. 

Sphenopteris  subcrenulata  (Lx.). 
PI.  XX,  Fig.  5. 

1866.  Alethopteris  erenulata  (Brongii.)  Goepp.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois, 

voL  ii,  p.  439,  pi.  xxxix,  figs.  2-4. 
1870,  Alethopteris  erenulata  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  lUiuois, 

vol.  iv,  p.  393,  pi.  xiii,  flgs.  14,  15. 
1879.  Pseudopecopteris  subcrenulata  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  6,  pi.  xxxvii, 

flgs.  7,  8;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  193. 

The  specimen  figured  in  PI.  XX,  Fig.  5,  agrees  in  so  manj^  respects 
with  several  examples  from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania,  and  Mazon  Creek, 
Illinois,  labeled  Pseudopecopteris  subcremdata  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  as 
to  leave  little  doubt  as  to  its  proper  inclusion  in  that  somewhat  variable 
species.  The  lamina  of  the  pinnules  is  thin,  though  minutely  iiigose,  with 
the  margins  more  Or  less  distinctly  retracted  between  the  tips  of  the 
nerves,  the  crenulation  being  less  marked  on  the  sides  than  near  the  apex 
of  the  pinnules.  The  nerves,  which  in  the  specimen  in  hand  are  viewed 
from  the  back  side  of  the  frond,  are  clear  and  in  relief  The  midrib  is 
rather  slender  and  decurrent,  the  nervils  pinnate,  for  the  most  part  nearly 
straight  and  very  oblique.  The  nervils  are  themselves  striate,  often 
appearing  double,  as  is  the  case  in  the  specimens  from  Mazou  Creek. 

The  specimens  from  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania,  referred  to  above,  rep- 
resent a  form  similar  to  that  given  in  fig.  8,  pi.  xxxvii,  of  the  Coal  Flora. 
It  would  seem  at  first  that  this  should  be  quite  distinct  from  the  type  illus- 
trated in  fig.  7  of  the  same  plate.  But  the  variation  in  the  size  and  nerva- 
tion in  the  entire  suite  of  specimens  from  Mazon  Creek  is,  as  Professor 
Lesquereux  remarked,^  so  great  that  it  is  difficult  to  establish  any  satisfac- 
tory line  of  demarcation  among  them,  although  more  than  one  species 
seems  to  be  represented.     In  the  specimen  from  Missouri  the  two  or  three 


'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  193. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTEKIDE^—SPHENOPTEEIS.  65 

lower  inferior  iiei'ves  in  the  pinnules  near  the  base  of  the  segment  are  found 
to  bifurcate  at  a  variable  distance  from  the  median  nerve,  but  the  superior 
nerves,  as  well  as  all  those  of  the  smaller  pinnules,  are  undivided. 

In  none  of  the  specimens,  identified  as  this  species  have  I  found  the 
distinctive  characters  of  the  genus  Pseudopecopteris.  On  the  other  hand,  all 
the  details  seem  to  be  those  of  Pecopteris  or  Splienopteris.  M.  Zeiller  has 
refe'rred  this  species  to  Pecopteris,  at  the  same  time  inscribing^  Pseudopiecop- 
teris  subcrenulata  Lx.  as  a  synonym  of  Pecopteris  crenidata  Brongn.  It  is 
true  that  the  specific  separation,  perhaps  at  the  suggestion  of  Schimper,^  of 
the  American  species,  which  was  at  first  correlated  with  the  European  form, 
was  largely  based  on  the  insufiiciency  of  Brongniart's  diagnosis  and  illus- 
trative material.  But  while  many  of  the  Illinois  specimens  appear  to  be 
referable  to  Brongniart's  species,^  so  excellently  as  well  as  authentically 
elaborated  by  Zeiller*  after  a  comparison  of  Brongniart's  original,  the  more 
simple  American  type  does  not  seem  to  me  to  be  included  therein.  It  is 
also  quite  clearl}^  different  from  the  plant  illustrated  as  Pecopteris  crenulata 
by  Potoni^,^  who  also  unites  Psetfdopecopteris  suhcrenidata  as  a  synonym  of 
Brongniart's  plant.  The  Thuringian  specimen  would  seem  to  be  a  true 
Pecopteris.  The  Old  World  plant  seems  to  differ  from  that  from  Missouri 
by  the  thicker  lamina  and  the  much  more  open,  frequently  obscured  nerves, 
which  in  the  apparently  coiTesponding  portions  are  once  forked,  instead  of 
remaining  simple. 

The  oblique  position  of  the  slightly  connate  pinnules,  the  rather  strongly 
decun-ent  median  nerve,  the  thin  lamina,  crenulate  or  erose  above,  and 
decurring  to  forai  a  marginal  wing  along  the  superior  rachis  between  the  lat- 
eral pinnas,  and  the  relatively  narrow  flexuous  rachis  led  me  to  temporarily 
regard  the  form  in  hand,  which  should,  perhaps,  be  separated  from  the  com- 
mon American  type,  as  a  representative  of  the  genus  Splienopteris.  It  may, 
like  the  Pseudopecopteris  spinulosa  Lx.^  to  which  it  is  related,  be  regarded  as 
one  of  the  intermediate  forms,  so  far  as  outline  and  nervation  merely  are 
concerned,  between  Pecopteris  and  Splienopteris.     It  appears  to  be  very 

'  Fl.  foas.  houill.  Vtileucieuues,  p.  192. 
2  Traite,  vol.  iii,  p.  500. 

'■'  Hist.  v<^g.  loss.,  p.  300,  pi.  Ixxxvii,  figs.  1,  la. 
'  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  192,  pi.  xxv,  fijis.  1-4. 
°  Fl.  Rothl.  Thiiringen,  p.  65,  pi.  vi,  figs.  1-4. 
'•  Coal  Flora,  p.  195,  pi.  Ivi,  figs.  1,  la. 
MON   XXXVII 5 


66  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

closely  related  to  the  European  Pecopteris  crenulata,  with  which  some  of  the 
material  from  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois,  is  either  identical  or  at  least  so  similar 
as  to  seem  to  justify  Professor  Zeiller's  remark  as  to  the  interest  in  the 
occurrence  of  this  type  both  in  Illinois  and  in  probably  contemporaneous 
beds  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Valenciennes  series,  or  at  Geislautern. 

-    Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  Henry  County,  Missouri.     Loaned  by 
Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Missouri. 

Sphenupteris  sp. 

PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  6, 

The  fragment  represented  in  PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  6,  is  the  only  example 
of  this  peculiar  form  in  the  collection.  The  shape  of  the  decurrent  half- 
stalked  pinnules  with  sinuate  or  sinuate-dentate  margins  is  different,  I 
believe,  from  any  yet  described.  Most  of  the  characters  found  in  the  speci- 
men are  seen  in  the  photograph  or  the  detail.  Fig.  6«.  The  rachis  is  very 
finely  lineate  and  is  bordered  in  the  lateral  pinnae  by  a  narrow  decurring 
wing.  The  substance  of  the  pinnule  is  not  very  thick,  and  is  dull,  though 
smooth,  and  flat,  or  nearly  flat.  The  nervation  is  fairly  clear,  the  midrib  rather 
strong  at  the  base,  tapering  in  passing  upward  and  vanishing  at  the  apex. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  accompanying  figures  and  notes  will  facilitate  the 
recognition  and  identification  of  the  species,  which  appears  to  have  been 
one  of  considerable  grace  and  beauty. 

Locality. — Henry  Covmty,  Missouri;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5654. 
Sphenopteeis  bilobata  Lx.  ined. 

The  type  of  this  species  is  described  among  the  unpublished  manuscript 
of  Professor  Lesquereux.  Pending  its  publication  with  other  similar 
material  in  due  form,  further  consideration  in  this  memoir  is  waived. 

Locality. — Vicinity  of  Clinton,  Hemy  County;  Nos.  5703,  5704,  Lacoe 
collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

OLIGOCARPIA  Goeppert,  1S41. 

GattuDgeu,  Lief.  1  u.  2,  p.  3. 

Oligocaepia  missoubiensis  n.  sp. 

PI.  XX,  Figs.  1,  2;  PL  XXI,  Figs.  1?,  2!,  3,  4. 

1897.  Oligocarpia  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Ainer.,  vol.  viii,  pp.  296,  300. 

Fronds  tri-  or  polypinnate,  lax,  spreading,  rather  delicate;  rachis  very 
slender,  narrow,  sulcate  above,  terete  below  in  the  subordinate  divisions, 


PERNS— SPHENOPTERIDEJ5—OLIGOCAEP1A.  67 

iinely  liueate,  dull,  llexuous,  those  of  the  last  order  being  very  thin'  and 
sinuate;  secondary  (?)  pinnse  alternate,  originating  at  an  open  angle  to  the 
primary  rachis  and  curving  outward,  close,  or  slightly  overlapping,  flexu- 
ous,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  contracted  toward  the  base,  and  taper- 
ing- above  the  middle  to  the  acute  apex;  ultimate  pinnse  open,  often  at  a 
right  angle  to  the  rachis,  alternate,  rather  distant,  flexuous,  linear-triangular, 
tapering  from  near  the  base  to  the  slender,  narrow  apex;  pinnules  alternate, 
ovate,  becoming  crenulate  in  passing  to  the  pinnatifid  stage,  distant,  open, 
at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  longer  pinnse, 
obtusely  rounded  at  the  summit,  with  rounded  margin  on  the  lower  side, 
the  upper  side  straighter,  giving  the  pinnule  an  upward  turn,  attached  by 
the  whole  or  nearly  the  whole  base  until  becoming  pinnatifid,  and  sepa- 
rated nearly  to  the  rachis  by  a  broad  sinus,  which  is  usually  round  or 
squarish,  and  sometimes  slightly  decurrent  at  the  lower  angle;  lamina 
dull,  not  very  thick;  nervation  rather  coarse,  often  obscure  on  the  upper 
surface;  primary  nerve  decurrent,  rather  strong,  striated,  arching  with  the 
jjinnule,  flexuous,  and  forking  pinnately  at  a  rather  open  ang-le,  the  lower 
nervils  forking  again  or  even  a  second  time  as  the  pinnule  becomes  pin- 
natifid; fructification  within  the  margin,  in  1  to  7  round  depressions,  in 
each  of  which  appears  one  or  more  sporangia,  apparently  of  the  type  of 
Oligocarpia,  although  the  characters  are  obscure. 

The  sterile  examples  incompletely  shown  in  Figs.  1,  2,  PI.  XX,  and 
Fig.  3,  PI.  XXI,  from  Owen's  coal  bank,  appear  to  form  a  fairly  distinct  spe- 
cies, closely  related  to  0.  alahamensis  Lx.  and  0.  Guthieri  Goepp.  The  gen- 
eral aspect  of  the  large  pinnje  illustrated  in  Fig.  1,  PI.  XX,  will  at  once  be 
noted  as  quite  similar  to  the  figure  of  0.  alahamensis^  given  by  Lesquereux. 
But  the  latter  has  the  rachis  opposite  or  subopposite,  while  the  pinnules  are 
close  and  much  more  open,  instead  of  being  distant  and  curved  upward,  as 
in  the  species  from  Owen's.  Furthermore,  the  primary  nerves  in  the  Ala- 
bama type  are  much  less  decurrent.  The  fertile  pinnse  in  the  large  speci- 
men bear  also  some  resemblance  to  Oligocarpta  Bronf/niartii  Stur." 

My  reference  of  the  plant  to  the  genus  Oligocarpia  is  based  on  the  strik- 
ingly similar  conformation  of  the  vegetative  part  and  that  of  other  species 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  266,  pi.  xlvil,  figs.  1  a-b. 

•Fame.  fl.  Carbon-Flora,  p.  131,  pi.  ivii,  figs.  2,  3.  See  also  Zeiller,  Fl.  loss,  bassiii.  honill.  Valeii- 
cieuiies,  p.  tl7,  pi.  xi,  figs,  3,  3«-c,  4,  5,  oa-c. 


68  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOUHL 

referred  to  this  genus.  I  have  seen  specimens  from  Morris,  lUiuois,  hxbeled 
0.  alabamensis,  which  should  perhaps  be  included  in  this  species. 

The  clearest  definition  of  the  fruit  dots  that  I  am  able  to  secure  on  this 
specimen  fails  to  give  any  conclusive  proof  of  the  generic  identity  of  this 
species,  although  the  general  aspect  and  the  position  of  the  dots  on  the 
pinnules  are  very  similar  to  those  shown  by  Greinitz^  or  Schimper^  in 
0.  Guibieri  Goepp.,  except  that  ours  are  perhaps  not  so  near  the  margin. 
Under  the  lens  the  depre^ssions  and  irregular  disklike  bodies  within  are 
seen  to  strongly  resemlile  those  published  in  Stur's  photograph  of  OJiqo- 
caiyia  Beyrichi? 

The  above  description  is  based  on  fragments  of  sterile  fronds  or  those 
in  which  only  a  part  is  fertile.  I  have  also  referred,  with  doubt,  to  this 
species  several  fertile  fragments.  The  first  of  these,  PI.  XXI,  Fig.  4,  from 
Pitcher's  bank,  shows  a  segment  of  a  macerated  pinna  in  which  the  out- 
lines of  the  pinnules  are  in  many  instances  quite  uncertain,  although  the 
position  of  the  sporangia  is  well  shown.  Here  the  circular  depressions 
seem  either  to  be  vacant,  except  for  a  slight  man:imillate  point  in  the  center, 
or  to  contain  a  flattened  disk  with  thickened,  rather  irregular  margin.  When 
viewed  with  a  stronger  lens  this  margin  or  rim  seems  to  be  bordered  with 
large,  thick  cells,  thus  appearing  to  present  conditions  resembling  the  fruit 
of  0.  Brongniarfii  as  illustrated  b)^  Zeiller*  or  Kidston.^ 

The  specimen  (No.-  4468  of  the  Lacoe  collection)  illustrated  in  PI. 
XXI,  Fig.  2,  seems  also  to  belong  to  Oligocarpia  missouriensis.  The  same 
form  is  also  present  at  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois.  But  of  the  identity  of  the 
specimen  illustrated  in  PL  XXI,  Fig.  1  (No.  4467  of  the  Lacoe  collection), 
I  am  not  quite  so  sure,  on  account  of  the  compactness  of  the  pinnules, 
although  it  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  sterile  forms  through  the  two 
specimens  just  discussed.  Both  4467  and  4468  show  only  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  limb,  so  that  only  the  inflations  above  the  sporangia  or  sori  are 
seen.  It  will  be  noted  that,  while  in  most  of  the  pinnules  only  two  rows  ot 
fruit  dots  are  seen,  still,  in  the  lobes  of  the  lower  and  more  pinnatifid  jjin- 
nules  additional  dots  make  their  appearance.     It  is  hoped  that  this  and  other 

'Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  17,  pi.  xxxiii,  fig.  7. 

■Traits,  Atlas,  pi.  xli,  fig.  8. 

'Fame  d.  Carbon-Flora,  p.  137,  ]i\.  ixiii,  fig.  1. 

^Fl.  fosa.  houlU.  Valenciennes,  j).  53,  fig.  35. 

■''Trans.  Geol.  See.  Glasgow,  vol.  is,  1889,  pi.  i,  fig.  156. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTERIDE^—OLIGOCARPIA.  69 

I'ruiting  forms  from  our  Coal  Measures  series  may  be  made  the  subject  of  a 
special  stud}^. 

A  small  and  very  fragile  Aphlehia  is  presented  at  the  base  of  the  upper 
pinna  on  the  left  of  the  specimen  shown  in  PI.  XX,  Fig.  1. 

Localities. — Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5567,  5694;  also  in  a 
recent  collection  from  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  4468,  5565, 
5566,  5696;  near  Clinton,  Henry  County,  Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5719; 
Lacoe  collection,  4467,  4468,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

OLIGOOAEPIA    cf.    ALABAMENSIS    Lx. 

Although  appearing  to  differ  in  some  minor  particulars  from  the  char- 
acters of  Oligocarpia  alahamensis  as  originally  described  by  Lesquereux,^ 
several  specimens  from  Deepwater  so  strongly  resemble  others  from  Illinois 
identified  by  that  author  as  0.  alahamensis  that  I  provisionally  refer  them 
to  that  species,  the  tyjje  of  which  I  have  not  seen. 

Locality. — Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat  Mus.,  5719. 

Oligocarpia  cf.  Gutbieri  Goepp. 

The  fragment  which  I  temporarily  place  among  the  sjjecimens  refeiTed 
by  Lesquereux  to  this  species  comprises  about  three-fourths  of  a  compound 
pinna,  which,  though  a  little  larger,  has  the  form  and  superficial  characters 
of  the  example  from  Illinois  figured  in  the  Coal  Flora.^ 

The  specimen  from  Hobbs's  bank  is,  however,  preserved  in  a  sandy, 
micaceous  shale  that  hardly  permits  a  satisfactory  analysis  of  the  nervation, 
which  in  the  type  from  Illinois  is  very  clear,  the  lamina  being  extremely 
thill.  Still,  such  traces  of  nerves  as  may  be  seen  appear  to  agree  with  those 
of  the  figured  specimen,  and  although  the  lamina  is  dull  and  black  in  the 
Missouri  fragment,  I  think  it  probable  that  the  plant  should  be  referred  to 
the  same  species  as  that  from  Illinois.  The  latter,  however,  as  illustrated  in 
the  Coal  Flora  appears  to  differ  from  the  type  of  Goeppert^  or  Geinitz,^ 
some  of  the  details  of  whose  figures  were  copied  by  Lesquereux,^  by  the 
smaller,  narrower,  more  oblique,  and  more  deeply  dissected  pinnules,  with 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  Atlas,  pi.  xlvii,  figs.  1,  \a-b. 

-Vol.  i,  p.  266,  pi.  xlviii,  tigs.  1,  2. 

'  Gattungeu,  vol.  1  (3),  p.  37,  pi.  iv,  figs.  1,  2. 

■•  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  30,  pi.  xxxiii,  figs.  6,  7;  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  9. 

''Coal  Flora,  pi.  xlviii,  ligs.  3a-6. 


70  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

•more  distant  and  flabellate  nerves.  The  examination  of  a  number  of  speci- 
mens from  the  same  locahty  as  the  one  figured  throws  considerable  doubt 
on  the  identity  of  the  Eiiropean  and  American  plants. 

The  Missouri  specimen  is  quite  different  from  the  form  referred  by  Les- 
quereux  to  0.  alabamensis  Lx.,  or  that  described  in  this  report  as  0.  missouri- 
ensis,  being  distinguished  from  both  by  the  form  of  its  pinnae,  the  broader 
confluent  pinnules,  and  the  more  flabellate  nervation.  It  resembles  in  some 
respects  some  of  the  more  slender  pinnae  of  Pseudopecopteris  Pluckeneiii 
(Schloth)  Lx. 

Locality. — Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5570. 

ALOIOPTERIS  Potouie,  1894. 

Jahrb.   d.  k.  Pr.  geol.  Laudesaust.  u.  Bergakad.,  voL  xiv,  ISaS,  Mittbeil.,  p.   xlviii. 
Abh.  d.  k.  Pr.  geoL  Landesanst.,  u.  F.,  No.  21,  1896,  p.  24. 

ALOIOPTERIS   BROSA  (CrUtb.).      . 

PL  XXIII,  Fig.  6;  PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  3rt. 

1843.  Pecopteris  erosa  Gntbier,  in  Xaumaiin,  Gotta,  Geinitz,  et  ah :  Giia  v.  Sachsen, 

Flora,  p.  81. 
1879.  Pecopteris  erosa  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  8,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  1, 1<(,  3; 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  255.     ■ 
1843.  Pecopteris  (Gyatheites)  linearis  Gutbier  (nee    Rost,   nee    Stb.,   necque  Old.    et 

Morr.),  in  Naumann,  Gotta,  Geinitz,  et  al.:  Gaa  v.  Sachsea,  Flora,  p.  83. 
1855.  Aletho2}teris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  SacLseii,  p.  29,  pi.  xxxii,  figs. 

7-9,  la,  9«. 
1869.  Alethopteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Gein.,  von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens,  p.  81 

(pi.  xxi,  flg.  11  ?) 
1877.  Prepecopteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Grand'Eury,  Fl.  Garb.  Loire,  p.  63. 

1884.  OranWEurya  erosa  (Gutb.)  Zeiller,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  (6)  bot.,  vol.  xvii,  p.  9. 

1885.  Saccopteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Stur,  Fame  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  159. 

1887.  Corynepteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Kidston,  Foss.  Fl.  Radstock  Ser.,  p.  381. 

1888.  Corynepteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Kidst.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  43. 

The  illustration  of  a  fragment  of  a  long  compound  pinna  of  this  species 
published  in  the  Coal  Flora^  gives  a  good  general  idea  of  the  long,  slender, 
close,'  extremely  open  pinnae  characteristic  of  this  species.  It  also  shows 
the  more  delicate  habit  of  the  American  plant,  the  outlines  of  which  differ 
somewhat  from  the  European  type,  which  is  still  inscribed  by  some  authors 
in  the  genus  Alethopteris. 


'  Atlas,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  1,  la. 


FERNS— SPHENOPTBEIDE^—ALOIOPTEEIS.  7 1 

The  specimen  shown  in  PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  6,  is  of  the  same  character 
as  the  large  fragment  figured  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  Some  of  the  slen- 
der pinnae  of  this  type  attain  a  length  of  6  cm.  or  more.  The  pinnules 
in  the  middle  of  the  pinna  often  show  two  well-developed  sharp  teeth, 
though  the  latter  are  not  so  cristate  as  in  the  preceding  species.  The 
small  fragment  of  a  young  compound  pinna  seen  in  PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  1, 
strongly  resembles  this  species;  but  by  its  nervation  and  the  develop- 
ment of  the  pinnules  it  belongs  more  properly  to  A.  Winslovii,  next  to  ' 
be  described. 

The  rock  fragment,  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton,  photographed  in 
PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  3,  shows  two  segments  (No.  2386  of  the  Lacoe  collection) 
identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Pecopteris  erosa,  the  larger  of  which 
approaches  A.  Winslovii,  while  the  other  preserves  the  apex  of  a  compound 
pinna.  But  although  the  lateral  pinnae  on  the  larger  segment  are  nearly 
of  the  size  frequently  found  in  the  A.  Winslovii  with  which  it  has  been 
thought  it  might  perhaps  belong  as  a  younger  stage,  they  show  fairly  well 
the  difference  in  the  pinnules  and  the  margins. 

In  the  American  specimens  oi  Aloiopteris  erosa  the  pinnules  are  broader 
in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  pinna,  and  not  so  constricted;  the  upper 
border  is  much  more  nearly  truncate,  the  sinuses  not  so  deep  proportionately, 
while  the  nerves,  wliich  are  not  so  distinct  in  the  rather  thicker  lamina,  fork 
near  the  base  at  a  narrower  angle,  and  arch,  especially  the  upper  branch, 
rather  strongly  upward  in  passing  to  the  margin,  approaching  in  this  respect 
the  P.  serrula  Lx.  When  the  pinnule  has  three  teeth  the  upper  nervil  forks 
again  at  a  rather  narrower  angle  than  in  A.  Winslovii. 

I  have  not  observed  any  fertile  pinna  that  seems  referable  to  this  species 
among  the  material  from  Missouri.  One  fertile  specimen  from  Morris, 
Illinois,  identified  under  this  name  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  has  the  same 
general  aspect  as  the  fertile  pinnae  of  A.  Winslovii,  though  the  pinnae  are 
narrower  and  the  marginal  filaments  do  not  appear.  It  would  seem,  as  in 
the  latter  species,  to  represent  more  probably  Corynepteris,  to  which  genus 
it  has  been  referred  1)}-  Kidston.-' 

Localities-.— Viicher's.  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5562,  5563,  5614,  5721 ; 
ailkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  5561. 


I  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Ediub.,  vol.  sxxiii,  1887,  p.  381. 


72  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSODEL 

ALOIOPTEEIS   (COKYNEPTliiRIS?)  WiNSLOVII  n.  sp. 

PI.  XXII,  Figs.  1-3;  PL  XXIII,  Figs.  1-5. 

18-43.  Cf.  Pecopteris  [Diplazites]  cristatus  Gutbier,  in  Xaumann,  Cotta,  Geinitz,  et  ai.r 

Gaa  von  Saclisen,  p.  SO. 
184S.  Cf.  Pecoptem  cHsteto  Gutb.  (uon  Brongn.),Goeppert,  in  Bronn:  Index  Palieont., 

p.  915. 
1879.  Pecopteris  cristata  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  8,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  2,  2a; 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  256. 

1854.  An  Asplenites  Stcrnberfiii  Ettingshausen,  Foss.  Fl.  Radnitz,  pi.  xx,  figs.  2,  3,  4, 

p.  42  (pars)  1 

1855.  Cf.  Alethopteris  cristata  (Gutb.)  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  29,  pi.  xxxii, 

fig.  G. 
1885.  Cf.  Saccopteris  (Alethopteris)  cristata  (Gutb.)  Stur,  Fame  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  164. 
1897.  Pecopteris  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  viii,  pp.  296,  300. 
1899.  Aloiopteris  Winslorii  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pt.  3,  p.  487. 

The  doubt  expressed  by  Professor  Lesquereux^  as  to  the  equivalence 
of  the  American  form  identified  as  Pecopteris  cristata  with  the  species  figured 
by  Geinitz"  appears  to  me  well  founded.  Our  specimens  differ  from  that 
figured  in  the  "  Versteinerungen "  by  the  narrower  divisions,  the  nerves 
originating,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  photograph  (PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  2)  of  a 
slightly  macerated  and  abraded  specimen,  at  a  much  wider  angle,  straight 
or  nearly  so  instead  of  curving,  not  forking  below  the  middle,  and  forking 
once  or  twice  at  a  very  wide  angle  into  short,  straight  divisions.  It  seems 
evidently  distinct  from  that  species. 

In  its  general  aspect  and  features  our  plant  is  very  similar  to  the  speci- 
men described  by  Ettingshausen^  as  Asplenites  Sternhergii,  but,  although 
some  of  the  pinnae  in  our  specimens  are  very  much  like  those  seen  in 
Zeiller's  figure  of  the  same  species,"*  the  detail  in  this  figure,  as  well  as  in 
Ettingshausen's  illustrations,  indicates  a  more  slender  form,  with  broader 
midrib  and  blunter  teeth.  Some  of  Stur's  photographic  figures  of  Saccop- 
teris Essinghii  (Andra)^  are,  however,  so  like  the  ordinary  specimens  of  our 
plant,  as  seen  in  PI.  XXII,  Figs.  1  and  2,  that  it  seems  far  from  improb- 
able that  the  specimens  he  had  in  hand  should  be  included  in  the  same 


I  Coal  Flora,  p.  256. 

•  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsens,  p.  29,  pi.  xxii,  figs.  6,  6(i. 
3  Steiukolenfl.  Radnitz,  1855,  p.  42,  pi.  xx,  figs.  2,  3. 

■•  Sphenopteris  Sternbergii  (Ett.)  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  lionill.  Valenciennes,  Atl:is,  pi.  ix,  tigs.  5,  5a,  p.  128. 

*  p'arne  d.  Carbon-Flora,  pi.  lii,  figs.  2-6,  p.  166. 


FBENS— SPHENOPTERIDE.5:— ALOIOPTERIS.  73 

species  as  those  from  Missouri.  But  Audi-a's  original  figures/  as  well  as 
those  given  later  by  Weiss  ^  and  Zeiller,'  seem  to  represent  a  plant  with 
more  oblique  pinnules,  comparable  to  those  of  Sphenopteris  incequilateralis  Lx., 
which  are  much  more  dissected.  In  the  comparatively  very  few  specimens 
from  Missouri  in  which  the  pinnules  have  elongated  to  a  length  of  1  cm.  or 
more  the  lamina  is  still  but  little  dissected,  and  the  pinnules,  which  may  be 
considered  as  pinnatifid,  are  constricted  but  slightly  at  the  base.  Imperfect 
fragments  of  such  pinnae  are  illustrated  in  PI.  XXII,  Fig.  3,  and  -Pl.  XXIII, 
Fig.  4.  Were  this  pinnatifid  stage  common  in  the  development  of  the 
species,  we  should  see  many  such  fragments  in  the  collections  mingled  with 
the  attending  segments  of  various  degrees  of  maturity,  including  portions  of 
rachises,  1  cm.  or  more  in  width,  provided  on  both  sides  with  alternating 
pinnee  of  the  usual  form.  The  relation  of  the  small  fragments  of  a  young 
compound  pinna  (PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  1)  to  this  species  is  shown  by  both  the 
nervation  and  the  peculiar  angular  dentition. 

The  fertile  pinnae,  which  seem  to  have  been  borne  directly  on  the  pri- 
mary pinnae,  do  not,  as  shown  in  PI.  XXIII,  Figs.  4  and  5,  differ  in  general 
form  and  arrangement  from  the  sterile  pinnae.  The  sporangia,  which  are 
oblong  or  oval,  .75  to  1.2n  mm.  long,  .4  to  .6  mm.  wide,  rounded  at  one  end 
and  rather  obtuse  at  the  other,  are  borne,  in  groups  apparently,  on  the 
lower  surface  of  the  slightly  reduced  pinnules,  whicli  are  so  crushed  in 
the  shale  as  to  make  them  seem  entirely  covered  by  the  flattened  sporangia. 
In  a  few  cases  it  may  be  seen  that  the  sporangia  are  attached  by  the  ends 
in  round  groups,  perhaps  of  5  to  7  sporangia  each,  the  members  of  which 
are  sometimes  spread  apart  at  the  top. 

The  question  of  the  systematic  position  of  the  group,  including  Pecopj- 
teris  cristata  Grein.,  Asplenites  Sternbergii  Ett.,  Pecopteris  erosa  Lx.,  P.  georgi- 
anci  Lx.,  and  P.  serrula  Lx.,  is  one  that  has  perhaps  not  yet  reached  its 
final  settlement.  Ettingshauseu's  Asplenites  Sternbergii,  to  choose  a  typical 
example,  has  been  referred  by  various  authors  to  Pecojiteris,^  Oligocarpia,^ 
Sphenopteris,^  and  Saccopteris,''  while   other   species,  no  doubt  congeneric, 

'  Sphenopleris  Esslnf/hii  Antlrii,  Vorweltl.  Pfl.  Steink.,  1866,  pl.  vii,  ligs.  2,  3,  p.  20. 

■^  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  1881,  pl.  xii,  fig.  76. 

'  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  1886,  pl.  ix,  ings.  1,  2 ;  text,  1888,  pp.  122, 125,  fig.  41. 

■•Schimper,  Trait(5,  vol.  i,  1869,  p.  526. 

■Star,  Culm-B'lora,  vol.  ii,  1877,  p.  294. 

"Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  1881,  p.  12. 

'Stur,  Famed.  Carbou-Fl.,  1883,  p.  165. 


74  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

have  been  described  as  Alethopteris  or  referred  thereto.  On  the  whole,  this 
group  of  species  constitutes  a  division  or  section  quite  distinct  from  the 
other  sections  of  the  genus  Pecopteris,  which  shoukl  either  be  transferred  to 
some  other  genus,  if  that  is  found  practicable,  or  separated  as  the  basis  of  a 
new  genus.  By  most  recent  authors  they  are  refeired  to  the  genus  Sphenoj)- 
teris,  and  it  would  indeed  seem  that  they  are  most  closely  related  to  and 
congeneric  with  Sphenopteris  Essinghii  Andrii,  which  Ijinds  them  to  Sphenop- 
teris  incBqiiilateralis  Lx.  Sphenopteris  Siernhergii  (Ett.)  Weiss  was  placed  in 
the  fertile  genus  Saccopferis  by  Stur,  and  Saccopteris  (=  Grand  'F.urya 
Zeiller)  is  regarded^  as  identical  with  Baily's  Gorynepterisr  Thus  most  of 
these  species  like  Sphenopteris  Essinghii  have  found  places  in  Corynepteris  or 
its  synonyms.  The  close  resemblance  of  the  fertile  pinnse  from  Missouri, 
obscure  specimens  of  which  are  found  in  PI.  XXIII,  Fig.  5,  to  the  specimens 
figured  by  Zeiller^  as  Sphenopteris  {Corynepteris)  coralloides  Gutb.,  is  at  once 
apparent,  even  the  narrow  dichotomous  filaments  extending  out  from  the 
slio-htly  reduced  limb  being  similar  in  both  species.  This  circumstance, 
together  with  the  demonstration  by  Zeiller*  of  the  same  type  of  fruit  in 
Sphenopteris  Essinghii,  leaves  little  room  for  doubt  that  the  fructification  of 
our  American  plant  is  probably  of  the  Conjnexjteris  ty^e.  Our  specimens, 
though  badly  crushed,  seem  to  confirm  this  view;  but  while  the  sporangia 
are  shagreened  and  would  seem  to  be  grouped  in  a  manner  similar  to  Cory- 
nepteris, I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  distinguish  the  zone  of  the  thickened 
cells  found  in  the  sporangia  of  that  genus. 

Localities. — Frequent  at  Pitcher's  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5551,  5610, 
5611,  5613,  5721;  Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5609,  5613;  Deep- 
water,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5552,  5689;  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
5690;   Gilkerson's  Ford. 

PECOPTERIDEuE. 

PECOPTERIS  Broiiguiart,  1822. 

1822.  Filicites  sec.  Pecopteris  Brongniart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  nat.,  voL  viii,  p.  233. 
1826.  Pecopteris  Sternberg,  Yersuch,  vol.  i,  tent.,  p.  xvii  (pars). 
1828.  Pecopteris  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  54. 

'  Kidstou,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xsxiii,  1887,  p.  381. 
-  Esplan.  shi'et  142,  maps,  Geol.  Surv.  Ireland,  1860,  p.  16. 
^  Fl.  foss.  lionill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi.  x,  tigs.  1,  2. 
■•Op.  cit.,  text,  p.  125. 


FERNS— PEOOPTERIDE.E—PECOPTBKIS.  75 

Pbcoptbris  (Dactylotheca)  dentata  Broiign.  (non  Will.). 
PI.  XXIV,  Figs.  1,  2;  PL  XXV;  PI.  XXVI,  Figs.  2-4;  PI.  XXVII. 

1828.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  pp.  58,  170. 

1834.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brougniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  346,  pis.  cxxiii,  cxxiv. 

1835.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongu.,  Lindley  and  Hutton,  Foss.  Flora,  vol.  ii,  pi.  cliv. 
1870.  Pecopteris  dentata  Broiign.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illiuois,  vol.  iv,  p.  404. 
1876.  Pecopteris  dentata  Bi-ougn.,  Ferd.  Roemer,  Leth.  Geogu.,  vol.  i,  Atlas,  pi.  lii, 

figs.  la-&;  text  (1880),  p.  176. 

1878.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill..  Atlas,  pi.  clxviii,  figs. 

3,  4;  text  (1879),  p.  86. 

1879.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  4,  4a; 

text,  1  (1880),  p.  240. 

1880.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn.,  Fontaine  and  I.  0.  White,  Permian  Flora,  p.  66,  pi. 

xxii,  figs.  1,  2  (3-5?). 
1883.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn.,  Renault,  Oours.  bot.  foss.,  vol.  iii,  p.  121,  pi.  xxi, 
figs.  4,  5. 

1887.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Proc.  U.  Sk.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  x,  p.  25. 
1893.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn.,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  no.  98,  p.  60. 
1899.  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn.,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  p.  488. 
1828.  Pecopteris plumosa  (Artisi)  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  pp.  58,  171. 

1835  or  1836.  Pecopteris  plumosa  (Artis?)  Brongniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  348,  pis.  cxxi, 

cxxii. 
1858.  Pecopteris  plumosa  (Artis!)  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  pt.  2,  p.  867. 
1866.  Pecopteris  plumosa  (Artis?)  Lesquereux,.  Rept.  Geol.  Sur\-.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  Pal., 

p.  442. 
1869.  Pecopteris  plumosa  (Artis?)  von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens,  p.  58,  pi. 

xxxiii,  fig.  4. 

1881.  Pecopteris  plumosa  (Artis?)  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  pi.  xvii,  figs.  104, 104a. 

1888.  Pecopteris  plumosa  (Artisi)  Howse,  Trans.  N.  H.  Soc.  Northumberland  a.  Dur- 

ham, vol.  x,  1,  p.  89. 
1828.  Pecopteris  triangularis  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  pp.  58,  171. 

1832.  An  Sphenopteris  caudata  Lindley  and  Hutton,  Foss.  Flora,  vol.  i,  pi.  xlviii  ? 

1833.  Cyatheites  dentatus  (Brongn.)  Goeppert,  Systema,  p.  325. 

1855.  Cyatheites  dentatus   (Brongn.)   Goepp.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  26 

(pars),  pL  xxix,  figs.  10-12;  pi.  xxx,  figs.  1,  2. 
1869.  Cyatheites  dentatus  (Brongu.)  Geopp.,  von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens, 

p.  87,  pi.  xxxiii,  fig.  6. 

1876.  Cyatheites  dentatus  (Brongn.)  Geopp.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  30,  pi.  xi;  pi.  xii, 

figs.  1-5. 
1838.  Pecopteris  Brongniartiana  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Versuch,  vol.  ii,  7-8,  p.  160. 
1848.  Cyatheites plumosus  (Artis?)  Goeppert,  in  Bronn:  Index  Palajont.,  p.  365. 
1869.  Cyathocarpus  dentatus  (Brongn.)   Weiss,   Foss.   Fl.  jlingst.   Steink.   u.   Rothl. 

Saar-Rh.  Geb.,  p.  86. 
1869.  Pecopteris  {Cyatheides)  dentata  Brongn.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  508. 

1877.  Senftenbergia  dentata  (Brongn.)  Stur,  Culm-Flora,  vol,  ii,  p.  187  (293). 


76  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

1888.  Senftenbergia  [Pecopteris)  dentata  (Brougn.)  Stur,  Toula,   Die  Steinkolilen,  p. 

188,  pi.  i,  figs.  21,  22, 
1877.  Prepecopteris  dentata  (Brougu.)  Graud  'Eury,  Fl,  Garb.  Loire,  p.  63. 
1877.  Senftenbergia plumosa  (Artis?)  Stur,  Culm-Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  187  (293). 
1885.  Senfte^ibergia  plumosa  (Artis?)  Stur,  Farne  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  92  (pars),  pi.  li, 

figs.  1, 2,  3. 
1879.  Pecopteris  pemueformis  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  8,  pi.  xlv, 

figs.  1,  1«  (figs.  2,  2«?);  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  239  (pars,  excl.  syu.). 

1883.  Dactylotheca  dentata  (Brougn.)  Zeiller,  Ann.  Sci.  l^fat.,  (6)  bot.,  vol.  xvi,  p.  184, 

pi.  ix,  figs.  12-15. 
1888.  Dactylotheca  dentata  (Brongn.)  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  30,  figs. 

IGff-i. 
1890.  Dactylotheca  dentata  (Brougu.)  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  Autuu  et  fipiuac,  vol.  i,  p.  21, 

figs.  17  Or-b. 
1897.  Dactylotheca  dentata  (Brougu.)  Zeill.,  Potouie,  Lehrb.  d.  Pflauzenpal.,  p.  92,  figs. 

63  A,  B;  p.  108,  fig.  96. 

1884.  Prepecopteris phmiosa  (Artis?)  Bureau,  Comptes  reudus,  vol.  xcix,  p.  1036. 

1885.  Senftenbergia  acuta  (Brongn.)  Stur,  Fame  d.  Carbou-FI.,  vol.  i,  p.  96,  pi.  li,  figs. 

4,  5. 

1886.  Pecopteris  {Dactylotheca)  dentata  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl,  foss.  houill.  Valeucienues, 

Atlas,  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  1,  la,  &,  2,  2a-e;  pi.  xxvii,  figs.  1.  Irt,  h,  2,  2a,  3,  3a,  4; 
pi.  xxviii,  figs.  4,  5,  oa;  text  (1888),  p.  196. 
1890.  Pecopteris  [Dactylotheca)  dew^wto Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  Autun  et  fipinac,vol.i, 
p.  66,  pi.  ixrt,  figs.  3, 3rt. 

1886.  Dactylotheca  plumosa  (Artis?)  Kidston,  Gat,  Pal.  Foss.  PI.  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  128. 
1896.  Dactylotheca  plumosa  (Artis'?)  Kidstou,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xxviii,  pt.  1, 

p.  205,  pis.  i-iii. 

1887.  Dactylotheca  plumosa  (Artis?)  Kidst.  v at.  dentata  (Brougu.)  Kidstou,  Foss.  Fl. 

Radstock  Ser.,  p.  382. 

Fronds  large,  ti-ipiunate,  quadripinuatifid  below;  primary  rachis  large, 
5-12  mm.  wide,  finely  trichomatose ;  secondary  racliis  1-5  mm.  broad,  grooved 
on  the  upper  surface  and  finely  punctate ;  primary  pinnae  alternate,  at  right 
ang-les  or  oblique,  often  reflexed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  frond,  usually  over- 
lapping slightly;  3.5-11  cm.  apart,  oval-lanceolate,  18-50  cm.  or  moi-e  long, 
3.5-12  cm.  wide  at  the  middle,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  base,  the  sides  of 
the  larger  ones  parallel  in  the  middle  portion,  and  tapering  to  a  sharp  point 
above;  secondary  pinnae  alternate,  6-12  mm.  apart,  usually  overlapping 
somewhat,  the  upper  ones  oblique,  the  middle  nearly  at  right  angles,  the 
lower  ones  often  reflexed  and  shorter,  often  flexuous,  linear-lanceolate,  the 
larger  ones  2.5-6  cm.  long,  5-25  mm.  wide,  tapering  to  an  obtusely  acumi- 
nate point;  pinnules  alternate,  more  or  less  triangular,  somewhat  arched, 
generally  obtusely  pointed  or  rounded,  sometimes  acuminate  at  the  tip  or 


FERNS— PEOOPTERIDE^—PEGOPTERIS.  77 

appearing  oblong,  somewhat  oblique,  sessile,  contiguous,  and  slightly  connate 
at  the  base,  those  in  the  middle  of  the  secondary  pinnae  35  mm.  long,  aver- 
aging about  2  mm.  in  width  at  base,  the  margins  generally  more  or  less 
reflexed  so  as  to  make  them  appear  sharply  triangular,  the  laminse  arching 
between  the  nervils,  either  entire  or  with  a  few  rounded,  usually  indistinct 
lobes;  the  lower  basilar  pinnule  of  each  secondar)'  pinna  generally  shorter 
and  lobate,  sometimes  appearing  auriculate;  pinnules  toward  the  top  of  the 
secondary  pinnte  gradually  becoming  confluent,  passing  to  the  entire  or 
slightly  lobed  apex  of  the  pinnae;  pinnules  of  the  lower  secondary  pinnae 
near  the  base  of  the  frond,  5-13  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  pinnatifid,  or  per- 
haps pinnate,  the  divisions  being  about  1.5  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  wide,  the 
uppermost  secondary  pinnae  with  pinnules  becoming  united  and  passing 
into  primary  pinnules,  pinnatifid  below  in  rounded  lobes,  the  succeeding 
ones  crenulate,  then  entire;  nerves  usually  quite  distinct,  the  median  nerve 
passing  to  the  top,  but  very  slightly  if  at  all  decurrent,  emitting  nervils 
at  a  wide  angle,  the  lower  nervils  forking,  the  upper  ones  simple,  those  of 
the  large  pinnatifid  pinnules  giving  off  other  simple  nervils  in  the  lower 
lobes. 

Although  both  Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn.  and  P.  pennceformis  Brongu. 
are  recorded  as  having  been  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Clinton,  I  have  not 
yet  seen  any  specimens  that  seem  to  me  referable  to  the  latter  species.  On 
the  contrary,  all  the  examples  from  Henry  County,  including  the  large  one 
-  shown  on  PI.  XLV  of  the  Coal  Flora,  that  were  labeled  Pecopteris  pennce- 
formis— concerning  the  characters  of  which  there  is  much  confusion  apparent 
in  the  identifications  in  this  country — seem  to  agree  well,  most  of  them 
perfectly,  with  specimens  of  P.  dentata  from  France  and  England.  The 
comparison  of  our  American  with  the  foreign  material  fully  confirms  the 
views  expressed  in  the  remarks  on  this  species  in  my  report  on  the  flora  of 
the  outlying  basins  of  Missouri.' 

The  common  and  typical  phases  of  the  species  are  shown  in  PI.  XXV, 
Fig.  1;  PI.  XXVI,  Fig.  3,  and  PI.  XXVII,  the  details  of  the  nervation 
being  illustrated  in  the  enlarged  photographs,  PI.  XXIV,  Figs,  la,  \h,  or  in 
PI.  XXVI,  Fig.  4.  A  number  of  specimens  from  Pitcher's  coal  mine  are  very 
delicate,  approaching  the  fonn  distinguished  by  some  authors  as  Pecopteris 


'  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98, 1893,  p.  60. 


78  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

plumosa}  Generally,  however,  the  pinnules  are  fully  up  to  the  typical  size, 
ag-reeing  in  form,  nervation,  and  limb  with  the  European  species.  A  few 
examples,  from  Pitcher's  mine,  show  the  j^innules  rather  more  crowded, 
larger,  broader,  and  smoother,  the  lamina  being  hardly  raised  between  the 
nerves.  This  form,  which  approaches  nearer  than  the  other  to  P.  pennce- 
formis,  should  perhaps  receive  some  distinctive  appellation. 

Although  a  number  of  the  specimens  are  fertile,  the  sporangia  are  not 
sufficiently  clearly  preserved  to  give  any  important  details  as  to  structure 
or  arrangement. 

Localities. — Collected  in  fine  specimens  from  Pitcher's  bank,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  5641,  5642,  5643,  5655,  5738,  5739,  5743;  Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mu*,  5621,  5742;   Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5740. 

PBCOPTEKIS    Cf.    ARBORESCENS    (Schlotlj.)    BlOllgU. 

PI.  XXXVI,  Fig.  3;  PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  3;  Pi.  XLVII,  Fig.  61 

Among  the  material  last  transmitted  by  Dr.  Britts  are  several  fragments 
of  Pecopteris,  the  size,  form,  and  nervation  of  whose  pinnai  and  pinnules 
seem  to  be  fairly  comparable  with  those  of  Pecopteris  arborescens  as  described 
by  Brongniart'  and  further  differentiated  by  Zeiller.^  Portions  of  the  pinnae 
as  well  as  the  general  form  of  the  pinnules  present  even  more  strongly 
the  aspect  illustrated  by  Zeiller*  as  P.  cyathea  (Schloth.)  Brougn.,  but  the 

'  Since  the  preparation  of  this  report  and  synonymy  the  writer  has  had  the  opportunity  to 
consult  Mr.  Kidston's  most  interesting  and  thorough  elaboration  of  the  Pecopteris  plumosa  (Artis) 
Brongn.,  as  the  result  of  which  the  identity  of  the  Filicites  plumoaua  with  Sphenopteris  crenata  L.  & 
H.,  S.  caudata  L.  &  H.,  Aspidites  silesiacus  Goepp.,  etc.,  is  very  satisfactorily  demonstrated.  -The 
specific  inseparability  of  the  plant  described  by  Artis  from  most  of  the  material  later  described  by 
various  authors  as  P.  dentata  is  also  evident.  An  inquiry  into  the  geologic  horizons  of  the  plumosa 
forms,  including  S.  crenata,  A.  silcsiaca,  and  the  fine  series  from  tUe  Middle  Coal  Measures  illustrated 
by  Kidston,  seems,  however,  to  show  that,  in  general,  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America  the  delicate 
plumose  type  is  more  characteristic  of  lower  stages  of  the  Coal  Measures,  while  the  more  robust  type 
with  broader,  more  obtuse  pinnules  and  a  stronger  nervation  is  essentially  characteristic  of  higher 
beds.  The  writer  is  therefore  fully  convinced  of  the  desirability  of  retaining  a  varietal  distinction 
for  the  later  form,  illustrated  in  this  report,  whose  differences  from  the  forms  illustrated  by  Kidston 
are  quite  ajjparent.  The  form  which  I  have  treated  as  P.  dentata  should  probably  be  designated  as 
Pecopteris  plumosa  \a,T.  dentata,  the  combination  proposed  by  Kidston  in  1887,  since  it  appears  that 
P.  plumosa  (Artis)  Broiigu.  has  priority  over  P.  dentata  Brongn.  The  very  full  synonymy  given  by 
Kidston  (Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xxviii,  pt.  1,  1896,  p.  205,  pis.  i-iii)  includes  the  Aphlebia 
adnata,  which  he  shows  to  be  peculiar  to  Pecopteris  (Dactylotheca)  plumosa. 

'-Hist.  v^g.  foss.,  p.  310,  pi.  cii,  figs.  1,  2. 

■>  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Commentry,  p.  Ill,  pi.  xi,  figs.  I,  2, 

<  Op.  cit.,  p.  119,  pi.  xii,  figs.  1-4. 


FERNS— PECOPTBEIDE.B—PECOPTERIS.  79 

nervils  seem  to  be  always  simple,  and  the  racliis  is  punctate.  In  fact,  I 
should  have  but  little  hesitation  in  referring  the  fragments  to  the  former 
species  were  it  not  for  a  slight  decurrence  of  the  midrilj  and  the  distinctly 
villous  upper  surface  of  the  fertile  pinnules.  So  well  marked,  however, 
are  these  characters  that  a  definite  reference  of  our  specimens  to  that 
species  is  plainly  not  allowable.  Still,  not  wishing  on  the  evidence  of  the 
material  before  me  to  add  to  the  nomenclature  of  this  already  highly 
differentiated  group,  I  leave  the  fragments  from  Missouri,  one  of  which 
is  seen  in  PI.  XXXVI,  Fig.  3,  with  a  reference  that  is  both  tentative  and 
comparative. 

Considerable  difference  as  to  the  punctation  of  the  rachises  exists 
between  the  specimens  from  different  regions  or  horizons  described  by  dif- 
ferent authors  as  Pecopteris  arborescens.  In  the  specimens  from  Missouri  a 
rachis  less  than  4  mm.  in  length  is  provided  with  rather  distant,  very  open, 
upward-curving  spines,  round  at  the  base,  and  nearly  2  mm.  in  length. 

To  the  form  described  above  probably  belongs  a  specimen  from  the 
same  region  ^  labeled  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Pecopteris  cequalis  Brougn. 
The  pinnules  in  this  specimen,  PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  3,  3'',  are,  however,  more 
than  twice  as  long  as,  and  broader  at  the  top  than,  those  of  one  of  Brong- 
niart's  types"  which,  in  verification  of  Brongniart's  intimation,  has  been 
referred  by  Schimper  and  Zeiller  to  P.  pennceformis. 

iocaZi^?/.— Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5588,  5595,  5596. 

A  doubtful  fragment  which,  the  nervation  being  obscure,  may  belong 
to  P.  vestita  Lx.,  is  from  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  5686. 

Pecopteris  (Asterotheca)  hemitelioides  Brougu.f 
PI.  XXXV,  Fig.  5. 

Among  the  hundreds  of  fragments  of  Pecopteris  from  Hobbs's  bank  is 
a  single  specimen,  which,  though  failing  to  show  certain  important  diagnos- 
tic characters  with  sufficient  clearness  to  make  positive  its  identification  as 
Pecopteris  hemitelioides  Brongn.,  seems  nevertheless  to  coincide  so  far  with 
that  species  in  its  visible  features  as  to  justify  its  provisional  designation  by 
the  same  name.     This  fragment,  some  idea  of  the  outlines  of  whose  pinnae 


'  No.  -t873  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns. 
2  Hist.  Y(-g.  foss.,  p.  34.3,  pi.  cxviii,  tigs.  1,  2. 


80  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

and  pinnules  can  be  gained  from  Fig.  5,  PI.  XXXV,  represents  a  segment 
of  a  spinous  racliis  8  mm.  in  width,  to  wliicli  are  attached  three  fertile  pinnte, 
the  lower  surface  of  which  is  presented  to  the  ol)server.  The  i-achises  of 
these  pinnse  are  provided  with  well-marked,  distinct,  upward-inclined,  acute 
spinous  scales. 

The  sporangia,  a  sketch  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  5a,  are  situated  in  a 
row  on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  the  attachment  being  rather  nearer  the 
margin.  The  sporang-ia,  nearly  1  mm.  long  and  about  .2  mm.  in  width, 
tapering  to  an  acute  apex,  are  apparently  arranged  in  foiu's  and  inclined 
inward,  so  that  when  compressed  they  lie  pointing  more  or  less  directly 
toward  the  midrib,  and  covering  the  greater  portion  of  the  pinna.  In  most 
cases  the  outer  pair  of  spoi-angia  are  developed  to  a  very  much  larger  size 
than  the  inner  ones,  the  result  being  that  in  the  flattened,  carbonized  mate- 
rial they  only  are  seen.  This  condition  is  very  similar  to  that  illustrated  in 
Pecopteris  eimeiira  by  Grrand  'Eury^  and  Zeiller.^ 

In  the  specimen  Ijefore  me  the  nervation  is  obscured  by  the  sporangia, 
except  in  the  uppermost  small  pinnules,  where  the  nervils  are  simple.  This 
character,  together  with  the  striking  resemblance  of  the  pinnae  and  pinnules 
in  form  and  arrangement  to  those  illustrated  by  Zeiller  in  the  flora  of  the 
Commentry  Basin, ^  led  me  to  apply,  though  not  without  doubt,  the  same 
name,  Pecopteris  hemitelioides  Brongn.,  to  the  plant  from  Missouri. 

Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5594. 

■  Pecopteris  Jenneyi  n.  sp. 

PL  XXXVI,  Figs.  1,  2. 

1897.  Pecopteris  sp.,  J).  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  viii,  p.  296. 

Frond  robust,  dense;  secondary  (?)  pinna?  alternate,  open,  lanceolate 
or  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  rachis  strong,  rigid,  irregularly  striate  and  pro- 
vided with  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  upward-curved,  scaly  spines,  leav- 
ing, where  broken  away,  rounded  scars;  idtimate  pinnje  alternate,  open, 
close,  usually  touching  or  slightly  overlapping  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
superior  pinnae,  often  slightly  curved  upward,  linear,  the  sides  parallel  in 


'  Fl.  carb.  Loire,  pi.  vii,  fijj;.  3. 

'  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Ciimiiientry,  pi.  xi,  fig.  4a. 

'Op.  cit.,  pi.  xi,  figs.  6,  6a,  7,  To,  p.  133. 


FEE1>I  S— PE0OPTEKIDE.E— PECOPTERIS.  8 1 

the  lower  and  middle  portions,  converging  near  the  top  to  form  the  obtusely 
pointed  apex;  ultimate  rachis  strong,  broadly  canaliculate  above,  rounded 
beneath,  sparsely  punctate;  pinnules  alternate,  close,  usually  nearly  con- 
tiguous, often  crowded,  open,  generally  at  or  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the 
rachis,  ovate  when  small,  becoming  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  slightly 
irreo-ular,  very  slightly  decurrent  at  the  base,  the  small  pinnules  joined  for 
a  little  distance,  with  a  decurring  sinus,  the  large  ones  distinct  to  the  base, 
more  or  less  constricted  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base  by  the  decm-rent 
sinus,  the  largest  ones  frequently  somewhat  contracted  in  the  inferior  angle 
also;  lamina  not  very  thick,  dull,  arched  near  the  margin,  and  marked  on 
the  ventral  surface  by  a  row  of  rather  distant  minute  mammillate  points  in 
each  interneural  space;  nervation  coarse,  generally  distinct;  median  nerve 
rather  strong  and  but  slightly  if  at  all  decurrent  in  the  large  pinnules, 
depressed  slightly,  minutely  and  irregularly  lineate,  passing  nearly  to  the 
apex  of  the  pinnule,  decurrent  in  the  small  pinnules;  lateral  nerves  origi- 
nating at  a  very  oblique  angle,  curving  at  once  outward,  and  forking  near 
the  base,  normally  at  a  rather  open  angle,  the  upper  division  sometimes 
forking  again  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  very  large  pinnules,  in  passing 
with  slight  upward  curvature  to  the  margin,  which  they  reach  at  an  angle 
of  60°-75°;  fructification  unknown. 

In  a  portion  of  the  specimen  illustrated  in  PI.  XXXVI,  Figs.  1  and  lb, 
the  substance  of  the  pinnules  is  so  macerated  that  the  rather  coarse  nerva- 
tion stands  out  in  relief  The  conditions  of  preservation  have  also  imparted 
a  rather  greater  degree  of  obliquity  to  the  nerves  in  most  of  the  pinnules 
than  is  seen  in  those  specimens  in  which  the  lamina  is  spread  out  more 
evenly  in  the  matrix.  The  pimctations,  which  are  quite  distinct  in  the 
rachises  of  the  larger  pinnae,  are  sparsely  scattered  in  the  fragment  of  a 
smaller  pinna  seen  in  PI.  XXXVI,  Fig.  2.  In  one  of  the  fragments  sent  l^y 
Dr.  Britts  we  have  a  segment  of  rachis  30  cm.  in  length,  10  mm.  in  width 
at  the  base,  and  8  mm.  at  the  upper  end,  on  which  the  upward-curved, 
chafity  spines  are  as  much  as  3  nmi.  in  length.  This  rachis  is  provided  with 
pinnae  a  little  larger  than  those  seen  in  Fig.  1,  or  of  nearly  the  size  and 
appearance  of  those  shown  in  fig.  3,  on  pi.  xiv,  of  Zeiller's  Flora  of  the 
Commentry  Basin.  Unfortunately  this  slab  is  not  suited  for  photographic 
illustration.  The  pinnules  are  generally  not  so  close  as  in  our  Fig.  1.  The 
nerves,    genera,lly  coarse   and  rather  stift'  in   appearance,   usuall}"  visible 

3I0N   XXXVII 6 


82  i'LOKA  OF  LOWEK  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MlSSOUEl. 

on  the  upper  .surface,  are  always  clear  on  the  lower  surface,  where  they  are 
like  fine  wu-es,  sometimes  appearing  double,  as  in  a  jjortion  of  the  specimen 
from  which  the  detail,  PL  XXXVI,  Fig  la,  is  drawn. 

The  specimens  which  I  have  described  under  the  above  name  belong 
to  the  complex  of  Pecopteris  species,  among  which  Pecopteris  oreopteridia 
(Schloth)  Brongn.  and  P.  lepidorachis  Brongn.  are  the  most  familiar.  In 
fact,  I  was  at  first  disposed  to  identify  them  as  the  latter  species,  for,  while 
apparentl}'  distinct  from  the  unequivocal  type  ^  figured  by  Brongniart,  in 
which  the  pinnules  are  narrower,  the  upper  division  of  the  nervils  in  the 
larger  pinnules  in  most  cases  forking  again,  the  fragments  from  Missouri 
present  a  general  aspect,  form,  and  arrangement  of  the  pinnae  and  pinnules 
so  strikingly  like  those  of  the  specimens  illustrated  by  Zeiller  ^  or  Potonid  ^  as 
to  argue  strong'ly,  especially  in  the  presence  of  a  similar  system  of  nerva- 
tion, in  favor  of  their  specific  identity.  But  a  more  minute  comj^arison 
seems  to  show  in  the  American  plant  a  tendency  to  greater  decurrence  in 
the  midi'ibs  and  smuses;  the  pinnules,  which  appear  slightly  broader  in 
proportion  to  their  length,  often  contracted  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base; 
nervation  distinctly  constricted  on  the  lower  side  also;  the  midrib  rather 
stronger,  and  the  nervils  slightly  closer  and  usually  more  oblique.  In 
respect  to  the  decurrence  of  the  midrib,  the  form  of  the  smaller  pinnules, 
the  contraction' of  the  larger  pinnules,  and  the  nervation,  our  plant  is  some- 
what intermediate  between  P.  lepidorachis  and  P.  oreopteridia.  In  the  latter, 
however,  the  upper  uervil  is  more  apt  to  fork  again,  even  in  the  smaller 
pinnules,  while  the  rachis  is  always  smooth.  Still,  the  resemblance  to  that 
species  as  generallv  figured  is  very  strong.  Pecopteris  Jenneyi  *  has  much 
in  common  also  with  P.  densifolia  Goepp.  and  P.  Daiihreei  Zeill.,^  but  in  the 
former  the  pinnules  are  apparently  even  more  constricted  at  the  base,  and, 

'  Hist.  vog.  foss.,  p.  313.  pi.  ciii,  fig.  1.  Figure  5  of  the  same  plate  is  also  referred  to  this  species 
by  Brongniart  iu  the  text  of  I',  lepidorachis,  but  it  is  also  similarly  assigued  on  the  opposite  page 
(S12)  to  P.  jihiti/i-achix,  with  which  reference  the  explanation  of  the  pi.  ciil  agrees.  M.  Zeiller  (Fl. 
foss.  houill.  Commentry,  vol.  i,  p.  127)  is  disposed,  on  account  of  the  coarsely  punctate  rachis,  to  con- 
sider it  as  perhaps  one  of  the  types  of  /'.  Itpidorachis,  although  the  nervils  are  delineated  as  simple. 
Lesquereux,  however,  copied  this  figure  in  pi.  xli  of  the  Coal  Flora  (figs.  5,  5a)  and  gives  it  as  the 
illustration  of  P.  jilcJi/racliis,  a  species  described  as  having  a  smooth  rachis. 

-  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Commeutry,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  5 ;  pi.  xiv,  figs.  1-3. 

3  Fl.  Rothl.  Thiiriugen,  p.  72,  pi.  v,  figs.  2,  26. 

^The  small  pinnules  of  P.  Jenneyi  are  usually  rather  wider  proportionately,  with  more  oblique 
nervation  than  iu  the  latter  species,  as  illustrated  by  Potonie,  Fl.  Rothl.  von  Thiiriugen.  pi.  vii,  tigs, 
la,  lb,  p.  68. 

*  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Conuuentry,  pt.  1,  p.  147,  pi.  xv,  figs.  1-5. 


FERNS— PECOPTERIDE.E—PECOPTERIS.  83 

as  in  P.  oreopteridia,  the  rachis  is  smooth,  while  in  the  latter  the  surface  is 
villous. 

Localities.— Y\i(i\\ev\  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5590,  5597,  5598; 
Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5599. 

Pecopteris  Candolliana  Brougn.' 

1828.  Pecopteris  Gandolliana  Broiiguiart,  Prodrome,  p.  50. 

1833  or  1834.  Pecopteris  CandoUiana  Brongniart,  Hist.  v6g.  foss.,  p.  305,  pi.  c,  figs. 

1,  la. 
1833  or  1834.  Pecopteris  affinis  Brongniart  [nou  (Schloth.)  Stb.],  Hist.  v^g.  foss.,  p.  306, 

pi.  c,  figs.  2,  3. 
1883.  Pecopteris  affinis  Brongn.,  Renault,  Cours.  bot.  fos.,  vol.  iii,  p.  109,  pi.  xvii,  flg.  6. 
1836.  Gyatheites  Candolleanus  (Brougn.)  Goeppert,  Systema,  ^.  321. 
1855.  Vyatheites  Gandolleamis  (Brougn.)  G-oepp.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sacbsen,  p.  24, 

pi.  xxviii,  flgs.  12,  13. 
1857.  Gyatheites  Gandollianus  (Brougn.)  Goepp.,  Meneghini,  Pal.  Sardaigne,  p.  156, 

pi.  D^^ 
1869.  Gyatheites  Gandolleanus  (Brougn.)  Goepp.,  Vou  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  West- 

pbaleus,  p.  83  (pi.  sii,  fig.  Zhi). 

1876.  Gyatheites  Gundolleanus  (Brongu.)  Goepp.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  28  (pi.  viii, 

figs.  9,  9&?). 
1853.  Pecopteris  Candolleana  Brongn.,  Andrii,  in  Germar:  Verst.  Steinkohlenf.  Wettin 
u.  Lobejiiu,  p.  108  (pi.  xxxviii,  tigs.  1-3"?). 

1877.  Pecopteris  Candolleana  Brongn.,  Grand  'Enry,  Fl.  Garb.  Loire,  p.  69,  pi.  viii,  fig.  8. 
1880.  Pecopteris  Gandolleana  Brongn.,  Fontaine  and  I.  C.  White,  Permian  Flora,  p.  63 

(pi.  XX,  flgs.  1-3?). 
1883.  Pecopteris  Candolleana  Brongn.,  Renault,  Cours.  bot.  foss.,  vol.  iii,  p.  109,  pi. 

xvii,  flgs.  7,  8,  8  his. 
1869.  Pecopteris  (Cyatheides)  Gandolleana  Brongn.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  1,  p.  500. 
1869.  Cyathocarpus  Candolleanus  (Brongu.)  Weiss,  Foss.  Fl.  jiingst.  Steink.  u.  Eothl. 

Saar  Rh.  Geb.,  p.  85. 
1879.  Pecopteris  Candollei  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.,  p.  84. 
1883.  Scolecopteris  Gandolleana  (Brongu.)  Stur,  Zur  Morpb.  System.  Culm-  u  Carbon- 

Farne,  p.  123. 
1888.  Pecopteris  (Asterotheca)  Candollei  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Commentry 

vol.  i,  p.  128,  pi.  xi,  flg.  3. 
1890.  Pecopteris  {Asterotheca)  Candollei  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  perm.  Autuu  et 

fipinac,  p.  47,  pi.  viii,  figs.  5,  6. 

The  specimen  which  I  refer  to  this  rare  species  is  by  its  form,  the 
outlines  of  the  pinnules,  and  its  nervation  so  closely  related  to  t'lie  Old 
World  plant  that  its  reference  to  the  same  species  seems  quite  justified. 

'  strict  arlherence  to  the  law  of  priority  requires  tlie  use  of  the  orthography  given  by  Brongniart 
in  the  "Prodrome"  and  the  "Histoire." 


84  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Although  the  stratig-rapliic  position  of  the  beds  near  Clinton  would 
seem  to  be  rather  low  for  this  form,  it  has  already  been  reported  in  speci- 
mens/ which  seem  to  me  questionable,  from  beds  no  younger  at  Mazon 
Creek,  Illinois,  as  well  as  from  Mount  Hope,  Rhode  Island." 

Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5653. 

Pecopteris  squamosa  Lx. 

1870.  Pecopteris  squamosa  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illiuoi.s,  vol.  iv,  p.  400,  pi. 

xii,  ligs.  1-4,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  10,  11. 
1879.  Pecopteris  squamosa  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  7,  pi.  xxxix,  tigs.  12,  1-3, 

13fl;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  235. 
1899.  Pecopteris  squamosa  Lx.,  D.  White,  19th  Aun.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv,,  pt,  3,  p.  494. 

The  species  fi-om  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois,  described  by  Lesquereux 
under  the  above  name  is  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  genus  Pecopteris.  It  is, 
as  seen  in  numerous  speciiliens  from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania,  somewhat 
conspicuously  characterized  by  the  rigid,  close,  narrowly  linear,  very  open 
pinnse,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  slender,  acute  apex,  and  the  small, 
narrow,  open,  crowded,  villous  pinnules.  The  uppermost  pinnae  and  pin- 
nules are  extremely  small  and  delicate.  The  nervils  are  very  open,  simple 
in  the  smaller  pinnules,  forking  once  in  the  lower  part  of  the  larger  ones. 

The  specific  details  of  this  plant  are  given  with  unusual  fullness  by  its 
author  in  the  Coal  Flora,''  and  should  be  carefully  consulted  by  anyone 
making  a  comparison  of  the  species  with  other  forms.  Unfortunately, 
illustrations  of  the  ordinary  and  typical  fragments  are  still  lacking. 

The  specimens  sent  by  Dr.  Britts  from  Missouri  are  in  perfect  agree- 
ment with  those  from  Mazon  Creek  and  Cannelton.  One  fragment  of  a  tri- 
pinnate  frond  from  the  last-named  locality  contains  a  segment  of  a  rachis 
16  mm.  in  width,  provided  with  close,  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  pinnse  48 
cm.  in  length.  The  obliquity  of  these  lateral  pinna3  with  reference  to  the 
rachis  would  seem  to  indicate  a  position  for  them  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
frond,  which,  in  that  case,  must  have  been  of  great  size.  A  number  of 
examples  from  the  same  place  show  the  pinnge  well  preserved  in  nervation. 
It  should  be  remarked  that  while  the  features  of  the  pinnae  and  pinnules 
remain  the  same  in  both  the  old  and  the  young  specimens,  the  squamose 
character  is  often  less  obvious  in  some  of  the  large  segments. 

'  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  1870,  p.  401. 
-  Am.  Niit.,  vol.  xviii,  1884,  p.  922. 
^Vol.  i,  p.  235. 


FEENS— PECOPTERIDE.E— PEGOPTERIS.  85 

The  sori,  altlioiigh  insufficiently  clear  to  show  the  sjjorangia,  are  small, 
sittiated  near  the  margin,  and  a  little  distant. 

Pecopteris  squamosa,  which  is  perhaps  intermediate  Ijetween  the  groups 
represented  by  P.  arborescens  or  P.  cyatJiea  on  the  one  hand  and  P.  vestita 
on  the  other,  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  other  plants  from  Henry 
County  by  the  size  and  rigidity  of  the  very  slender  tapering  pinnse  and  the 
small,  very  narrow,  open,  crowded,  thick  pinnules,  in  which  the  nervils  are 
usually  totally  obscured. 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6816-581S;  Henry 
County,  Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5600. 

Pecopteris  pseudovestita  u.  sp. 

PL  XXVIII,  Figs.  1,  2,  2fl ;  PI.  XXIX,  PI.  XXX,  PL  XXXI,  Figs.  1, 2, 3 ! ;  PI.  XXXII, 

Figs.  1,2. 

1879.  Aletkopteriii  ambigua  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  G,  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  2,  3  (4!); 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  182  (pars). 
1879.  Pecopteris  clintoni  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  8,  pi.  xlii,  figs.  5,  5a-b; 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  251  (pars). 
1879.  Pecopteris  vestita  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora  (Atlas,  p.  8,  pi.  xliii,  figs.  5,  5a?); 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  252  (pars). 
1897.  Pecopteris  u.  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  viii,  p.  300. 

Frond  very  large,  long,  tri-  or  quadripinnate ;  primary  (?)  pinnae  very 
long,  linear-lanceolate,  contracted  toward  the  base,  the  sides  nearly  parallel 
in  the  middle,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex ;  rachis  broad,  rigid,  straight, 
dull,  finely  but  irregularly  lineate;  pimiiB  of  the  next  order  alternate,  at  a 
right  angle  to  the  rachis  below,  becoming-  somewhat  oblique  above,  the 
higher  ones  often  curving  somewhat  upward,  close,  generally  slightly  over- 
lapping, especially  in  the  lower  part  of  the  frond,  oblong-linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  contracted  a  little  at  the  base,  the  sides  slightly  convex  in  the 
middle  portion,  and  somewhat  abrujjtly  converging  near  the  point  to  form 
an  acute  or  acuminate  apex,  the  rachis  being  broad  and  rigid;  ultimate 
pinnae  alternate,  very  open,  the  middle  and  lower  ones  at  a  right  angle  to 
the  rachis  or  slightly  reflexed,  the  upper  ones  frequently  nearly  at  a  right 
angle  or  but  slightly  oblique,  somewhat  irregular,  seldom  parallel,  with  a 
tendency  to  curve  slightly  upward,  often  a  little  distant,  but  usually  close, 
and  sometimes  touching  or  slightly  overlapping,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  the  sides  nearly  parallel  below  and  in  the  middle,  rapidly  con- 
verging near  the  top  to  an  obtuse  apex,  which  consists  of  an  ovate  terminal 
pinnule;  ultimate  pinnae  succeeded  near  the  apex  of  the  superior  pinnae  by 


86  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

diminishing  pinnatifid  and  simple  pinnules;  pinnules  alternate,  open,  gen- 
eralh'  at  or  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis,  hardly  decurrent  except 
near  the  apex  or  in  the  youngest  pinnae,  irregular,  slightly  unequal,  seldom 
parallel,  sometimes  slightly  upward  curved,  a  little  distant,  close,  or  some- 
times touching,  oval  or  ovate,  and  cut  to  laear  the  rachis  by  a  slightl}' 
decurrent  sinus  when  small,  becoming  oblong,  or  linear,  the  sides  parallel, 
usually  uneven,  the  apex  round,  separated  to  the  rachis  or  even  slightly 
constricted  at  the  base  by  the  decurrent  sinus  before  becoming  pinnatifid; 
lowest  pinnules  of  the  pinna  slightly  reduced,  the  uppermost  ]5innules  par- 
tially united  with  the  ovate  terminal  pinnule;  lamina  dull,  generally 
opaque  or  minutely  rugose,  often  rather  broadly  canaliculate  over  the  mid- 
rib, arching  upward  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin,  where  it  is  often 
flattened  to  form  a  narrow  shallow  gutter;  nervation  not  very  distinct; 
midrib  rather  strong,  sometimes  slightly  decurrent  at  the  base,  faintly 
lineate,  depressed  to  near  the  apex  in  the  well-preserved  fragments;  lateral 
nerves  originating  at  a  moderate  angle,  forking  at  a  wide  angle  near  the 
midrib,  the  lower  branch  curving  to  the  margin,  the  up|)er  branch  arching 
strongly  near  the  midrib  and  forking  again,  the  nervils  passing  out  nearly 
at  a  right  angle  to  the  border,  the  middle  nervil  forking  again  as  the  pin- 
nule approaches  the  crenulate  stage,  those  in  the  lobes  of  the  pinnatifid 
pinnules  being  rather  close,  curving  strongly  outward,  and  forking  again  as 
the  lobes  become  more  deeply  dissected;  fertile  pinnae  of  the  same  form  as 
the  sterile  pinnte,  a  little  more  distant  or  slightly  reduced;  sori  in  a  row, 
situated  within  the  border  of  the  pinnule  or  lobe,  often  appearing  as  rather 
large,  noncontiguous,  roundish,-  pustular  elevations  of  the  lamina  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  pinnule,  or,  when  mature  and  crushed,  seeming  to 
cover  the  lower  surface;  sporangia  oblong  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  tapering  above  to  an  acute  point,  opening  by  a  ventral  cleft, 
and  attached,  apparently  by  or  near  the  base  in  groups  of  four  or  more. 

When  the  first  consignment  of  fossils  from  Henry  County,  Missouri, 
was  received  at  the  United  States  National  Museum,  several  years  ago,  I 
attempted  the  identification  of  the  species  of  Pecojiteris,  but  found  myself 
entirely  unable  to  distinguish,  in  jiractical  usage,  the  three  species  described 
and  figured  in  the  Coal  Flora  from  this  region.  In  fact,  it  immediately 
became  quite  plain  that  not  only  were  the  same  forms  refen-ed  to  both 
Pecopteris  clintoni  Lx.  and    CaUipteridlum  membranaceuni   Lx.,  but  it  also 


FERNS— PECOPTEEIDE.5:—PECOPTERIS.  87 

appeared  that  forms  belonging  to  more  than  one  species  had  been  included 
tinder  each  name.  Afterwards,  when  additional  collections  had  come,  and 
the  series  of  allied  forms  was  represented  by  nearly  a  thousand  specimens, 
it  was  evident  that  a  revision  woiild  be  necessary.  Pending,  however,  the 
removal  of  the  Lacoe  collection  to  Washington,  all  further  study  of  this 
group  in  the  material  from  Missouri  was  postponed.  Since  that  time  the 
consummation  of  the  gift  of  Mr.  Lacoe's  invaluable  collection  of  Paleozoic 
plants  to  the  United  States  National  Museum  has  given  me  the  opportunity 
to  study  the  magnificent  series  of  Pecoterids  therein,  including  the  types 
of  species  contained  in  the  Missouri  material.  Accordingly,  in  the  following- 
discussions  of  the  species  concerned,  I  shall  make  reference  to  the  specimens 
identified  by  Professor  I^esquereux,  some  of  which  are  herein  illustrated. 

Among  the  collections  there  are  several  hundred  specimens  represent- 
ing a  well-defined  species,  which  is  distinguished  from  the  other  forms 
present  by  the  close  oblong  pinnae,  with  smooth  rachises  and  very  shghtly 
rugose,  opaque,  nearly  smooth  lamina  in  which  the  nerves  are  generally 
fairly  well  shown.  The  Tertiary  pinnae  are  oblong-linear  or  oblong,  slightly 
contracted  at  the  base,  the  sides  nearly  jjarallel,  and  somewhat  abruptly 
contracted  at  the  top  in  an  acute  point  terminated  by  an  ovate  pinnule 

The  pinnules  are  close^  open  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis, 
proportionately  narrow,  hardly  decurrent,  and  very  uneven  in  their  position. 
The  lamina  is  depressed  rather  strongly  over  the  midrib  and  repand  at  the 
margin.  The  nerves  differ  from  those  of  the  other  species  by  their  more 
erect  position  near  the  midrib  and  the  more  strongly  arched  nervils,  which 
pass  more  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  margin,  besides  being  irregular  or 
somewhat  crooked  and  closer. 

A  large  slab  containing  segments  of  parallel  primary  pinnae  of  this 
plant,  the  broad  section  of  whose  rachises  indicates  a  very  great  size  for 
the  species,  is  shown  in  PI.  XXIX.  These  segments  are  interesting  from 
the  fact  that  the  jiarallelism  of  their  position  seems  to  indicate  a  relation- 
ship of  both  the  contained  segments  as  subdivisions  of  a  pinna  of  a  still 
higher  order,  a  condition  still  more  strongly  suggested  by  a  section  of  a 
fertile  frond  on  another  slab.  In  this  fertile  specimen  a  section  of  a  pinnate 
rachis  of  nearly  the  size  seen  in  the  larger  slab  is  seen  in  union  at  an  oblique 
angle  with  a  still  larger  rachis,  the  entire  width  of  which  is  unfortunately 
not  shown  in  the  specimen. 


88  FLOEA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEI, 

The  segments  on  the  large  slabs  are  also  of  importance  as  showing  in 
dii-ect  connection  on  the  same  pinna  the  acute  or  aciiminate  apices  of  the 
lateral  compound  pinnte,  some  variation  in  the  obtuseness  of  the  ultimate 
pinnje,  and,  in  particular,  the  presence  of  slightly  macerated  portions  in 
which  the  pinnules  are  flattened  and  spread  out,  in  contrast  to  the  well- 
preserved  portions,  in  which  the  lamina  is  arched  and  broadly  canaliculate 
over  the  midrib,  so  as  to  g'ive  the  pinnse  an  Alethopteroid  aspect.  The 
supei-ficial  characters  seen  in  the  upper  lateral  pinnse  in  the  center  of  the 
large  slab  will  at  once  be  recognized  in  Fig.  1,  PI.  XXXI,  one  of  the  figured 
types^  of  Alethopteris  ambigua  Lx.  (No.  3093,  Lacoe  collection),  and  tlie 
detail  of  the  nervation  in  the  latter  (PI.  XXXI,  Fig.  \a)  agrees  ec|ually 
well.  The  original  (No.  3094,  Lacoe  collection)  of  fig.  3  of  the  same  plate 
in  the  Coal  Flora  presents  precisely  the  same  features,  both  in  the  form  and 
in  the  details,  as  is  seen  in  the  type  of  fig.  2,  both  specimens-  Ijeing  unques- 
tionable representatives  of  the  species  illustrated  in  PI.  XXIX. 

The  reference  of  Nos.  3093,  3094,  3095,  3096,  and  a  number  of  other 
Missom'i  specimens  of  this  form  to  Alethopteris  was  presumedly  due  to  the 
iiTegularity  of  the  pinnules  and  the  rather  strongly  depressed  midrib,  sug- 
gestive of  Alethopteris  amhigua,  as  well  as  to  the  scarcity  of  the  smaller  and 
jjinnatifid  fragments  of  the  latter  species  in  the  author's  hands  at  the  time 
the  description  was  written.  The  real  difference  of  the  nervation  of  the 
two  species,  which  will  be  illustrated  in  Pis  XXVIII,  XXXIII,  and 
XXVI,  Fig.  1«,  is  indicated  even  in  figs.  1«  and  3«  of  the  plate  in  the 
Coal  Flora. 

The  same  conclusion  as  to  specific  identity  is  to  be  drawn  from  tlie 
details  of  No.  3174,  Fig.  1,  PL  XXVIII,  which  was  one  of  the  types  used 
in  Professor  Lesquereux's  original  description  of  P.  cUntoni.  No.  3179  and 
several  other  examples  from  Missouri  in  the  same  collection  are  also  frag- 
ments of  the  same  plant,  being  quite  easily  distinguishable  from  the  other 
form  originally  included  in  tlie  species  last  mentioned. 

The  pinnse  seen  in  PI.  XXX  are  presumabl}'  from  the  middle  or  lower 
portions  of  the  frond.  Toward  the  extremity  of  the  large  pinn?e  corre- 
sponding to  those  on  the  large  slab,  the  rachis  tapers  quite  rapidly,  the 

I  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  182,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  2. 

■  Unfortunately  the  original  of  fig.  3  of  pi.  xxxi  of  the  Coal  Flora  is  not  suited  to  illustration 
by  photograph  y. 


FERNS— PECOPTERIDE.E—PECOPTERIS.  89 

ultimate  lateral  pinnse  being  succeeded  hj  very  small  pinnge  or  pinnatiiid 
pinnules.     An  intermediate  stage  is  seen  in  the  illustration  of  No.  3179/  PI. 

XXVIII,  Fig.  2,  while  the  pinnatitid  higher  stage  is  shown  in  PI.  XXX, 
and  PI.  XXXII,  Fig.  1,  the  enlarged  details  of  the  pinnules  being  given  in 
PI.  XXX,  Figs.  \a-c,  though  the  pinnas  are  often  more  obtuse.  Still  lower, 
however,  than  the  pinnse  shown  in  the  large  slab,  the  lateral  pinnse  become 
considerably  broadened,  the  pinnules  also  assuming  a  crenulate  phase, 
though  both  the  outlines  and  the  details  are  conformable  to  the  type. 

The  characters  of  the  fertile  pinna3,  as  noted  in  the  above  description, 
are  quite  uniform.  When  first  appearing  in  specimens  showing  the  upper 
surface  of  the  lamina,  the  sori  appear  fls  small  pustular,  noncontiguous 
elevations,  arranged  in  a  row  nearl}-  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the 
margin  in  the  pinnules  and  lobes,  which  are  slightly  reduced  and  rather 
more  coriaceous  than  in  the  sterile  pinnae.  In  Fig.  2,  PI.  XXXI,  of  No. 
3097,^  in  the  Lacoe  collection,  chosen  for  illustration  on  account  of  its 
better  adaptation  to  photography,  the  sori  are  expressed  faintly  through  the 
fertile  portion  of  the  fragment.  At  a  later  stage  they  seem  to  occupy  most 
of  the  surface  of  the  pinnule,  from  beneath  which,  when  crushed,  as  is 
usually  the  case,  the  sharp  apices  of  the  sporangia  may  protrude  in  a  man- 
ner observed  in  the  genus  Scolecopteris  Zenk.  PI.  XXXII,  Fig.  2,  shows  a 
fragment  from  a  portion  of  a  frond  which  is  also  referable  to  this  species, 
probably  corresponding  nearly  to  the  position  seen  in  the  large  slab,  PI. 

XXIX.  It  represents  the  upper  surface  of  the  pinnules,  a  portion  of  which 
show  traces  of  the  sporangia. 

It  is  very  rarely  possible  to  gain  an  adequate  idea  of  the  sporangia  when 
the  lower  surface  of  the  pinna  is  exposed,  since  they  are  in  every  case  badly 
crushed.  Still  it  seems  fairly  certain  that  the  sporangia  are  usually  in 
groups  of  four  attached  by  the  obtuse  base,  the  upper,  pointed,  free  ends 
being  erect,  on  which  account  they  are  generally  broken  down  or  matted  in 
the  impression  so  as  to  obscure  the  arrangement.  Fig.  3ff  on  PI.  XXXI 
will  serve  to  illustrate  the  appearance  of  the  sporangia  in  one  of  the  speci- 
mens which  I  somewhat  doubtfully  refer  to  this  species,  although  the  view 
(ventral  surface)  of  the  pinnule  presented  is  not  suitable  for  detailed  illus- 
tration. 


'Identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Pecopteris  cUntOHi;  in  the  Lacoe  collection. 
-Identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Methopteris  ambigiia. 


90  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

As  I  was  somewhat  uncertain  as  to  the  generic  reference  of  the  fertile 
pinnae,  a  few  fragments  were  sent  to  Prof.  R.  Zeiller,  who  is  preeminently 
experienced  in  the  determination  of  carbonized  fertile  Paleozoic  ferns. 
This  distinguished  author,  who  has  had  the  kindness  to  examine  these  frag- 
ments, writes  that  he  considers  them  as  somewhat  intermediate  between 
Asterotheca  and  Scolecopteris,  though  probably  much  nearer  the  Asterothcca 
type,  especially  as  that  is  seen  in  Pecopieiis  (^Asterotheca)  hemitelioides 
Brongn.  My  own  .observations  lead  me  to  accept  Professor  Zeiller's  con- 
clusion, for  the  sporangia  appear  to  me  to  be  attached  by  the  base,  without 
pedicels,  while  at  the  same  time  they  are  larger,  broader,  and  less  acute 
than  in  any  described  species  of  Scolecopteris.  They  appear  in  part  con- 
siderably like  the  figure  given  by  Stur'  as  Hawlea  M'lltoni.  It  is  hoped 
that  additional  details  may  be  brought  out  in  future  in  the  course  of  a  more 
leisurely  study  of  this  and  other  fertile  species  in  this  flora. 

The  original  (No.  3173  of  the  Lacoe  collection)  of  fig.  5  on  pi.  xlii  of 
the  Coal  Flora,  described  as  the  fruit  of  Pecopteris  clintoni,  appears  to  me 
to  be  indistinguishable  from  the  fertile  pinnse  of  Pecopteris  pseudovestita  seen 
in  many  fragments  from  Pitcher's  coal  bank.  The  oval  bodies  delineated 
as  sporangia  are  the  protuberances  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  slightly 
macerated  lamina  over  the  sori.  The  sporangia  themselves  appear  to  belong 
to  the  type  described  above.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  fertile  pinnules 
do  not  taper  as  much  as  represented  in  the  artist's  drawing,  nor  are  the 
sterile  pinnules  above  so  broad  and  compact.  Very  good  examples  of  the 
fertile  pinna?,  of  our  species  are  seen  in  Nos.  3142  and  3127,  labeled  P. 
vesfita,  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  while  3140  is  typical  of  P.  pseudovestita. 
However,  in  No.  3097  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  mentioned  above,  we  have 
a  well-preserved  segment  labeled  Alethopteris  amhigua  in  which  a  portion  is 
fertile,  the  sporangia  being  expressed  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  lamina. 
Several  other  fossil  specimens,  also  labeled  Alethopteris  amhigua,  agree  in  all 
respects  with  the  fertile  pinnae  of  our  species  and  should  be  referred 
thereto. 

Among  the  Old  World  species,  Pecopteris  pseudovestita  is  perhaps  most 
similar  to  the  smallest  pinnae  of  P.  abbreviata  Brongli.  In  the  latter  sj^ecies, 
however,  the  corresponding  parts  are  very  much  larger  and  the  pinnae  much 
more  oblique,  while  the  nervation  is  not  so  dense.     From  P.  oreopteridia 

iFarne  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  106,  tigs.  176-c. 


FEEI^S— PECOPTERIDE.E— PECOPTERIS.  9 1 

Brongn.,  which  it  resembles  in  its  lateral  pinnae  and  terminal  pinnules,  our 
species  differs  by  its  irregular,  flexuous,  and  generally  more  open  pinnpe, 
the  irregular  pinnules,  and  the  more  compact,  outward-arched  nervils. 

Besides  the  differentiating  characters  of  form,  texture,  and  ner^'ation, 
mentioned  at  the  outset  of  these  remarks,  Pecopteris  liseudovestita  can  further 
be  distinguished  from  P.  dintoni  Lx.  and  P.  vestita  Lx.  by  the  irregularity 
of  the  pinnge  and  pinnules,  the  latter  being  slightly  unequal,  and  the 
sporangia,  which  are  longer  and  more  pointed  than  in  P.  cl'mtoni,  and  much 
broader,  more  crowded,  and  larger  than  P.  vestita.  The  most  striking 
distinctions  for  our  species,  however,  are  the  obtuseness  of  the  lateral  pinnpe, 
the  smooth  rachis,  the  absence  of  villosity  in  the  sterile  pinnpe,  and  the 
quite  different  nervation. 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5644,  5648,  5725, 
5775,  5776,  5780,  5781,  5784,  5786,  5788,  5790,  5791,  5794,  5799,  5800, 
5809;  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5778,  5789.  Owen's  coal  bank, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5777,  5783,  5793?,  57971,  5798,  5801;  Henry  County,  Mis- 
souri, Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3093,  3097,  3174,  3179;  Deep- 
water,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5779?. 

Pecopteris  vestita  Lx. 
PI.  XXXIII,  Figs.  1-6;  PI.  XXVI,  Pig.  1. 

1879.  Pecopteris  vestita  Lesquen-ux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  S,  pi.  xliii,  figs.  1-7  (5?); 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  2.52  (pars). 
1883.  Pecopteris  vestita  Lesquereux,  ISth  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  pt.  2,  pi.  xiv,  figs. 

1,  Irt. 
1889.  Pecopteris  vestita  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Peunsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  612,  text  fig. 

Frond  rather  large,  spreading,  somewhat  dense;  jjrimary  (?)  pinnae 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  slightly  lax;  rachis  rather  slender,  slightly 
flexed  at  the  bases  of  the  secondary  pinn*,  sparsely  punctate;  secondary 
pinnae  alternate,  open,  the  lower  ones  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis  or 
reflexed,  the  upper  ones  somewhat  oblique,  usually  touching  or  overlapping 
a  little,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  rachis  being  rather  slender, 
straight  or  slightly  curved,  generally  rigid,  slightly  rounded  on  the  dorsal 
side,  minutely  lineate,  with  rather  distant  and  not  very  large  punctations; 
ultimate  pinnae  alternate,  very  open,  the  lower  ones  slightly  reflexed,  close 
or  touching,  the  upper  ones  becoming  more  distant,  but  slightly  decurrent, 
oblong,  or  oblong-triangular  when  small,  becoming  lanceolate-triangular  and 


92  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

very  long  linear-triangular  when  large,  tapering  nearly  the  whole  length, 
the  sides  converging  rather  more  rapidly  in  approaching  the  rather  slender 
tip;  ultimate  rachis  slightly  terete  beneath,  sulcate  on  the  ventral  surface, 
rather  slender,  rigid,  or  slightly  curved;  pinnules  alternate,  close,  usually 
nearly  touching,  sometimes  a  little  distant,  open,  the  lower  ones  nearly  at 
a  right  angle  to  the  rachis,  decurrent;  when  young-,  oval,  curving  outward, 
and  connected  halfway  up,  becoming  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  narrowing 
slightly  from  the  base  up  toward  the  obtusely  rounded  tip,  separated  to 
near  the  rachis  by  a  very  narrow  decurrent  sinus  that  cuts  to  near  the  mid- 
rib on  the  upper  side  of  the  larg-est  pinnules ;  lamina  of  moderate  thickness, 
depressed  over  the  midrib,  arched  slightly  backward  at  the  margins,  nar- 
rowly decurrent  from  the  bases  of  the  pinnules,  either  rather  densely  covered 
with  short  scales  or  scaly  hairs  lying  parallel  to  the  nervation,  or,  when 
macerated,  appearing  brownish  or  transparent,  the  scaly  covering  usually 
remaining,  however,  in  portions  of  the  specimen;  nervation  clear  on  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  pinnule,  or  more  or  less  distinct  in  the  macerated 
specimens;  midrib  rather  slender,  more  or  less  decurrent,  and  tapering  to 
near  the  apex  of  the  larger  pinnules;  lateral  nerves  line,  originating  at  a 
rather  wide  angle  and  either,  in  the  smallest  pinnules,  turning  upward, 
simple,  or,  in  the  larger  pinnules,  forkiiig  near  the  base,  and  passing,  with 
slight  curvature,  quite  obliquely  to  the  margin,  the  upper  branch  forking 
again  in  the  largest  simple  pinnules;  fructification  in  small  sori  situated  a 
little  distant  in  a  row  a  little  within  the  margin  of  the  pinnules  or  lobes; 
sporangia  4  to  6  in  the  sori,  small,  lanceolate,  acute  at  the  upper  end, 
attached  at  or  near  the  larger  rounded  lower  end. 

Fecopteris  vestita  Lx.,  which  was  originally  described  from  the  vicinity 
of  Clinton,  Missouri,  is  represented  among  the  collections  in  hand  by  a  fine 
series  of  typical  specimens.  The  species  is  in  general  fairly  well  marked 
by  the  long,  tapering,  slender  pinnae,  the  pinnules  broadest  near  the  base 
and  decurrent,  the  upper  sui'face  densely  covei'ed  by  short  scalelike  hairs 
or  very  minute  chaffy  scales  arranged  parallel  to  the  nerves,  which  the}' 
generally  obscure,  and  the  slender  oblique  nervation. 

The  fossil  shown  in  PI.  XXXIII,  Fig.  2,  presumably  a  secondary  pinna, 
corresponds  in  size  and  in  details  to  one  of  the  lateral  pinnse  arranged 
alternately  along  a  slightly  flexuous  rachis,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  on 
one  of  the  larger  slabs.     The  pinnse  in  Fig.  5,  especially  in  the  upper  part, 


FERNS- PECOPTE1UDE.E—PECOPTERIS.  93 

are  comparable  to  those  seen  in  tig.  6,  pi.  xliii,  of  the  Atlas  to  the  Coal 
Flora.  In  this  case  the  specimen  is  macerated  enough  to  permit  the  satis- 
factory discovery  of  the  nervation  over  a  considerable  portion  of  its  area, 
although  in  the  darker  portions  traces  of  the  villosity  are  expressed  on  this, 
the  dorsal,  aspect.  The  lowest  pinnules  of  the  fragment  are  slightly  crenu- 
late,  representing  the  beginning  of  the  transition  to  the  pinnatifid  stage 
illustrated  in  Fig.  2,  the  further  development  of  which  is  seen  in  Fig.  3, 
PI.  XXVI.  The  phase  shown  in  Fig.  2,  PI.  XXXIII,  is  the  most  common 
aspect  of  the  fragments  in  the  collections.  Specimens  with  pinnatifid 
pinnules  as  small  as  those  shown  in  fig.  7  of  the  plate  in  the  Coal  Flora  are 
very  rare  in  the  collection.  In  Fig.  4,  PI.  XXXIII,  are  shown  the  small 
lateral  pinnse  of  a  villous  fragment  in  which  the  course  of  the  nerves  can 
be  dimly  discerned  among  the  crowded  scalelike  hairs. 

Simple  pinnae  of  the  type  seen  in  Fig.  1,  PL  XXXIII,  and  Fig.  6  or 
Fig.  7,  are  not  rare  in  the  collection.  In  the  last  figure,  which  is. somewhat 
suggestive  of  Pecopteris  arborescens  Brongn.,  the  position  of  the  immature 
sori  is  indicated  on  the  upper  surface  by  a  row  of  small,  rather  distant 
points  on  either  side  of  the  midrib. 

Fertile  pinnae  of  PecojJteris  vestita  are  not  rare  in  the  recent  collections 
from  Henry  County,  though  I  have  seen  none  that  show  the  details  of  the 
sporangia  stnicture.  As  noted  in  the  descriptions,  the  groups  of  sporangia 
are  a  little  distant  and  well  within  the  margin.  The  sporangia,  which  are 
somewhat  smaller  than  in  P.  pseiulovestita,  are  usually  four  to  the  sorus, 
oval-lanceolate,  acute,  about  1  mm.  long  and  .4  mm.  wide  in  the  lower  part 
From  their  deep-seated  position  on  the  lamina  and  the  apparent  absence  of 
pedicels,  I  am  inclined  to  regard  them  as  referable  to  the  Asterotheca  type. 
A  number  of  specimens  of  the  form  described  above,  identified  as  this  species 
by  Lesquereux,  are  in  the  Lacoe  collection,  Nos.  3141  and  3146  being 
among  the  clearest  and  best.  Many  fertile  fragments  labeled  as  this  species 
by  Professor  Lesquereux  should  be  referred  to  Pecopteris  pseudovestita,  as  is 
remarked  in  the  discussion  of  that  species. 

Pecopteris  vestita  may  nearly  always  be  quite  easily  distinguished  from 
P.  pseudovestita  by  the  more  slender,  more  rigid,  and  much  more  tapering 
pinnae,  hardly  contracted  at  the  ba,se;  by  the  much  more  regular,  parallel, 
and  decurrent  pinnules,  tapering  more  from  the  base  upward,  with  apices 
not  so  rounded;  by  the  lamina,  clothed  on  the  upper  surface  with  minute 


94  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

scales  or  scaly  hairs,  which  may  generally  be  discovered  even  in  some  por- 
tions of  the  most  macerated  specimens;  by  the  more  oblique,  straighter, 
fewer,  and  more  even  nerves,  and  by  the  rather  more  distant  sori  and  the 
smaller  sporang-ia.  From  the  form  described  by  Lesquereux  from  Mazon 
Creek,  Illinois,  and  from  other  localities  as  '■'■Pecopteris  villosa  Brongn.?,"  to 
which  it  is  more  closely  related  than  to  any  other  species,  the  Missouri 
plant  seems  to  differ  by  the  less  robust  jjinnse,  the  more  decurrent  pinnules, 
and  the  more  oblique  nervation  in  the  pinnatifid  pinnules.  The  racliis  in 
the  plant  so  common  at  Mazon  Creek  is  rather  more  densely  and  conspicu- 
ously punctate.  The  Lacoe  collection  contains  examples  from  the  Radstock 
coal  field  and  the  Forest  of  Dean,  in  England,  which  seem  hardly  separable 
from  the  forms  identified  by  Lesquereux  as  ^^ Pecopteris  villosa  Brongn.?" 
P.  vestita  differs  from  P.  clintoni  by  its  smaller  size,  more  acute  lateral  pinnre, 
narrower  and  much  more  regular  pinnules,  not  naiTOwed  at  the  base,  rather 
closer  and  a  little  coarser  nervation,  and  its  small,  acute  sporangia. 

Localities. — Most  common  at  Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5646, 
6647,  5683,  5684,  5685,  5688,  5745,  5754,  5755,  5758,  5760,  5766,  5767, 
5770,  5773,  5808,  5822:  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5746,  5748, 
6753,  5765,  5769,  5771,  6773!,  5774;  Pitcher's  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
6747,  5762,  6753,  5756?,  5759,  5761,  5762,  5763,  6768;  Henry  County, 
Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6666,  5749,  5757. 

Pecopteris  clintoni  Lx. 
PI.  XXXIV:  PI.  XXXY,  Fig.  4. 

1879.  Pecopteris  Clintoni  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  8,  pi.  xlii,  figs.  1-3,  '6a,  4,  la 

(uou  figs.  5,  ija~h)\  test,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  251  (pars). 
1870.  Ckdlipieridium  membrmiaceum  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  6,  pi.  xxvii, 

figs.  5,  5a.  (uon  figs.  6,  7,  8);  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  172  (pars). 

Frond  large,  tri-  or  polypinnate;  secondary  (?)  pinnae  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  lax,  somewhat  polymorphous,  and  provided  near 
the  apex  with  confluent  pinnatifid  pinnules;  rachis  broad,  lineate,  flat,  lax; 
lateral  pinnae  alternate,  open,  at  a  right  angle  to  the  rachis  at  the  base, 
becoming  oblique  above,  generally  rather  distant,  sometimes  close  or  con- 
tiguous, irregular,  lax,  flexuous,  lanceolate,  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones 
often  slender  and  acute,  the  upper  ones  more  obtuse;  pinnules  alternate, 
very  open  in  the  middle,  generally  close,  often  contiguous,  decurrent,  poly- 


FEKNS— PECOi'TERlDE^— PECOPTERIS.  95 

morphous,  oval,  ovate  or  oblong-,  obtuse,  sometimes  irregularly  lobed  when 
becoming  pinnatifid,  connate  for  some  distance,  especialh*  in  the  younger 
pinnge,  dissected  by  a  narrow,  deeply  decurrent  sinus  when  large;  lamina 
rather  thin,  villous,  generally  flat,  or  nearly  so;  nervation  usually  obscure; 
median  nerve  more  or  less  decurrent,  strong  at  the  base,  and  vanishing  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  pinnule;  nervils  distant,  fine,  originating  at  a  rather 
narrow  angle,  forking  once  near  the  base,  the  upper  branch,  sometimes  both 
branches  in  the  larger  pinnules,  forking  again,  and  passing  very  obliquely 
to  the  margin;  sporangia  oval,  averaging  .5  mm.  in  length  and  .4  mm.  in 
width,  arranged  5  to  7  in  the  sorus,  which,  when  crushed,  nearly  covers 
the  lower  surface  of  the  pinnule. 

This  species  as  described  and  illustrated  by  Lesquereux^  is  not  infre- 
quent in  the  Missouri  material,  especially  in  that  from  Hobbs's  coal  bank. 
In  these  specimens,  as  well  as  in  the  many  examples  from  this  region  in 
the  Lacoe  collection  labeled  with  this  name  by  Lesquereux,  the  most 
striking  features  which  appear  on  first  glancing  at  the  specimens  are  the 
variability  in  the  size  of  the  pinnae  and  pinnules,  the  lax  and  the  irregular 
attitude  of  the  pinnse,  and  the  frequent  occurrence  of  a  heteromorphous 
development  near  the  apices  of  some  of  the  pinnge.^  In  many  specimens 
this  is  much  more  marked  than  is  shown  in  the  specimen  given  in  fig.  1  of 
the  plate  in  the  Coal  Flora.  The  decurrent  bases  of  the  pimmles,  foi-ming 
a  marginal  wing  even  in  the  larger  pinnules,  and  the  degree  of  the  conna- 
tion  of  the  pinnules  in  the  smaller  pinnse,  are  suggestive  of  a  Sphenopterid 
relation. 

In  some  of  the  examples,  Hke  that  illustrated,  PI.  XXXIV,  the  leaf 
substance  is  so  macerated  that  it  is  possible,  especially  on  the  lower  side, 
to  see  the  nervation,  which  in  better-preserved  fragments,  such  as  the  one 
shown  in  Fig.  4,  PI.  XXXV,  is  very  much  if  not  totally  obscured  beneath 
the  villous  covering.  Traces  of  the  villosity  are,  however,  to  be  seen  in 
nearly  all  the  specimens. 

A  number  of  macerated  and  semitransparent  specimens  of  this  type, 
from  the  same  region,  were  labeled  b}'  Lesquereux  as  CalUpteridium  mem- 
hranaceum   Lx.     Among  the    examples  of  such  a  reference  in  the  Lacoe 


'CoElI^ora,  vol.  1,  p.  251,  pi.  xlii,  figs.  1-4, 4a  (not  figs.  5,5a-*). 

2 This,  of  course,  does  not  apply  to  the  small  specimens  of  the  smooth  plaut  with  difterent  form 
and  nei'vatiou,  which  I  have  described  as  I'ecoptcris  pseitdoveslita. 


96  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

collection  are   Nos.  3182,  3184,  3185,  and  3191,  all  of  which  show  the 
form  and  nervation,  us  well  as  the  villosity,  of  Pecopteris  cUntoui. 

Similarly,  as  might  be  suspected  from  a  comparison  of  figs.  4  and  6  on 
pi.  xxvii  in  the  Coal  Flora,  with  figs.  4  and  6,  respectively,  of  pi.  xlii  of  the 
same  work,  Nos.  3181  and  3183,  the  originals,  respectively,  of  these  figures, 
fail,  so  far  as  I  am  able  to  discover,  to  present  an  Alethopteroid  nervation, 
and  after  a  careful  examination,  being  unable  to  discern  the  nervation 
delineated  by  the  artist,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  refer  both  of  them  to  the 
Pecopteris  dintoni. 

An  obscure  fertile  segment  which  seems  referable  to  this  species  is 
also  present  in  the  collection.  The  flattened  sporangia  are  generally  oval, 
often  squarrose,  or  obovate-squarrose,  and  usually  crowded  on  the  surface 
of  the  pinnule.  Five,  six,  or  seven  are  usually  grouped  in  the  sorus,  the 
arrangement  being  apparently  about  a  short  central  column;  but  in  many 
cases  in  which  the  group  contains  seven  or  six  sporangia,  one  of  the  latter 
appears  to  occupy  a  central  position.  The  cells  of  the  sporangium  wall, 
which  seems  to  open  by  a  cleft  extending  downward  from  the  apex,  are 
elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  longer  axis  of  the  sporangium. 

As  has  already  been  stated,  the  sporangia  seen  in  the  original  of  fig.  5 
on  pi.  xlii  of  the  Coal  Flora  are,  though  obscure,  probably  of  the  type 
found  in  connection  with  the  Pecopteris  pscudovestita,  to  which  the  some- 
what erroneously  delineated  sterile  portions  of  the  specimen  seem  also 
referable. 

Although  Pecopteris  dintoni  presents  rarely  in  the  upper  pinnee  a  form 
similar  to  Callipteridiiim  membranaceum  Lx.,  it  is  easily  distinguished  by  the 
nervation  when  the  latter  is  seen,  as  well  as  by  tlie  almost  constantly  pres- 
ent villosity.  In  reality  the  general  aspect  of  the  pinna  of  this  species  is 
Pecoptei'oid  or  slightly  Sphenopteroid,  quite  in  contrast  to  the  Alethopteroid 
phase  of  the  Callipteridiiim.  The  pinnae  of  our  species  are  considerably 
larger,  more  obtuse,  more  irregular  and  lax  than  those  of  P.  vestita,  while 
the  rachis  is  not  punctate.  The  nervation  also  in  P.  dintoni  is  more  distant 
and  generally  more  oblique.  With  P.  pseudovestita  P.  dintoni  is  not  likely 
to  be  confused,  on  account  of  the  greater  size,  more  oj^en  arrangement  of 
the  pinnae,  the  much  larger,  decurrent,  polymorphous,  tapering,  villous  pin- 
nules, the  distant  fine,  relatively  straight,  very  oblique,  and  more  simple 
nerves,  and  the  much  smaller  and  more  rounded  sporangia  in  the  latter. 


FERNS— PEOOPTERIS—BRITTSIA.  97 

From  the  closely  resemblant  species  Sphenopteris  Integra,  as  figured  in 
Grermar's  "Versteinerungen,"^  our  species  is  distinguished  by  the  more  open 
divisions,  the  pinnules  usually  not  curved  so  much  upward,  with  bases  not 
so  rhombic,  while  the  midrib  is  not  so  slender  or  flexuous. 

LocaUtics. — Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5730,  5732,  5737, 
5751!;  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5505,  5506,  5729,  5733,  5735, 
5750"?;  Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5608?,  5728,  5731,  5734; 
Henry  County,  Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5823. 

Pecoptekis  sp.  iudet. 

Among  the  obscure  and  specifically  indeterminate  Pecopteroid  frag- 
ments are  two  specimens  showing  a  delicate,  translucent,  oblique  pinnuled 
plant,  somewhat  suggestive  of  some  of  the  unillustrated  examples  from 
Mazon  Creek,  Illinois,  referred  by  Professor  Lesquereux  to  Peeopteris  ser- 
pinifolia.  The  Missouri  form  has,  however,  the  sides  of  the  pinnules  more 
nearly  parallel  and  the  nervils  more  open  and  forking  once  in  the  larger 
pinnules. 

The  material  appears  insufficient  to  justify  an  attempt  at  a  more  com- 
plete description  or  comparison. 

Locality. — Owen's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5601,  5602. 

Pecoptekis  meetensides  Lx.  MSS. 

Another  new  species  of  Pecopteris  was  distinguished  and  described  by 
Professor  Lesquereux  in  manuscript,  which  it  is  lioped  may  be  published  at 
an  early  date.  The  quotation  of  the  nonien  nudum  in  this  place  is  sufficient 
to  indicate  the  presence  in  our  flora  of  this  species,  which  was  named  Pecop- 
teris mertensides. 

Locality. — Henry  County,  Missouri,  No.  4869  of  the  Lacoe  collection, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

IISrCERT.gE    SEDIS. 

BRITTSIA  gen.  nov. 

Frond  (?)  consisting  of  broad,  pinnate,  dilate,  palmate-open,  lax-nerved, 
somewhat  fleshy  expansions  of  the  rachial  lamina,  on  the  upper  surface  of 
which  are  placed  the  more  or  less  distinctl}'  imbricated  pinnules.  Type, 
Brittsia  problematica. 

'  Page  67,  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  1-4. 
MON   XXXVII 7 


98  FLOliA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Brittsia  problematica  n.  sp. 
PI.  XL VII,  Figs.  1-5;  PI.  XL\"III,  Figs.  1-3. 

Primary  pinnte  small,  oval  or  round,  cousisting  of  a  short,  broad,  lax, 
flattened  axis,  from  ^^-hieli  radiate,  distichously,  Ungulate  creuulated  thalloid 
(?)  branches  or  secondary  pinnae,  each  of  which  is  provided  with  two 
rows,  one  on  each  side  of  the  rachis,  of  alternate,  denticulate,  imbricated 
scales  or  pinnules;  main  axis  rather  coarsely  and  irregularh"  striate,  as  if  to 
correspond  to  the  course  of  lax  vascular  bundles,  -4  to  8  cm.  long  or  longer, 
2  to  5  mm.  or  more  in  width  at  the  base,  expanded  and  relaxed  to  a  much 
greater  width  in  the  middle,  dissolving  somewhat  rapidly  at  the  top,  and 
bordered  on  either  side  by  a  rather  thick  lamina  which  extends  along  tlie 
lateral  pinnae,  joining  them  near  their  bases;  lateral  pinnae  alternate,  close, 
usually  somewhat  ovei'lapping-,  the  lowest  much  reflexed,  the  middle  ones 
at  a  right  angle  to  the  axis,  the  upper  ones  becoming  more  oblique,  so 
as  to  impart  a  somewhat  radial  effect,  Ungulate,  1  to  5  cm.  long,  7  to 
10  mm.  broad,  slightly  narrower  at  the  base,  often  broadest  in  the  upper 
part,  obtusely  rounded  at  the  apex,  each  pinna  composed  of  a  broad,  sinuate, 
bandlike,  lax  rachis  at  a  right  angle  to,  or  but  slightly  decurrent  to,  the 
principal  axis,  1.5  to  3  mm.  wide,  giving  off  short,  oblique  branches 
alternately  and  regularly  at  intervals  of  from  2.5  to  5  mm.  on  the  same 
side,  which  pass  through  and  out  of  the  rachial  lamina  or  border  close  to 
the  rachis  to  enter  the  pinnules;  border  of  the  lateral  rachises  continuous 
with  tliat  of  the  main  axis,  not  very  thick,  minutely  coriaceous,  2  to  5 
mm.  wide  on  either  side,  the  margin  obscure,  apparently  broken  in'egu- 
larly  or  crenulate-erose,  depressed  in  shallow  pits,  or  gathered  slightly  at 
the  vascular  base  of  each  pinnule;  pinnules  alternate,  originating  one  from 
each  of  the  vascular  pits  in  the  rachial  lamina,  asymmetric,  ovate,  or  obovate- 
cuneate,  8  to  12  mm.  long,  5  to  8  mm.  wide,  apparently  narrow  at  the  point 
of  attachment,  arching  outward  at  first,  then  broadening  and  spreading  over 
the  rachial  lamina,  inclined  upward,  imbricating,  the  margin  incised  in  sharp 
or  rather  broad,  not  very  long  teeth;  leaf  substance  of  pinnules  not  very 
thick;  nervation  coarse,  broad,  flabellate  from  the  base  of  the  pinnule  in  a 
broad  fascicle,  the  wide  strands  forking  two  to  four  times  at  a  narrow  angle 
and  arching  somewhat  in  their  passage  to  the  extremities  of  the  teeth. 

A  general  idea  of  the  form  and  habit  of  this  somewhat  problematic 


FEENS— INCERT^  SEDIS— BEITTSIA.  99 

plant  may  be  gained  from  an  inspection  of  the  forms  shown  in  PI  XL VII, 
Fig.  3,  and  PI.  XLVIII,  Figs.  1  and  3.  All  of  the  pinnae  are  of  the  same 
type  and  agree  in  tlie  expansion  of  the  flat  axis  above  the  base  in  the 
middle  portion  of  the  pinna,  the  surface  being  marked  by  coarse,  irregular 
striffi  corresponding  to  the  vascular  bundles  which  are  spread  out  in  broad, 
lax,  sinuate  bands  in  the  lateral  pinnge.  The  marginal  lamina  of  the  main 
axis  is  continuous  with  that  of  the  lateral  rachises,  forming  lingulate  expan- 
sions about  the  latter.  A  marked  feature  in  the  lateral  pinnse,  however,  is 
the  position  of  the  pinnules  in  a  different  plane  from  the  lamina.  The 
pinnules  originate,  apparently  with  much  constricted  bases,  at  alternating 
points  on  the  lamina  close  to  the  rachis,  the  roundish,  pitlike  vascular  cica- 
trices, when  the  pinnules  are  fallen  or  removed,  giving  the  general  effect  of 
sori  or  sporangia  on  the  lamina.  This  character  is  seen  in  Fig.  3,  PI.  XLVII, 
or  Fig.  3  on  PI.  XLVIII,  in  which,  as  in  most  of  the  specimens,  the  pinnules 
are  wholly  removed  and  only  the  marginal  lamina  is  left.  It  is  difficult  to 
determine  whether  these  pits  marking  the  passage  of  the  vascular  bundles 
to  the  pinnules  are  actually  within  the  margin  of  this  rachial  lamina  or  not. 
In  a  number  of  cases  the  broad  expanse  of  the  lamina  seems  continuous 
around  the  cicatrice,  as  though  the  pinnule  emerged  from  its  surface.  Nev- 
ertheless, it  is  quite  possible,  and  would  be  more  natural,  for  the  pinnules 
to  spring  from  very  deep  sinuses  on  the  lamina,  whpse  greatly  dilated  broad 
expansions  on  the  same  side  overlap  so  compactly  as  to  have  every  appear- 
ance of  a  continuous  limb.  These  expansions,  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig. 
4,  PL  XLVII,  not  only  lie  in  the  approximate  plane  of  the  rachis,  but  they 
may  clearly  be  traced  distinctly  separate  from  the  pinnules  opposite  them; 
and,  although  the  margins  are  generally  obscure  and  apparently  erose  or 
crenulate,  the  attachment  of  the  pinnules  is  evidently  quite  narrow. 

The  pinnules  themselves  are  borne  in  two  rows  on  each  of  the  lateral 
pinnge.  From  the  point  of  attachment,  marked  by  the  cicatricial  pits  in  the 
depinuuled  pinnae,  they  curve  outward  slightly,  then  inward  so  that  those 
on  one  side  of  the  rachis  overlap  those  on  the  other  side,  alternately  imbri- 
cating, the  combined  expanse  of  both  rows  being  much  greater  than  the 
rachial  lamina.  In  Fig.  1,  PI.  XLVIII,  is  shown  the  greater  part  of  a  frond  (!) 
in  the  lower  left  of  which  the  pinnules  are  still  in  place,  as  is  better  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  Iffl.  Fig.  2,  the  photographic  enlargement,  2a,  and  the  details, 
Fio-.  2b,  show  the  double   series   of  broken  pinnules  still  in  their  normal 


100  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOURI. 

arrangement,  the  racliis  and  racliial  lamina  tog'ether  with  the  bases  of  the 
pinnules  having  been  lifted  away.  It  seems  probable  that  these  pinnules 
are  somewhat  convex,  curving  out  away,  from  the  lamina,  and  that  normally 
they  are  somewhat  raised,  oblique  to  the  plane  of  the  rachis.  The  nerves 
are  broad  and  flat,  forking  dichotomously  and  passing  somewhat  llabellately 
into  the  not  very  long,  rather  blunt  teeth. 

It  is  a  notexs^orthy  fact  that  the  surface  of  the  primary  (!)  pinufe  in 
most  of  the  specimens  is  concave  or  convex,  the  ends,  the  lateral  pinnse, 
being  reflexed  or  rolled  back  from  the  side  bearing  the  pinnules.  Thus  in 
one  fragment  the  lateral  pinnae  are  rolled  halfway  back.  Fig.  1 ,  PI.  XLVII, 
representing  the  axial  side,  while  Fig.  2  shows  the  opposite  sides  of  the 
body  nearly  covered  by  the  reflexed  pinnae.  The  pinnules  formerly  cover- 
ing what  is  now  the  outer  surface  are  entirely  lost. 

Among  the  Paleozoic  plants  thus  far  made  Icuown  the  form  which 
seems  most  nearly  related  to  this  species  is  the  Scliuopteris  pinnata  of  Grand 
'Eury^  or  the  Androstachys  frondosus  of  the  same  author,"  both  of  which 
have  been  referred  by  Zeiller^  to  Zygopteris,  since  Renault''  had  already 
discovered  in  the  fronds  of  ScJmopteris  pinnata  the  structure  characteristic 
of  Corda's  genus.^  Araucarites  spicaformis  Germar®  has  several  points  of 
strong  resemblance,  especially  the  chai'acters  of  the  axis  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  lateral  pinnae,  and  it  perhaps  belongs,  as  Grand  'Eury  and 
Zeiller  have  suggested,  in  the  same  group.  The  rachises  of  both  orders 
in  our  plant  are  much  more  lax  apparently  than  in  the  examples  figured  by 
Grand  'Eury  or  Zeiller,'  while  the  rachial  lamina,  which  is  so  prominent  a 
feature  in  the  Missouri  fossil,  seems  hardly  represented  in  Zygopteris  pin- 
nata, the  pinnules  of  which  are  lateral,  though  perhaps  not  in  the  same 
plane,  with  lax  fibrovascular  bundles  passing  out  through  the  limb  from 
the  whole  width  of  the  pinnule.  In  our  plant,  on  the  contrary,  the  broad 
lateral  lamina  is  not  striated  by  the  passage  of  any  bundles,  the  vascular 
branches  being  confined  to  the  bands  which  pass  from  the  rachis  of  the 
lateral  pinnae  to  the  cicatrices  seen  in  the  racliial  lamina. 

1  Fl.  carb.  T.oire,  1877,  p.  200,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  1. 

=Op.  cit.,  tig.  3. 

^  Fl.  foss.  liouill.  Commentry,  vol.  i,  p.  77. 

■"Aun.  Sci.Nat.,  (6)  bot.,  vol.  iii,  p.  23,  pi.  i,  figs.  12, 13. 

■>  Flora  d.  Vorwelt,  1845,  p.  81. 

''  Verst.  Steink.  Lobejiin  u.  Wettln,  p.  94,  pi.  xssiii,  figs.  1, 2. 

■  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Commentry,  vol.  i,  Atlas,  pi.  xsxii,  figs.  5-7. 


PEKNS— SPIROPTEEIS— CAULOPTERIS.  101 

No  sporangia  appear  in  any  of  tlie  specimens  of  Britfsia  problematica, 
althongli  the  reflexion  of  the  pinn?e,  as  in  Fig.  1,  PI.  XLVII,  is  possibly 
evidence  of  fertility.  The  discovery  of  specimens  showing  the  fructification 
and  the  degree  of  continuity  of  the  lamina  about  the  base  of  the  pinnules  is 
greatly  to  be  desired. 

Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5554,  5555,  5693, 
5723,  5724,  5811.  Additional  specimens  from  the  same  locality  also  sent 
recently  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  of  Clinton,  Missouri.  One  specimen  comes 
from  Hobbs's  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5722. 

SPIEOPTERIS  Schimper,  1869. 

Traite,  vol,  i,  p.  688. 

Spiropterts  sp. 

Among  the  fern  fragments  from  Owen's  mine  are  three  pinnae  in 
vernation.  These  lie  close  together  and  are  parallel,  thus  indicating  their 
probable  origin  from  a  single  frond.  The  rachises  are  quite  strong  and 
prominently  striate-ribbed,  not  punctate  nor  scabrous.  The  characters,  so 
far  as  they  appear,  of  the  inrolled  pinnae,  less  than  a  centimeter  in  diameter, 
favor  a  reference  to  Alethopteris  ambigua,  with  which  correlation  the  charac- 
ters of  the  rachis  are  in  agreement. 

Locality. — Owen's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6174. 

OAULOPTERIS  Liudley  and  Hutton,  1832. 

1820.  Lepidodendron  Sternberg,  Fl.  d.  Vorwelt,  vol.  i,  fasc.  1,  pp.  20,  23;  tent.    (1825), 

p.  xii  (pars). 
1828.  Sigillaria  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  63  (pars). 
1832.  Caulopteriti  Lindley  and  Hutton,  Foss.  Fl.  Gt.  Brit.,  vol.  1,  pi.  xlix. 
1836.  Sigillaria — sect.  Caulopteris  Brongniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  vol.  i,  p.  417. 
1845.  Stemmatopteris  Corda,  Fl.  d.  Vorwelt,  p.  76. 

Caulopteris  ovalis  (Lx.  MSS.). 

The  above  name,  although  a  nomen  nudum,  will  serve  in  this  report  to 
record  the  presence  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri  of  a  new 
species  of  fern  stem,  described  in  the  unpublished  manuscript  on  the  Amer- 
ican Coal  Flora,  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  Although  the  specimen  is 
referred  by  the  latter  to  Stemmatopteris,  the  details  of  the  scar  are  quite 


102  FLORA  OF  LOWER  GOAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

clear  and  miobscured  by  ramentum,  so  that  there  seems  to  be  no  reasdn 
why  the  species  should  not  be  placed  directly  in  the  genus  Caulopteris. 

Locality. — Henry  Comity,  Missouri;  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

Caulopteris?  acantophora  Lx. 

1870.  Caulopteris  acantophora  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p.  458, 

pi.  xxvi,  figs.  3,  4,     ("  Caulopteris  '?  acantophora''''  in  expl.  pi.) 
1884.   Ulodendron  pxmctatum  L.  and  H.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  405  (syu.). 

A  number  of  specimens  appear  to  agree  well  with  this  species,  first 
described  by  Professor  Lesquereux  from  Illinois.  In  these,  however,  as 
well  as  in  the  type  specimen,  now  in  the  Illinois  State  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  I  am  unable  to  find  an}^  clear  evidence  of  any  attachment  of  fossil 
petioles,  such  as  to  warrant  its  generic  reference.  On  the  contrary,  in  the 
specimen  figured  in  the  Illinois  Report,  vol.  iv,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  3,  the  concen- 
tric markings  on  the  left  appear  to  be  due  entirely  to  slickensides,  while  the 
curved  zone  on  the  right  is  extraneous.  An  examination  of  a  large  number 
of  similar  specimens  from  Morris  and  Colchester,  Illinois,  fails  to  show  a 
single  scar  that,  in  my  opinion,  can  satisfactorily  be  regarded  as  belonging 
to  Cmdopteris. 

The  peculiar  and  characteristic  spines  of  the  species  are  present  and 
clearly  visible.  It  may  not  be  impossible  that  these  remains  are  the  petioles 
of  some  spinous  Pecopteris,  such  as  Pecopteris  villosa,  P.  vestita,  or  P.  lepidor- 
racJiis,  one  of  which  is  represented  abundantly  at  both  Clinton  in  Missouri 
and  the  region  of  Morris  in  Illinois. 

Locality. — Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6272. 

MEGAPHYTON   Artis,  1825. 

Antediluvian  Phytology,  pi.  xx. 

Megaphyton  Goldenbergi  Weiss. 

1860.  Megaphytuni  Ooldenhergi  Weiss,  Zeitschr.  d.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  xii,  p.  511, 

text  fig. 
1869.  Megaphytuni  Gvldenhergii  Weiss,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  1,  p.  713,  pi.  liv,  figs.  1,  2. 
1872.  Megaphytuni  Goldenbergi  Weiss,  O.  Peistmantel,  Abh.  k.  bohui.  Gesell.,  (6)  vol.  v, 

p.  7,  pi.  i,  fig.  1. 
1874.  Megaphytuni  Goldenbergi  Weiss,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  bohm.  Ablag.,  vol.  i,  p. 

142,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  1. 
1879.  Megaphytum  Goldenbergii  Weiss,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  13,  pi.  Ixi, 

fig.  4;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  349. 
1881.  Megaphytuni  Goldenbergi  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steiuk.,  p.  17,  pi.  xix,  fig.  112. 


FERNS— MEGAPHYTON—APHLEBIA.  103 

The  inscription  of  this  species  of  Megaphiitott  in  the  flora  of  the  lower 
coals  of  Missouri  rests  wholly  on  the  determination  of  the  specimen  from 
Henry  County,  described  and  figured  by  Lesquereux  in  the  Coal  Flora.^ 
Although  this  specimen  appears  from  its  description  to  differ  somewhat 
from  the  type  established  by  Weiss,  it  constitutes  for  the  present  the 
American  type,  and  consequently  the  standard  of  characters  for  the  species 
in  this  country. 

A  small  specimen  before  me,  collected  by  Dr.  Jenney,  presents  a 
smaller  trunk,  whose  partly  effaced  and  obsure  scars  may  be  in  agreement 
with  the  type  referred  to  above,  though  the  characters  are  not  sufficiently 
clear  to  admit  of  a  satisfactory  identification.  The  general  facies  and  pro- 
portions of  the  segment  are  strongly  suggestive  of  the  M.  approx'miatum  as 
illustrated  by  Lindley  and  Hutton^  and  Zeiller.^  In  fact,  but  for  the 
obscurity  of  its  characters,  which  make  its  accurate  identification  impos- 
sible, and  the  circumstance  that  the  M.  Goldenhergi  was  found  in  the  same 
vicinity  or  perhaps  at  the  same  locality,  I  should  have  compared  the  speci- 
men in  hand  with  the  species  of  Lindley  and  Hutton  rather  than  with  that 
described  by  Weiss  and  Schimper. 

Locality. — The  type  illustrated  in  the  Coal  Flora,  and  donated  to  the 
United  States  National  Museum  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  is  from  the  vicinity  of 
Clinton,  Henry  County,  Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6198.  The  small, 
doubtful  fragment  is  from  the  Deepwater  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6206. 

APHLEBIA  Presl,  1838. 

1835.  Fucoides  Germar  and  Kaulfuss,  Acta  Acad.  C.  L.  C.  Nat.  Cur.,  vol.  xv,  2,  p.  230 

(pars). 
1838.  Aphlehia  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Fl.  d.  Vorwelt,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  7-8,  p.  112. 
1888.  Aphlehia  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bassin  bouill.  Valenciennes,  p.  300. 
1838.  Schizopteris  Brongn.,  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Fl.  d.  Vorwelt,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  7-8,  p.  Ill 

(pars). 
1854.  Pachyphyllum  Lesquereux,  Proo.  Boston  Soc.  N.  H.,  vol.  vi,  No.  4,  p.  421. 
1858.  Pachyphyllum  Lesquereux,  in  H.D.  Rogers:  Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  8G3, 
1869.  Bhacophyllum  Scbiniper,  Traite  pal.  veg.,  vol.  i,  ji.  084. 

>  Vol.  i,  p.  349,  pi.  Ixi,  fig.  4. 

2  Fossil  Fl.  Gr.  Brit.,  vol.  ii,  pi.  cxvl. 

'  Fl.  foss.  bassin  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  310,  pi.  lii,  fig.  1. 


104  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Aphlebia  hamulosa  (Lx.). 

1879.  Bhacophyllum  liamulosum  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora.  Atlas,  p.  10,  pi.  Iviii,  fig.  3 ; 
text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  321. 

The  type  specimen.  No.  9445  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  illustrated  in  the 
Coal  Flora,  is  the  only  example  of  this  curious  species  that  I  have  seen 
from  Missouri.  In  form  it  is  somewhat  suggestive  of  a  Sphenopteris  of  the 
group  rejiresented  by  S.  patentissima  Ett.  This  similarity  is  more  apparent 
in  some  specimens  from  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois. 

The  nervation  is  broad  and  dense,  comparable  to  Aphlebia  spinosa  or 
A.  crispa,  to  the  former  of  which  A.  liamulosa  is  closely  related,  although 
differing  from  that  species,  as  was  pointed  out  by  Lesquereux,  by  the  bifur- 
cation of  the  branches,  the  recurvation  of  the  divisions,  and  the  slender, 
long,  acuminate  points  of  the  lacinese. 

LocaUtij. — Hemy  County,  Missouri,  No.  9445  of  the  Lacoe  collection 
in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Aphlebia  spinosa  (Lx.), 

1879.  RhacophyUum  spinosum  Lesquereux,  Coal  Floi'a,  Atlas,  p.  10,  pi.  Iviii,  figs.  4,  5; 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  320. 
1887.  Bhacophyllum  spinosum  Kidston,  Foss.  Fl.  Radstock  Ser.,  p.  309,  pi.  xx,  fig.  3. 

The  main  axes  and  branches  of  this  species  are  characterized  chiefly 
by  the  dense,  fibrous  structure,  and  the  almost  totally  reduced  lamina. 
The  divergent  pinnate  lateral  branches  are  more  regular  than  in  most 
species  of  this  group,  and  the  ultimate  lobules  are  rendered  spinescent  by 
the  thick  traversing  bands  of  parallel,  fasciculate,  vascular  tissue.  One  or 
two  of  the  fragments  indicate  for  this  plant  a  large  size,  with  a  well-defined, 
uniform,  and  rigid  rachis. 

The  specimen  from  Radstock,  England,  figured  by  Kidston,^  although 
slightly  more  robust  and  less  fibrous  than  the  specimen  from  Missouri,  seems 
to  constitute  another  of  the  many  forms  in  common  between  the  flora  at 
present  under  consideration  and  that  so  excellently  elaborated  from  the 
Radstock  series. 

The  fragments  of  this  species,  which  is,  next  to  Aphlebia  German  Zeill , 
the  most  frequent  in  the  coals  of  this  region,  can  easily  be  distinguished 


I  Fobs.  Fl.  Radstock  Ser.,  p.  309,  pi.  xx,  fig.  3. 


FERNS— II^OERT.E  SEDIS— APHLEBIA.  105 

from  the  other  associated  forms  by  the  narrow,  regularly  pinnatifid  and 
rigid,  thick,  fibrous  divisions,  ending  in  very  slender  spinous  lobes. 

ioca/i^ies.— Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5572,  5573,  5575 ; 
Deepwater  mine,  a  doubtful  fragment,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5574. 

Aphlebia  crispa  (Gutb.)  Presl. 

1835.  Fucokles  crisjjus  Gutbier,  Abdriicke,  p.  13,  pi.  i,  figs.  11,  llrt  (pi.  vi,  fig.  IS!). 
1838.  Aphlebia  crispa  (Gutb.)  Presl,  iu  Sternberg:  Versuch,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  7-8,  p.  112. 
1886.  Aphlebia  crisjm  (Gutb.)  Presl,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi.  li, 

figs.  1,  2;  text  (1888),  p.  304. 
1838.  Schizopteris  LacUica  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Versuch,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  7-8,  p.  112. 
1855.  Schizopteris  Lactuca  Presl,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  19,  pi.  xxvi,  flg.  1. 
1809.  Schizopteris  Lactuca  Presl,  von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens,  p.  47,  pi. 

xviii. 
1881.  ScMzopteris  Lactuca  Presl,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steiuk.,  p.  17,  pi.  xviii,  flg.  111. 
1869.  Rhacophyllum  Lactuca  (Presl)  Scbimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  684,  pi.  xlvi,  flg.  1  ■ 

(nee  flg.  2,  necque  pi.  xlvii,  flgs.  1,  2);  vol.  iii  (1872),  p.  524  (excl.  syn.). 
1878.  RhacophyUum  Lactuca  (Presl)  Scliimp.,  Andrews,  Eleni.  Geol.,  p.  176,  fig.  317. 
1880.  RhacophyUum  Lactuca  (Presl)  Scliimj).,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  315 

(pars). 
1869.  RhacophyUum  speciosissimum  Scbimper,  Traite,  vol.  1,  j).  685. 
1885.  Hatolea  Miltoni  (Brongn.)  Stur,  Fame  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  108  (pars),  pi.  Ix,  flgs. 

3,4. 
1890.  An  Schizopteris  rhipis  Grand  'Eury,  Geol.  pal.  basin  houill.  Gard,  p.  299,  pi. 

xix,  flg.  10? 

The  type  of  Aphlebia,  to  which  the  names  Fucoides  crispus,  liliacopliyllum 
Lactuca,  and  M.  speciocissimum  were  applied  by  Gutbier,  von  Roehl,  and 
Schimper,  respectively,  is  represented  by  several  fairly  good  specimens 
transmitted  by  Dr.  Britts  to  the  National  Museum.  All  show  the  typical 
characters  of  the  species,  the  best  illustration  of  which  was  given  by  Major 
von  Roehl.  ^  Von  Roehl's  figure  is  important  not  only  for  its  size  and  per- 
fection of  expression,  but  because  of  its  representation  of  the  variation 
between  the  basal  and  distal  portions  in  the  same  individual. 

Specimens  from  Missouri,  probably  belonging  to  this  species,  ai-e  found 
among  the  manuscript  material  left  by  Professor  Lesquereux  under  the  label 
^^Bhacophylhcm  Lactuca  var.  crispum  Gut."  The  species  occurs  also  in  fine 
specimens  over  the  coal  at  Buchtel,  Ohio. 

Aphlebia  crispa  is  not  difficult  of  distinction  from  the  other  species  of 

,  'Fobs.  Fl.  Steinkohlenf.  Wcf.tt)h;ileiis,  ]i.  4V,  jil.  xviii. 


106  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSO['RL 

this  genus  in  Henry  County,  on  account  of  the  thick,  flexuous,  fibrous  divi- 
sions, which,  although  somewhat  deeply  dissected,  have  a  slightly  twisted 
appearance,  the  ultimate  lobules  or  lacinese  being  more  or  less  fasciculate 
and  frequently  approaching  parallelism. 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5548,  5549;  Owen's 
coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5547;   Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5550. 

Aphlebia  Germari  ZeilL 
PI.  XLVI. 

1847.  Scliizopteris  Lactuca  Presl,  Germar,  Verst.  Steiuk.  Wettiu  u.  Lobejiiu,  p.  44, 

1^1.  xviii,  figs.  In,  Ih;  pL  xix,  figs.  2,  3. 
1854.  Pachyphi/llum  Lactuca  (Pre.sl)  Lesquereux,  Bost.  Jouni.  N.  H.,  vol.  vi,  p.  422. 
1858.  Pacliyphyllmn  Lactuca  (Presl)  Lesquereux,  in  Rogers:  Geol.  Pennsylvania,  p.  863, 

pi.  viii,  figs.  4,  5. 
1869.  BhacophylliiM  Lactuca  (Presl)  Scbimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  684,  pi.,  xlvi,  fig.  1 

(noil  xlvii,  figs.  1,2). 
1880.  Bhacopliyllum  Lactuca  (Presl)  Schimp.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  315 

(pars). 
1889.  RhacophyUum  Lactuca  (Presl)  Schimp.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii, 

p.  872,  text  fig. 
1888.  Aplilebia  Germari  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Commentry,  vol.  i,  p.  289,  pi.  xxxiv, 

figs.  1,1'. 

The  most  abundant  of  the  forms  of  Aphlebia  found  in  the  region  about 
Clinton  appears  to  be  identical  with  that  illustrated  by  Germar^  and  included 
by  other  authors  as  Schuopteris  or  RhacopkyUum  Lactuca  Presl.  On  account, 
however,  of  the  identity  of  Presl's  species^  with  Grutbier's  Fucoides  crispus,^ 
first  pointed  out  by  Gutbier,  the  specific  term  Lactuca  was  no  longer  admis- 
sible. Accordingly,  in  1888,  when  describing  the  Aphlehice  ixom  the  Com- 
mentry Basin,  Professor  Zeiller*  gave  to  the  form  published  by  Germar  as 
the  species  Lactuca,  but  which  is  now  considered  distinct  from  Gutbier's 
F.  crispus,  the  name  ApMehia  Germari. 

Both  Sclii^opteris  Lactuca,  including  the  form  illustrated  by  Germar,  and 
Fucoides  crispus  were  inscribed  by  Lesquei'eux^  in  the  synonymy  oi  Bhaco- 
pliyUum  Lactuca.     Thus  the  Lacoe  collection  contains,  under  the  last  name, 

'  Verst.  Steinkohl.  Wettin  u.  Lobejiln,  1847,  p.  44,  pi.  xviii,  figs,  la,  16 ;  pi.  xix,  figs.  2,  3. 

■  Aphltbia  Lat-tncaVresl,  iu  Sternberg :  Versuch  einer  Flora  d.  Vorwelt,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  7-8, 1838,  p.  11" 

■'Gutbier,  Abdriicke  u.  Versteiuerungen,  1835,  p.  13,  pi.  i,  tigs.  11,  11a. 

■*  Fl.  foss.  boiiill.  Corumentry,  vol.  i,  p.  289,  pi.  xxxiv,  figs.  1, 1'. 

s  Coal  Flora,  vol.  1, 1880,  p.  315. 


FERNS— INCERT^  SEDIS— APHLKBIA.  107 

a  number  of  specimens  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  among  which 
Nos.  9389,  9391,  and  9392  are  of  special  interest,  since  they  appear  to 
represent  the  form  separated  as  Aphlebia  Oermari  Zeill. 

The  specimens  from  Missouri  show  considerable  variation  in  the  form 
of  the  frond,  though  the  general  outhne  seems  to  be  lanceolate  or  oval. 
The  incomplete  example  illustrated  in  PI.  XLVI  is,  however,  somewhat 
remarkable  on  account  of  its  size  and  the  rather  broadly  oval  or  slightly 
obovate  form.  The  analogies  of  its  lower  divisions  render  it  hardly  proba- 
ble that  the  apex  extended  more  than  10  or  12  cm.  beyond  the  present  line  of 
fracture.  The  principal  lateral  divisions  in  this  robust  specimen  are  hardly 
so  slender  or  so  contracted  at  the  base  as  in  some  of  the  other  frag-ments  or 
in  the  fine  examples  illustrated  by  Zeiller.  A  well-preserved  and  nearly 
complete  specimen,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  loaned  by  Dr.  Britts,  of 
Clinton,  Missouri,  shows  the  divisions  very  similar  to  those  in  the  Com- 
mentry  specimens. 

There  is,  perhaps,  room  for  doubt  as  to  the  relation  of  the  specimens 
which  I  have  referred  to  Aphlebia  Gennari  and  the  fragment  from  the  same 
region  described  and  illustrated  by  Lesquereux^  as  Bhacophyllum  hirsutum. 
The  figui'e  in  the  Coal  Flora,  the  original  of  which  I  have  not  seen,  appears 
to  illustrate  a  much  rougher  plant,  with  rather  more  elongated,  slender, 
and  more  distant  branches,  provided  rather  sparsely  throughout  with  short 
bristles  or  hairs.  It  may  be  noted,  however,  that  portions  of  some  of 
the  specimens,  including  a  part  of  the  lacinese  of  the  example  shown 
in  PI.  XLVI,  are  sparsely  bordered  with  small,  short,  spicule-like  hairs, 
which,  though  not  so  regular  nor  so  long  as  those  figured  in  the  Coal  Flora, 
are  apparently  of  the  same  character  as  those  seen  in  certain  sjiecimens  from 
Rhode  Island  referred  by  Lesquereux  to  Bhacophyllum  hirsutum.  Never- 
theless, the  latter  specimens  are  considerably  more  slender,  while  Professor 
Lesquereux's  identification  of  our  specimens  with  B.  Lactuca  shows  that  he 
considered  them  distinct  from  B.  hirsutum  (Lx.)  Schimp. 

The  specimens  referred  above  to  Aphlehia  German  Zeill.  differ  from  the 
A.  crispa  by  the  less  conspicuously  fibrous  texture,  the  less  flexuous  divisions, 
and  the  more  diffused  lacinese. 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5544,  5546 ;  Henry 
County,  Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5545. 


'  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  Ivii,  fig.  2 ;  text,  vol.  i,  p.  318. 


108  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOCJRL 

Aphlebia  hiksuta  (Lx.) 

1854.  PacliyphyUum  hirsutum  Lesquereux,  Bost.  Jour.  N.  H.,  voL  vi,  4,  d.  421. 

1858.  PachyphyUum    hirsutum   Lesquereux,  in  Rogers:  GeoL  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii, 

p.  863,  pi.  viii,  flg.  3. 
1869.  Rliacophyllum  hirsutum  (Lx.)  Schimper,  Trait(?,  vol.  i,  p.  087. 
1879.  Bhacophyllum  hirsutnm  (Lx.)  Schimp.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  Ivii, 

fig.  2;  text,  vol.  i,  (1880),  p.  318. 
1889.  Bhacophyllum  hirsutum  (Lx.)  Schimp.,  Lesley,  Diet;  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii, 

p.  871,  text  fig. 

Among  the  collections  from  Missouri  now  in  the  National  Museum  or 
the  Geological  Survey,  I  have  seen  no  example  that  seems  satisfactorily 
referable  to  this  species,  which  has  thus  far,  I  believe,  been  known  from 
this  region  only  by  the  fragment  illustrated  in  fig.  2,  pi.  Ivii,  of  the  Coal 
Flora.  The  differences  in  the  proportionate  length,  flexuosity,  mode  of 
division,  and  width  of  the  ultimate  divisions  between  the  figure  above 
referred  to  and  the  original  type  figured^  from  a  high  coal  in  the  southern 
anthracite  field  in  Pennsylvania  are  somewhat  striking,  and,  notwith- 
standing the  known  variations  within  the  same  frond  in  this  genus,  may,  it 
seems  to  me,  reasonably  be  considered  as  of  at  least  varietal  importance. 
In  my  remarks  on  Aphlebia  Germari  I  have  referred  to  occasional  smaller, 
sparse,  spicule-like  bristles  found  in  portions  of  some  of  the  specimens  of 
that  species.  It  is  not  improbable  that  some  form  of  villosity  may  have 
existed  in  several  of  our  species  of  Aphlebia. 

PachyphyUum  affine  Lx.,^  inscribed  by  Lesquereux^  in  the  synonymy  of 
Rhachophyllum  hirsutum,  appears  by  its  more  slender  falcate,  acute  lobules, 
ti'aversed  by  a  distinct  central  strand,  to  be  more  harmoniously  referable  to 
the  PachyphyUum  fimbriatum  of  the  same  author.* 

Locality. — Henry  County,  Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5520. 

Aphlebia  cf.  filicifobmis  (Gutb.)  Sterzel. 

Many  paleobotanists,  including  Greinitz,^  Schimper,®  Lesquereux,''  and 
Kidston,*  have  agreed  in  refen'ing  the  specimens  published  by  Gutbier  as 

'  Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  1858,  p.  863,  pi.  viii,  fig.  3. 
^Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  pi.  viii,  fig.  1. 
3  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  318. 
■•Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  pi.  viii,  fig.  2. 
'Verst.  Ste.inkohlenform.  Sachsen,  1855,  p.  19,  pi.  xxv,  tigs.  11-14. 
"Traits  pal.  veg.,  vol.  i,  1869,  p.  685. 
.'Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  1880,  p.  316. 
^Foss.  Flora  Eailstoek  Series :   Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xxxiii,  1887,  p.  388. 


FEENS— INCERT^  SEDIS— APHLEBIA.  109 

Fucoides  filiciformis^  and  by  PresP  as  Rhodea  Guthieriana  to  the  same  species, 
for  the  designation  of  which  Geinitz,  while  inchiding  several  other  forms, 
employed  the  name  given  by  Presl.  To  the  writer  it  seems  highly  improb- 
able that  all,  even  among-  the  figni-es  given  by  Gutbier,  Geinitz,  or  Schimper 
under  these  two  names,  really  represent  but  a  single  species.  Certainly  the 
differences  between  figs.  6  and  7  on  pi.  i  of  Gutbier's  "Abdriicke,"  on  the 
one  hknd,  and  fig.  14,  or  even  fig.  13,  on  pi.  xxv  of  the  "  Versteinerungen,"  on 
the  other,  are  very  striking  if  not  specific.  Accordingly,  it  has  seemed  best 
to  treat  the  illustrations  included  under  the  specific  designation  filiciformis 
Gutb.  or  Guthieriana  Presl  as  belonging  to  a  group  with  which  I  have  com- 
pared the  American  specimens  in  hand.  The  latter  agree  most  closely  with 
the  fig.  13  of  the  "Abdriicke,"  though  not  so  scaly  along  the  axis,  or  figs. 
11  and  12  in  the  "Versteinerungen."' 

Lesquereux*  recognized  fig.  14  (Fucoides  crenatus  Gutb.)  in  the 
"Abdriicke,"  and  fig.  13  in  the  "Versteinerungen,"  as  representatives  of  a 
variety  '■^Guthierianum"  between  which  and  the  normal  Bhacophyllum  filici- 
forme  there  were  no  intermediate  forms.  Many  of  the  specimens  in  the 
Lacoe  collection  identified  by  him  as  the  latter  species  or  its  variety  Gut- 
hierianum  are  closely,  perhaps  insepai-ably,  related  to  others  in  PJiacoplnjllum 
Clarkii  (Lx.)  Schimp.,  although  the  latter  should  have  the  distal  portions  of 
its  broadly  connate  divisions  greatly  thickened  and  fleshy.  No  doubt, 
however,  the  latter  species  has  much  in  common  with  the  comprehensive 
PJuicophyllum  filkiforme.  Specimen  No.  9548  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  which 
bears  the  label  "■Rhacopliyllum  GufUerianmn  Gein.,"  I  am  disposed  to  include 
with  the  other  examples  from  Henry  County.  It  seems  less  improbable 
that  the  appellation  was  simply  the  temporary,  perhaps  inadvertent,  employ- 
ment by  Lesquereux  of  the  name  used  by  Geinitz,  who  is  cited  as  the 
authority,  rather  than  that  it  resulted  from  the  omission  of  the  specific  term, 
the  intention  having  been  to  label  the  specimen  as  the  variety. 

Localities. — Hobbs's  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5577;  Owen's  mine,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  5578,  5580-5582;   Pitcher's  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5579,  5580. 


'Abdruokeu. Versteinerungen  d.  ZwickauerScliwarzkohlengeberges,  1833,  p.  11,  pi.  i,  figs.3,  6,  7,  8, 13. 
-Sternberg,  Versucb  einer  Flora  d.  Vorwelt,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  7-8, 1838,  p.  111. 
^  Figs.  5  and  4,  pi.  xlviii,  of  the  Atlas  to  Schimper's  Traite. 
<Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  316. 


110  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Aphlebia  subgoldenbergii  u.  sp. 
PI.  XLVII,  Fig.  7. 

1897.  Aphlebia  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Aiuer.,  vol.  viii,  p.  297. 

Frond  pinnate,  lanceolate  (?)  or  linear-lanceolate  (?),  membranaceous, 
racliis  broad,  rigid,  densely  but  unevenly  and  finely  striate,  and  bordered 
by  a  decurrent  lamina;  lateral  divisions  oblique,  alternate  or  subopposite, 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  (T)  at  the  apex,  somewhat  constricted 
at  the  strongh'  decurrent  base,  pinnatitid;  lobules  or  ultimate  divisions  verv 
oblique,  alternate,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  more  or  less  distinctly  outward 
curved,  connate  for  some  distance  above  the  decurrent  base,  each  lobule 
traversed  by  a  strong,  clear,  flat  nervil;  lamina  membranaceous,  trans- 
parent, uniting  the  lobules  in  the  lower  portions  and  decurring  with  narrow, 
very  acute  sinuses  to  form  a  narrow  border  along  the  main  (?)  rachis; 
nervils  alternate,  a  single  one  passing  strong  to  the  apex  of  each  lobe,  more 
or  less  distinctly  dilated  in  the  middle  joortiou,  sometimes  in  the  upper  part 
also,  and  curving  in  and  decurring  near  the  base  so  as  to  join  the  lateral 
rachises  at  a  very  broad  angle ;  lateral  rachises  strong  and  flat,  broadest  in 
the  curve  at  the  base  of  the  pinna,  and  narrowing  in  the  long  descent  before 
joining  the  main  rachis. 

The  specimen.  No.  9599  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  on  which  I  have 
ventured  to  found  this  species  came  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton,  Henry 
County,  Missouri,  and  was  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Rliaco- 
phyllum  membranacemn  Lx.  A  comparison  made  with  the  types  of  that 
species^  shows,  however,  not  verv  much  in  common  except  the  delicately 
membranaceous  lamina.  It  diff"ers  from  the  latter  species  by  the  well- 
defined  axis  in  both  the  main  and  lateral  di^dsions;  the  arrangement  of  the 
pinnae,  constricted  at  the  base ;  the  regularly  alternate  lobules,  Avhich  curve 
outward,  and  ai-e  more  deeply  dissected  and  obtuse,  and  the  broad,  much 
stronger,  flat  nervation,  which  is  simpler  and  not  flabellate. 

The  salient  features  of  our  specimen,  Fig.  7,  PI.  XLVII,  are  the 
general  form  of  the  frond  and  arrangement  of  the  pinnae,  very  similar  to 
those  illusti-ated  bv  Schimper "  from  the  type  of  Bhacophyllum  Goldenhergii 


'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  312.  pi.  Ivlii,  figs.  1,  2.  -Traite,  pi.  xlvi,  tig.  2,  vol.  i,  p.  686. 


FERNS— INCEET.^  SEDIS— APHLEBIA.  HI 

Weiss,  from  Saarbruck,  and  especially  to  those  so  admirably  delineated  by 
Kidston  from  the  specimen  from  the  Radstock  coal  field.^  In  fact,  so  far 
does  the  specimen  from  Missom-i  agree  with  the  example  from  Pnckleclnn-ch 
that  the  differences  may  almost  be  accounted  for  as  coming-  within  the  mod- 
ifications of  different  portions  of  the  same  plant  or  as  individual  variation. 
The  American,  like  the  British,  specimen  is  membranaceous;  the  lateral 
pinnae  are  similar  in  form  and  position,  connate  and  very  decurrent;  the 
lobules  oblique,  alternate,  connate,  decurrent,  each  being  traversed  by  a 
single  distinct  nerve;  the  midribs  of  the  pinna?,  too,  are  curved  near  the 
base  and  pass  down  a  long  distance  before  joining  the  main  i-achis.  It  is 
probable,  also,  that  the  lower  lobules  may  become  bifid.  But  our  fragment, 
which  seems  to  corresjDond  in  size,  position,  and  development  with  the 
specimens  both  from  the  Radstock  field  and  from  Saarbruck,  differs,  as  will 
be  seen  from  the  illustrations,  from  that  figured  by  Kidston  by  the  much 
broader  dilated  nerves  and  midribs  of  the  lateral  pinna?,  the  obtuse  lobules, 
which  are  considerably  larger  and  recurved,  while  none  of  them  are  yet 
bifid,  and  the  more  narrowly  acute  sinuses  at  the  bases  of  the  pinnte. 
Nevertheless,  the  differences  between  the  British  and  the  American  plants 
are  of  such  minor  rank  and  importance  as  to  seem  to  justify  at  most  no 
greater  distinction  than  a  varietal  separation,  if  any. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  points  of  difference  between  the  fragment  from 
Missouri  and  that  from  Saarbruck,  to  which  Weiss  gave  the  name  ■  oi  Bha- 
cophyllmn  Goldenhergii,  are  obvious  from  a  comparison  of  the  figure  given 
by  Schimper.  The  latter  has  not  even  the  appearance  of  being  membra- 
naceous, and  is  not  so  described.  In  the  American  specimen  the  pinnae  are 
broader  and  much  more  constricted,  relatively,  at  the  base,  the  loljes  not  so 
erect  and  straight,  not  narrowly  slender  and  tapering  and  acute.  Schimper 
does  not  describe  the  nervation,  and  the  figure  seems  to  indicate  a  thick 
and  rather  coriaceous  lamina  in  which  either  the  nervation  is  not  very  clear 
or  it  is  diffuse. 

Notwithstanding-,  therefore,  the  high  degree  of  variation  known  to  exist 
in  the  species  of  Aphlebia,  even  in  different  portions  of  the  same  individual, 
it  has  not  seemed  to  me  to  be  proper  to  record  our  specimen  in  the  same 
species  with  that  from  Saarbruck.     I  have,  accordingly,  ventured  to  assign 

'  Foss.  Fl.  Radstock  Series,  i>l.  xxvii,  tig.  2,  p.  388. 


112  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

to  it  a  new  name,  although  the  British  specimen,  which  is  in  some  respects 
intermediate  between  it  and  the  German  type,  is  perhaps  not  more  than 
varietally  different. 

The  distinction  between  Aplilebia  suhgoldeiibergii  and  A.  memhranacea, 
the  only  species  with  which  it  might  be  compared,  has  ah'eady  been  noted. 

Localiti/. — Chnton,  Henry  County,  Missouri,  No.  9599  of  the  Lacoe 
collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

Aphlebia  membranacea  (Lx.). 

1879.  RhacophyUum  memhranaceum  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  10,  pi.  Iviii,  figs. 
1,  2;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  312. 

The  species  described  as  Bhacophyllum  memhranaceum  by  Lesquereux 
is,  as  was  remarked  by  its  author,^  somewhat  unique  among  the  forms 
included  in  that  genus.  The  originals^  of  the  figures  published  in  the  Coal 
Flora  show  an  extremely  delicate,  transparent  lamina,  traversed  by  the 
distinct,  rather  broad  brown  lines  of  the  nervation.  The  nerves,  which  are 
of  varying  width,  are  in  some  cases  slightly  fasciculate,  one  ner%'il  jjassing 
to  the  apex  of  each  very  oblique,  acute  lobule.  One  of  the  fragments  of 
this  species  recently  obtained  has  a  portion  of  the  lateral  divisions  broken 
away,  so  that  the  effect  is  very  similar  to  the  type  BhacopliyUum  triincatnm 
from  the  Upper  Devonian  of  the  Susquehanna  Narrows,  above  Pittston, 
Pennsylvania. 

ApMebia  memhranacea  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  extremel}-  delicate 
texture  and  relatively  slender  nerves  from  all  the  associated  species  except 
A.  suhgoldenhergii,  which  is  much  more  Sphenopteroid,  the  lobules  being 
regularly  pinnate  and  recurved  and  the  nerves  comparatively  stronger. 

LocaUiics. — Henry  County,  Missouri,  Nos.  9465  and  9466  of  the  Lacoe 
collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. ;   Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5583. 

Aphlebia  sp. 
PI.  XLV,  Pig.  1. 

One  among  the  fragments  of  Aphlehia  from  Missouri  deserves  special 
mention.  This  specimen,  a  rather  unsatisfactory  photograph  of  which  is 
.seen  in  Fig.  1,  PI.  XLV,  comprises  a  segment  of  a  rather  coarsely  and 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  313.       ^nos.  9465  and  9466  of  the  Lacoe  collection.  U.  S.  Nat.  ^'— 


FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—ALETHOPTERIS.  113 

irregularly  striated  stem  nearly  10  cm.  in  length  and  about  2.5  cm.  in  width, 
to  the  upper  part  of  which  are  apparently  attached  a  well-developed  pinna 
and  one,  or  perhaps  several,  smaller  pinnae  comparable  to  A.  German  or  A. 
filiciformis.  But  what  is  remarkable  in  the  specimen  is  the  circumstance 
that  the  large  fragment  of  rachis  is  somewhat  densely  clothed  with  large 
leaflike  scales.  The  latter  are  rather  thin,  not  rigid,  7  to  11  mm.  or  more 
in  length,  3  to  5  or  6  mm.  in  width,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  somewhat 
variable  in  form,  constricted  to  a  narrow  attachment  at  the  base,  obtuse 
at  the  top,  inclined  upward,  and  dorsally  convex.  The  ventral  surface  of 
these  foliaceous  scales  is  marked,  when  viewed  with  a  rather  strong  lens,  by 
fine  striae  apparently  consisting  of  rows  of  very  small,  oblong,  imbricated, 
scalelike  cells,  but  no  distinct  traces  of  nervation  are  seen.  This  striation 
is  more  distinct  in  the  scales  than  in  the  larger  lamina  of  the  Aphlebia.  The 
attachment  of  the  scales  is  not  clear.  It  is  perhaps  crescentic,  or  possibly 
even  oval.  No  evidence  of  either  a  fleshy  composition  or  a  flaccid  nature  is 
apparent. 

The  specimen  seems,  on  the  whole,  to  represent  a  segment  of  a  large 
rachis,  perhaps  belonging  to  one  of  the  scabrous  Pecopterids,  which  is  rather 
closely  covered  with  very  large,  ovate  or  oval,  semi-membranaceous  scales, 
among  which  several  pinnte  of  Aphlehia  seem  to  have  their  attachment. 

The  nature  of  these  large  scales  may  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  chaffy 
scales  seen  in  the  segment  of  a  smaller  rachis  on  the  same  slab,  just  above 
the  specimen  described.  The  smaller  rachis  is  like  that  seen  in  direct  con- 
nection with  the  pinnfe  of  Pecopteris  Jenneyi. 

Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5727,  6041. 

M  E  G- ALO  PT  E  RI D  E.^ . 

Alethopteris  Sternberg,  1826. 

Versuch,  vol.  i,  tent.,  p.  xxi. 

Alethopteris  ambigua  Lx. 

PI.  XXXVII,  Figs.  3,  4;  PI.  XLI,  Fig  9. 

1879.  Alethopteris  amhifiua  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  6,  j)!.  xxxi,  figs.  1,  1«, 
(nou  2,  3);  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  182. 

Fronds  tri pinnate;  primary  pinnae  rather  delicate,  lanceolate,  acute; 
rachis  rather  slender,  distinctly  striate,  slightly  flexuous;   secondary  pinnae 

MON    XXXVII 8 


114  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OP  MISSOURL 

alternate  or  subojiposite,  open,  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  contracted  at  the 
base,  close  or  slightly  overlapping,  provided  with  tertiary  pinnae  below,  pin- 
natifid  near  the  apex;  ultimate  pinnae  subopposite,  subalternate  or  alternate, 
close,  rarely  touching,  very  open,  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  usually 
slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  sides  nearly  parallel  in  the  middle 
portion,  tapering  graduall)^  to  an  acute  apex,  1.5  to  20  cm.  or  more  in 
length,  .5  to  3  cm.  in  width,  becoming  connate  at  the  base  by  a  narrow 
decuri'ent  lamina  and  succeeded  by  diminishing  pinnatifid  pinnules  in  pass- 
ing upward;  pinnules  subopposite,  subalternate  or  alternate,  very  open, 
seldom  touching,  irregular  in  angle  and  length  on  the  same  pinna,  3  to 
18  mm.  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  but  very  little  if  at  all  contracted  near 
the  base,  the  sides  nearly  parallel,  obtusely  rounded  or  round  at  the  apex, 
the  upper  surface  strongly  convex  and  bordered  often  by  a  marginal  shal- 
low canal  or  gutter;  lamina  thick,  dull,  and  always  uniting  the  pinnules  at 
the  base,  the  sinus  being  rounded,  and  slightly  decurrent  only  between  the 
largest  pinnules;  midrib  strong,  hardly  decurrent,  deeply  depressed  on  the 
upper  side,  broad  and  striate  beneath,  and  terminating  abruptly  at  a  dis- 
tance from  the  apex  nearly  equal  to  the  average  width  of  the  lateral  lamina ; 
nerves  few,  very  distant,  often  obscure  on  the  upper  surface,  more  distinct 
beneath,  originating  from  both  rachis  and  midrib,  nearly  straight  or  arching 
slightly  in  the  larger  pinnules,  oblique  in  the  smaller  pinnules,  simple  or 
sometimes  forking  at  or  near  the  base,  rarely  forking  above  the  middle,  and 
passing  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  margin,  where  they  number  about 
30  to  the  centimeter. 

A  typical  example  of  the  mature  portions  of  this  well-marked  and 
characteristic  species  in  the  fossil  flora  of  Missouri  is  illustrated  by  Professor 
Lesquereux  in  fig.  1,  pi.  xxxi,  of  the  Coal  Flora.  As  there  shown,  the 
irregular  character  of  the  open,  parallel-sided  connate  pinnules,  with  the 
very  distant  nerves  springing  from  the  disproportionately  thick  midi-ibs,  is 
well  brought  out. 

As  remarked  in  the  original  description,  the  nerves  of  the  thick  pinnules 
sometimes  appear  more  luimerous  than  they  really  are.  Frequently  the 
flattened  border  is  not  distinct,  though  it  often  is  so  developed  as  to  form 
a  shallow  gutter  or  canal  about  the  margin  of  the  pinnule,  as  seen  from 
above,  or  a  marginal  band  as  it  appears  from  below.  The  midrib,  which  is 
hardly  decurrent,  is  strongly  depressed  above,  broad,  and  conspicuously 


FERNS— MBGALOPTERIDE.E—ALETHOPTERIS.  115 

striate  below,  passing,  strong,  to  near  the  apex  of  the  pinnule,  where  it 
abruptly  terminates.  The  nerves,  more  of  which  spring  from  the  rachis 
than  is  indicated  in  the  figure  in  the  Coal  Flora,  are  often  obscure  on  the 
upper  surface,  but  distinct  beneath,  generally  arching  slightly,  and  forking 
at  or  near  the  base,  quite  rarely  forking  above  the  middle.  A  large  pro- 
portion of  the  nerves  are  simple,  and  all  of  them  are  nearly  straight  for  the 
greater  portion  of  their  length,  usually  meeting  the  margin  at  nearly  a 
right  angle  and  numbering  about  30  per  centimeter. 

The  pinnules  of  all  the  specimens  are  somewhat  variable  in  form,  espe- 
cially the  basal  pair,  conspicuous  for  their  irregularity  in  length,  generally 
arching  backward  a  little,  the  lowest  ones  on  the  pinna  sometimes  slightly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  but  always  connected  by  a  narrow  lamina.  Usually 
they  are  near  together  but  not  touching,  the  distance  between  them  being 
about  1  mm.,  the  borders  nearly  parallel,  the  apices  obtusely  rounded. 

When  first  studying  this  species  I  was  impressed  by  the  differences  in 
the  pinnules,  midiibs,  and  nervation  between  figs.  2  and  3  (3a),  of  pi. 
xxxi  of  the  Coal  Flora  on  the  one  hand,  and  fig.  1  of  the  same  plate  on 
the  other  hand,  the  nervation  of  the  former  in  particular  being  much  closer, 
more  oblique,  the  nervils  often  forking  a  second  time,  thus  constituting  con- 
ditions somewhat  contradictory  to  the  relations  usually  existing  between  the 
mature  and  immature  specimens.  On  subsequent  examination  of  the  types 
of  figs.  2  and  3,  one  of  them  loaned  by  Dr.  Britts,  the  others  having  passed 
with  the  Lacoe  collection  into  the  National  Museum,  I  found  that  in  the 
division  of  the  pinna?,  in  the  development  of  tlie  pinnules,  and  in  nervation 
these  types  were  Pecopterid^the  specimens  belonging  in  fact  to  Pecopteris. 
The  nervils  of  the  latter,  all  of  which  spring  from  the  midrib,  are  ^'ery 
oblique  at  their  origin,  close  and  arching  obliquel}'  to  the  border,  all  of 
them  forking  once,  the  upper  division  forking  again  before  reaching  the 
border,  where  they  are  fully  as  much  closer  than  those  of  the  real  Aldhop- 
teris  ambigua  as  they  appear  in  a  comparison  of  figs,  la  and  3rt  of  the  plate 
in  the  Coal  Flora.  The  midribs  of  fig.  3  of  this  plate  are  found  to  have 
been  somewhat  exaggerated  by  tlie  draftsman  both  as  to  size  and  as  to 
abruptness  of  termination. 

There  are,  however,  in  the  collections  a  number  of  specimens  showino- 
the  pinnatitid  division  of  the  true  species,  and  these,  as  is  seen  in  Fig.  3, 
PI.  XXXVII,  or  Fig.  9,  PI.  XLI,  present  the  same  distinctive  characters 


116  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

as  the  mature  pinna?.  The  nerves  are  mostly  simple,  never  forking  more 
than  once,  nearly  straight,  and  very  open  and  distant,  the  midrib  thick,  and 
the  pinnules  very  irregular,  all  tne  diagnostic  features  being  those  charac- 
teristic of  the  ordinary  pinnne.  On  the  back  of  the  rock  containing  the 
original  of  the  figure  of  Alethopteris  Serlii  Brongn.,  fig.  2,  pi.  xxix,  of  the 
Coal  Flora,  there  is  a  fine  specimen  of  Alethopteris  amhifjua,  so  labeled  by 
Professor  Lesquereux,  containing  the  upper  segment,  about  18  cm.  in 
length,  of  a  primary  pinna  of  the  true  form.  Here  we  have  the  long 
pinnae,  like  those  on  tlie  left  of  the  type  of  fig.  1,  pi.  xxxi,  of  the  Coal 
Flora,  succeeded  in  passing  upward  by  pinnae  of  the  character  of  our  Fig. 
3,  PI.  XXXVII,  while  at  the  top  we  have  the  long,  slightly  pinnatifid  and 
crenulate  pinnules,  like  those  in  the  lower  right-hand  pinnse  of  the  figure 
in  the  Coal  Flora. 

Another  specimen,  apparently  belonging  to  this  species,  loaned  by 
Dr.  Britts,  covers  the  surface  of  a  slab  26  cm.  long  and  25  cm.  wide.  In 
this  we  have  a  rachis  7  mm.  wide,  slightly  flexuous,  and  giving  off  alternating- 
compound  pinnse  at  intervals  of  3-8  cm.  on  each  side,  some  of  these  second- 
ary pinnse  being  shown  in  their  entire  lengtli.  The  whole  segment  comes 
apparently  from  some  distance  below  the  apex  of  a  primary  pinna.  Unfor- 
tunately the  specimen  is  somewhat  shriveled  throughout  most  of  its  extent. 

That  the  ultimate  pinnse  of  this  species  were  often  long  and  slender 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  obtain  entire  specimens, 
although  some  incomplete  fragments  were  foxind  measuring  18  cm.  or  more 
in  length  and  less  than  25  mm.  in  width. 

One  fragment  which  seems  inseparable  from  tliis  species  presents  in 
the  appearance  of  its  flattened  border,  as  well  as  by  its  ensemble  of  chai-- 
acters,  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  figure  of  Alethopteris  Gihsoni  Lx.  given 
in  fig.  6,  pi.  xxviii,  of  the  Coal  Flora,  and  I  am  not  at  present  sure  that  the 
latter  does  not  represent  a  specimen  belonging  more  properly  to  our  species. 

Alethopteris  ambigua  is  easily  distinguishable,  by  the  characters  recited 
above,  ivonx  Alethopteris  aquilinci,  which  is,  with  the  exception  of  Alethopteris 
Gihsoni,  probably  the  nearest  related  species  of  Alethopteris,  and  the  only 
one  with  which  it  is  likely  to  be  confused. 

Localities. — Common  at  Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3590, 
5490;  rare  at  Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3592,  5488;  Deepwater, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3591,  3593;   Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3634. 


FP:RNS— MEGALOPTERIDE^— ALETHOPTEEIS.        117 

Alethopteeis  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp. 

PI.  XXXVII,  Fig.  1. 

1804. Parkinson,  Organic  Remains,  vol.  1,  pi.  iv,  fig.  6. 

1828.  Pecopteris  Serlii  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  57  {nomen  nudum). 

1832  or  1833.  Pecopteris  Serlii  Brongniart,  Hist.  veg.  fos-s.,  p.  292,  pi.  Ixxxv. 

1837.  Pecopteris  Serlii  Broiign.,  Liiidley  aud  Huttoii,  Fossil  Flora,  vol.  iii,  pi.  ccii. 

1840.  Pecopteris  Serlii  Brougu.,  Jackson,  Rept.  Geol.  Agricnlt.  Rliode  Island,  1839, 

p.  288,  pi.  iii,  fig.  6. 
1876.  Pecopteris  Serlii  Brongn.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  32,  pi.  xii,  flg.  8. 
1836.  Alethopteris  Serlii  ( Brongn.)  Goeppert,  Systema  Fil.  Foss.,  p.  301,  pi.  xxi,  figs.  6,  7. 
1840.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  Tescheraacber,  Jonr.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  vol.  v, 

p.  380,  pi.  XXXV,  tig.  aa. 

1860.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  F.  A.  Roemer,  Beitr.  z.  Kenntn.  n-w.  Harz- 

geb.,  p.  32,  pi.  viii,  fig.  9. 

1861.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brougn.)  Goepp.,  Lesquereux,  4tli  Rept.  Geol.  Snrv.  Ken- 

tucky, Atlas,  pi.  i,  fig.  3  (plate  not  published). 
1869.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steinkohlenf.  West- 

pbalens,  p.  76,  pi.  x,  figs.  8,  9h. 
1869.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brougn.)  Goepp.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  555. 
1876.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brougn.)  Goepp.,  Ferd.  Roemer,  Letbaea.  Geogn.,  Pal.,  Atlas, 

pi.  Iii,  figs.  2a,  2b;  text  (1880),  p.  181. 

1878.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  bouill.  Fr.,  Atlas, 

pi.  clxiii,  figs.  1,  2;  text  (1879),  p.  75. 

1879.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brougn.)  Goepp.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  6,  pi. 

xxix,  figs.  1-5;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  176. 

1881.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steinkobl.,  ]).  15,  pi.  xvi, 
flg.  97. 

1883.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  Renault,  Cours.  bot.  foss.,  vol.  iii,  p.  157, 
pi.  xxvii,  flg.  7. 

1883.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brougu.)  Goepp.,  Lesquereux,  13th  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indi- 
ana, pi.  xii,  fig.  2. 

1886.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bouill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas, 
pi.  xxxvi,  figs.  1,  2;  pi.  xxxvii,  tigs.  1,  la,  2;  text  (1888),  p.  234. 

1888.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  Toula,  Die  Steinkoblen,  p.  189,  pi.  1,  figs. 

31,  32. 

1889.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i, 

p.  14,  text  figs. 
1899.  Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)   Goepp.,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol. 

Surv.,  pt.  3,  p.  499. 
1848.  Alethopteris  Eannonica  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  bouill.  Belg.,  pi.  sxxviii. 
1854,  Alethopteris  Sternbergii  (Goepp.)  Ettingshausen,  Steiuk.-fl.  Radnitz,  pi.  42,  p. 

xviii,  fig.  4. 
1865.  Pteris  Serlii  (Brongn,)  Ettingshausen,  Farnkrauter  d.  Jetzw.,  p.  109. 
1879.  Alethopteris  lonchitica  (Schloth)  Brongn.,   Schimper,  in  Zittel:    Handb.  Pal., 

vol.  ii,  p.  118,  flg.  93,  1,  lb. 


118  FLORA  OF  LOWER  GOAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

The  general  phase  of  the  Henry  County,  Missouri,  specimens  of 
Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Groepp.,  is  ah-eady  famihar  to  paleontologists 
through  figs.  2  and  4  given  by  Lesquereux  on  pi.  xxix  of  the  Coal 
Flora.  Of  tlie  nianv  fragments  in  the  I'ecent  collections  one,  probably 
belonging  to  a  primary  pinna,  shows  a  segment  of  a  rachis  11  mm.  wide, 
slightly  flexuous,  with  a  moderately  thick  striated  covering  of  coaly  matter, 
revealing,  where  the  carljonaceous  residue  is  removed,  distinct  impi'essions 
of  spines  or  spinous  scales  of  considerable  size  passing  from  the  back  of  the 
rachis  into  the  matrix.  The  midrib  is  irregularly  striate  in  the  larger  pin- 
nules. The  lower  pinnte  are  pinnatifid,  even  developing  as  tertiary  pinnae, 
all  of  the  broad,  blunt-pointed  form  referred  to  above  and  common  in  our 
lower  coals  of  both  the  anthracite  and  the  bituminous  series. 

Alethopteris  Serlii  var.  missouriexsis  n.  var. 
PI.  XXXVII,  Fig.  2;  PI.  XLII,  Fig.  5. 

Although  the  normal  form  of  the  Alethopteris  Serlii  is  frequent  among 
the  fossils  from  this  region  of  Missouri,  the  greater  number  of  the  speci- 
mens, especially  from  one  of  the  localities,  which  should  be  included  under 
that  name  quite  uniformly  present  an  aspect  or  phase  more  or  less  distinct 
from  any  form  I  have  yet  met  in  the  literature  or  in  other  collections. 

The  normal  form  occurs  more  commonly  in  a  fine-grained  reddish- 
gray  shale  from  Owen's  coal  bank ;  and  the  specimens  figured  by  Professor 
Lesquereux  have  every  appearance  of  coming  from  the  same  stratum  if 
not  from  the  same  place.  The  other  form  is  found,  with  the  exception  of 
the  ferruginous  concretions  from  Gilkerson's  Ford,  in  a  rather  coarse,  dark 
dove  or  ash-colored  shale  having  a  slight  tendency  to  check  with  a  con- 
choidal  fracture  in  drying. 

Commonest  among  these  specimens  are  large  numbers  of  long  second- 
ary (?)  pinnae  strewn  about  on  the  shales,  somewhat  overlapping  when 
pai'allel,  and  clothed  generally  for  their  entire  length  with  long  simple, 
rather  distant  pinnules  averaging  2  mm.  apart,  though  frequently  exceeding 
4  mm.,  always  joined  at  an  acute  angle  by  the  decuiTent  lamina,  and  gen- 
erally largest  above  the  middle,  and  terminating  in  a  more  or  less  obtusely 
acute  point.  The  aspect  presented  is  much  like  that  indicated  in  Ettings- 
hausen's  fig.  4,  AletJiopteris  Sternberrjii  Goepp.,  on  pi.  xviii  of  the  Flora  of 


FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—ALETHOPTERIS.  1 19 

Radnitz.  A  striking  feature  is  the  rarity  of  small  pinnate  pinnae  of  the  pro- 
portions common  in  A.  Serlii,  but  very  few  of  such  small  size  being  seen, 
though  the  collection  contains  three  lai-ge  slabs  representing  segments  of 
primary  (?)  pinnae  with  rachises  as  wide  as  16  mm.,  provided  on  both  sides 
with  these  slender  secondary  pinnse  bearing  pinnules  comparable  in  dimen- 
sions to  the  figure  to  which  reference  has  just  been  made,  or  to  those 
replacing  the  pinnatihd  divisions  at  the  tips  of  pinnae  of  a  superior  order  in 
the  normal  form  of  Alethopteris  Serlii. 

Frequently  there  is  no  contraction  toward  the  bases  of  the  pinnules, 
and  often,  especially  in  the  largest,  sometimes  exceeding  4  cm.  in  length  and 
measuring  5  to  7  mm.  in  width,  the  borders  are  folded  in  under,  causing 
the  pinnules  to  appear  to  taper  to  an  acute  point.  Several  examples  from 
Missouri  labeled  Alethopteris  loiicMtica  I  have  found,  by  removing  the  matrix 
from  the  border,  to  belong  to  the  form  in  question,  and  these  cases,  in  fact, 
comprise  the  only  specimens  from  this  region  that  I  can  find  in  any  collection 
to  have  been  referred  to  the  latter  species. 

As  in  other  species  of  Alethopteris,  where  well  preserved,  the  veins  may 
be  seen  to  spring  from  a  raised  threadlike  irregular  line  traversing  the 
center  of  the  canal  along  the  upper  surface  of  the  midrib.  They  are  (juite 
coarse,  in  relief  on  the  rather  coriaceous  lamina,  and  pass,  moderately 
straight,  to  the  border  In  the  largest  pinnules  the  midrib  also  is  seen  to  be 
punctate,  while  the  nervation  becomes  rather  more  distant,  counting  28  to  34 
per  centimeter  at  the  margin,  its  characters  remaining  otherwise  the  same. 
The  genei'al  aspect  of  the  plant,  as  seen  in  Fig.  5,  PI.  XLII,  is  nuicli  like 
the  illustration  of  A.  Serlii,  given  by  Zeiller  in  fig.  1,  pi.  xxxvii,  of  the 
Valenciennes  flora. 

The  varietal  distinction  of  this  Missouri  form,  which  I  have  tliought 
might  be  of  stratigraphic  utility,  must  be  regarded  as  tentative,  the  question 
of  its  survival  or  elimination  depending  on  the  results  of  further  study  of 
material  from  other  pcirtions  of  the  American  Carboniferous.  However,  the 
phase  should  at  least  be  illustrated  in  our  American  literature. 

The  diagnosis  of  the  variety  missouriensis  is  as  follows: 

Fronds  tripinnate,  quadripiuuatifld  or  quadripiunate  near  the  base,  very  long, 
spreading;  main  raclus  reacbiug  a  width  of  4.5  mm.  or  more,  both  it  and  its  divisions 
rather  coarsely  striate,  and  thinly  set,  especially  on  the  dorsal  surface,  with  very  dis- 
tinct short  spines  or  spinous  scales;  jiriiuary  piuuie  very  long,  open,  linear-lanceolate. 


120  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

somewhat  contracted  at  the  base;  secondary  piuuiB  open,  alternate,  subopposite  or 
opposite,  oblique  above,  somewhat  reflexed  below,  simple  except  near  the  base  of  the 
largest  primary  piunje,  straight  or  slightly  tiexuous,  sometimes  slightly  decurrent,  3-6 
cm.  distant  on  the  same  side,  more  or  less  overlapping,  linear-lanceolate,  or  oblong-lance- 
olate, rather  acute,  averaging  about  2  cm.  in  length  and  4.5-9  cm.  in  width  where  simply 
pinnate,  sometimes  slightly  contracted  at  the  base  and  tapering  to  a  rather  oblong- 
lanceolate  obtusely  acute  terminal  pinnule;  secondary  rachis,  like  the  midribs  of  the 
pinnules,  distinctly  finely  striate;  pinnules  normally  open,  nearly  at  right  angles  to 
the  rachis,  more  or  less  distant,  rarely  touching,  linear-lanceolate,  generally  broadest 
in  the  middle,  obtusely  acute  at  the  apex,  decurrent  along  the  rachis  with  an  acute 
sinus,  and  always  distinctly  united  by  a  decurrent  lamina  of  considerable  width,  the 
surface  of  the  pinnule  somewhat  convex,  the  borders  frequently  folded  beneath;  mid- 
rib large,  usually  slightly  decurrent,  often  straight,  deeply  depressed,  finely  striate, 
and  passing  nearly  to  the  extreme  apex;  nervils  quite  coarse,  salient,  sometimes  dis- 
tinctly striate  under  the  lens,  springing  at  a  generally  wide  angle  from  a  line  in  the 
center  of  the  groove  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  pinnule  and  curving  rapidly,  often 
•  passing  nearly  straight  from  the  midrib  and  extending,  almost  directly  parallel  and 
rather  close,  to  the  border,  which  they  meet  at  a  right  angle,  forking  generally  once 
close  to  the  point  of  origin,  the  upper  branch  usually  forking  ;igain,  though  often 
remaining  simple,  and  numbering  28  to  42  per  centimeter  at  the  margin. 

Localities. — Normal  form  at  Owen's  coal  bank,  Mus.  Reg.  3696;  Henry 
County,  Missouri,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5486.  The  variety  is  from  Owen's  coal 
bank,  Mus.  Reg.  3594,  5473,  54,S7. 

CALLIPTERIDIUM  Weiss,  1870. 

Zeitschr.  d.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  xxii,  pp.  858,  876;  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora, 

vol.  i,  1880,  p.  164. 

CALLIPTERIDIUM   MEMBRANACEUM  Lx. 

PI.  XXXVIII,  Figs.  1-5. 

1879.  Callipteridium  memhranaceum  Lescpiereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  6,  i)l.  xxvii,  figs. 
5,  5a  (non  6,  8);  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  172  (pars). 

Frond  tripinnate,  rather  lax,  Alethopteroid ;  secondary  pinnse  linear- 
lanceolate  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  alternate,  open,  reflexed  below,  a 
little  distant ;  secondary  rachis  strong,  broad,  rather  coarsely  striate,  the 
rachises  of  the  tertiary  pinnae  originating  from  a  little  within  the  border  on 
the  ventral  surface ;  tertiary  or  ultimate  pinnae  alternate,  open,  at  a  right 
angle  to  the  rachis,  or  reflexed  below,  a  little  distant,  not  decurrent,  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,  hardly  constricted  at  the  base,  the  sides  parallel  in  the 
middle  and  converging  near  the  pinnatifid  or  crenulate  apex,  which  is  acute 


FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE^—CALLIPTERIDIUM.  121 

in  the  larger  pinnge,  obtuse  in  the  smaller;  ultimate  rachis  fairly  strong-, 
irregularly  striate,  rounded  on  the  back,  shallowly  canaliculate  on  the 
upper  surface,  on  whicli  the  pinnules  are  attached  a  little  within  the  border ; 
pinnules  alternate,  very  open,  usually  close  or  nearly  touching,  or  slightly 
overlapping,  but  sometimes  a  little  distant  or  appearing  quite  distant  on 
account  of  the  reflexed  margins,  irregular  in  position,  sometimes  curving 
upward,  sometimes  curving  outward,  somewhat  polymorphous,  oval  or  oval- 
round,  attached  by  the  whole  base  and  connate  for  a  very  short  distance, 
the  sinus  acute  and  slightly  decurrent  when  young,  or  becoming  oblong 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  the  obtusely  rounded  apex  often  directed  slightly 
upward,  the  base  cut  to  the  rachis  and  even  constricted,  both  above  and 
below,  to  a  narrow  attachment  at  the  base  of  the  pinnae ;  lamina  thin, 
dull,  often  preserved  brownish,  somewhat  depressed  over  the  midrib,  arched 
slightly  backward,  sometimes  to  a  considerable  extent,  at  the  margin; 
nervation  generally  rather  distinct;  midrib  of  moderate  strength,  depressed 
above,  rounded  below,  only  slightly,  if  at  all,  decurrent,  usually  originating 
at  a  very  open  angle  to  the  rachis  and  passing,  strong,  two-thirds  or  more 
of  the  way  up  the  pinnule;  nervils  thin,  parallel,  rather  close  in  the  older 
portions  of  the  plant,  originating  at  a  rather  open  angle,  forking  once  near 
the  base  in  the  pinnules  of  moderate  size,  or  both  branches  forking  again  in 
the  larger  pinnules  and  arching  but  little  in  passing  to  the  margin,  which  they 
reach  quite  obliquely,  the  lower  nervils  springing  directly  from  the  rachis. 

The  pinnules  of  this  species,  first  described  from  Henry  County,  are 
somewhat  polymorphous,  those  on  the  same  pinna  often  showing  a  consid- 
erable degree  of  irregularity.  An  illustration  of  this  feature  is  seen  in 
Fig.  4,  PI.  XXXVIII,  a  photograph  of  the  original  of  Professor  Lesque- 
reux's  fig.  5,  pi.  xxvii,  of  the  Coal  Flora,  now  No.  3182  of  the  Lacoe  collec- 
tion. The  lamina  is  dull  and  black,  although  rather  thin,  as  is  the  case 
also  with  No  3192  and  No.  3187  of  the  same  collection,  both  labeled  Callip-. 
teridium  membranaceum  by  the  author  of  the  species,  of  whose  private  col- 
lection they  formerly  were  a  part.  So  far  as  I  have  observed,  tlie  specimens 
are  perhaps  no  oftener  preserved  brown  or  translucent  than  are  the  frag- 
ments, when  somewhat  macerated,  of  Pecopteris  clintoni  Lx.  Even  P.vestita 
and  P.  pseudovestita  are  frequently  macerated  so  as  to  present  a  similar 
brown  and  membranaceous  appearance,  though  some  traces  of  the  villosity 
are  usually  present. 


122  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI, 

I  very  much  regret  being  obliged  to  separate  from  CaUipteridimn  mem- 
branaceum  one  of  the  originals  used  by  Professor  Lesquereux  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  this  species.  But  the  careful  examination  of  the  specimen  (No.  3181 
of  the  Lacoe  collection),  a  part  of  which  is  given  in  fig.  4,  on  pi.  xxvii,  in 
the  Coal  Flora,  shows  clearly  that  we  have  to  do  with  a  Pecopteris,  while  a 
comparison  of  its  details  shows  it  to  be  referable  to  P.  clintoni  as  figured  in 
pi.  xlii,  fig.  3,  of  the  atlas  to  the  above-named  work,  although  the  nervation 
is  rather  obscm-e.  Similarly,  the  original  of  fig.  6  of  the  same  plate  agrees 
well  with  many  specimens  labeled  P.  clintoni  by  the  author  of  that  species, 
the  villosity  so  prevalent  in  the  latter  species  being  equally  well  marked  in 
portions  of  the  original  in  question.  The  nervation,  too,  is  plainly  that 
of  P.  clintoni,  seemingly,  so  far  as  concerns  any  rachial  nerves,  in  contradic- 
tion to  the  published  detail.  The  reference  of  this  specimen  to  P.  clintoni 
will  not  seem  surprising  after  a  comparison  of  fig.  6,  on  pi.  xxvii,  with  fig. 
4,  on  pi.  xlii,  of  the  Coal  Flora,  the  latter  representing  one  of  the  types  of  P. 
clintoni.  Similar  examples  of  villous  Pecopteroid  forms,  of  the  type  of  the 
latter  species,  found  in  Nos.  3185  and  3191  labeled  C.  membranaceum  and 
in  the  same  collection,  are  also  to  be  placed  with  P.  clintoni  Lx. 

The  type  of  the  restricted  CaUipteridimn  membranaceum  is  that  illus- 
trated in  Lesquereux's  fig.  2,  a  detail  of  which  is  shown  on  our  Fig.  4a., 
PI.  XXXVIII.  The  same  characters,  including  those  of  the  nervation,  are 
seen  in  No.  3192,  referred  by  that  author  to  this  species,  except  that  the 
nervation  is  a  little  more  open,  being  similar  in  this  respect  to  that  seen  in 
Fig.  3,  PI.  XXXVIII,  the  enlai-ged  detail  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  3a. 

The  specimens  from  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  seen  in  Figs.  1  and  2, 
PI.  XXXVIII,  are  doubtfully  referable  to  this  species.  Their  narrow,  dis- 
tant, obtuse  pinnules  suggest  Canipieridium  incBqiiale  or  C.  grandini,  to  both 
of  which  our  form  is  related,  although  the  pinnules  differ  from  both  by  the 
more  acute  points  and  the  more  complete  separation  at  the  base.  The  dis- 
tant and  narrow  appearance  of  the  pinnules  is  due  mostly  to  the  reflexion 
of  the  margin,  which  is  consequently  buried  in  the  rock. 

Localities. — The  original  tvpes  from  Henry  County,  Missouri,  without 
precise  locality,  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3182,  3187;  doubtful 
specimens  from  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5591,  5603,  5604, 
5625,  5691,  5807;  typical  fragments  from  Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5592, 
58101 


FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—CALLIPTEBIDIUM.  123 

Oallipteridium  in^quale  Lx. 

PI.  XXXIX,  Fig.  4;  PI.  LXI,  Fig.  Id;  PI.  LXII,  Fig.  d. 

1879.  CalUiHeridiwtn  inwqnnle  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  xxxiii,  flgs.  2-5  ;  text 
(1880),  vol.  i,  p.  I(i8. 

A  few  fragments  seem  to  agree  in  %11  respects  with  the  corresponding 
portions  of  the  species  from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania,  described  and  illus- 
trated by  Professor  Lesquereux  in  the  Coal  Flora  as  Callipteridium  ifusquale. 
In  size,  form,  nervation,  and  arrangement  of  the  pinnules,  which  have  a 
tendency  to  opposition  on  the  rachis,  some  of  the  specimens  are  close  to 
fig.  2,  of  pi.  xxxiii,  in  the  above-named  work. 

Locality.— Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5483. 

Callipteridium  cf.  Mansfieldi  Lx. 

The  specimens  which  I  compare  with  this  species,  known  only  from 
Pennsylvania,^  are  far  from  typical.  My  reason  for  the  provisional  reference 
is  their  agreement  with  certain  specimens  found  to  have  been  assigned  to 
CalUpteridmm  Mansfieldi  by  the  author  of  the  species. 

The  Missouri  specimens  are  ver}^  close  to  others  from  Cape  Breton, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  from  Shenandoah,  Pennsylvania,  which  I  am  unable  to 
separate  from  a  compact  dilated  obtuse  form  of  Aletlwpteris  Serlii  Brongn. 
The  nerves  are  rather  straight  and  open  for  C.  Mansfieldi,  while  the  midrib 
is  slender  for  A.  Serlii. 

Locality. — Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5484. 

Callipteridium  Sullivantii  (Lx.)  Weiss. 

PI.  XXXIX,  Figs.  1-3;  PI.  XLI,  Figs.  1-3. 

1854.   GalUpteris  SuUivantM  Lesquereux,  Bost.  Jourii.  N.  H.,  vol.  vi,  no.  4,  p.  423. 
1858.  Callipteris   Sullivantii   Lesquereux,  Geol.   Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  ]).   SCO,  pi.  v, 

fig.  13. 
1881.  Callipteris  Sidlivantii  Lx.,  C.  A.  White,  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1880,  p.  153, 

pi.  ix,  fig.  4. 
1881.  Calli2neris  Sullirantii  Lx.,  Calvin,  Pop.  Sci.  Missouri,  vol.  xviii,  p.  019,  fig.  1. 
1883.  Callipteris  Sullivantii  Lx.,  Chamberlain,  Geol.  Wisconsin,  vol.  i,  p.  216,  fig.  61c. 
1889.  Callipteris  SuUivanti  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i,  p.  108,  text  fig. 
1891.  Callipteris  Sullirantii  Lx.,  Le  Conte,  Elements  Geol.,  p.  303,  fig.  472. 
1869.  Alethopteris  SulUi-anti  (Lx.)  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  561. 

'  Lesiiuereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  166,  pi.  xxvii,  figs.  1,  2. 


124  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OP  MISSOURL 

1870.   Callipteridium    Sidlivanti  (Lx.)  Weiss,  Zeitschr.  d.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell.,  vol. 

xxii,  p.  876, 1)1.  xxi,  figs.  1-3. 
1880.  Callipteridium  Sullivantii  (Lx.)  Weiss,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  1(14. 
1883.    GcdUpteridium  Siillivantii   (Lx.)    Weiss,  Lesquereux,  13tli   Rept.    Geol.   Siirv. 

ludiana,  p.  210,  pi.  xii,  fig.  1. 
1889.  Callipteridium  Sidlmmti  (Lx.)  Weiss,  Miller,  N".  Amer.  Geol.  Pal.,  p.  Ill,  fig.  22. 
1889,    Callipteridiiim  Sidlivanti  (Lx.)  Weiss,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Peimsylvania,  vol. 

i,  p.  107,  text  fig.  • 

1899.   Callipteridium  Sidlivantii  (Lx.)  Weiss,  T).  White,  19tli  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  GeoL 

Surv.,  pt.  3,  p.  501. 

In  the  specimens  that  I  have  seen  of  this  peeuhar  species  the  pinnules 
are  generallv  ratlier  less  narrow,  proportionately,  near  the  base  than  in 
those  figured  in  the  early  Pennsylvania  and  Illinois  geological  reports.  The 
rachises  and  the  midribs  of  the  full-sized  pinnules  are  both  finely  striated, 
the  midribs  being  very  slender  in  the  immature  pinnules.  None  of  the 
examples  before  me  show  the  midrib  terminating  very  abruptly.  The 
lateral  nerves  are  fine,  not  very  close,  and  occasionally  they  fork  a  third 
time  in  arching  to  the  margin. 

As  a  rule  the  lowest  pinnules  at  the  base  of  pinnre  of  all  orders  are 
contracted  at  the  base  so  as  to  bear  considerable  resemblance  to  Neuropteris 
in  form  as  well  as  in  nervation,  thus  conforming  apparently  to  the  requisite 
characters  of  the  genus  Neurodontopteris  of  Potonie.'  This  similarity  of  the 
two  genera,  seen  in  Figs.  1,  2,  PL  XLI,  is  still  more  marked  in  the  specimen 
shown  in  Fig.  1,  PI.  XXXIX,  and  in  the  Callipteridium  neuropteroides  Lx., 
illustrated  in  fig.  3,  pi.  xxvii,  of  the  Coal  Flora. 

Our  species  exhibits,  in  habit  and  superficial  appearance,  a  great  simi- 
larity to  the  Danceites  Emersoni  Lx.,  the  apparently  Marattiaceous  fruiting 
of  which  seems  to  be  quite  in  conformity  with  the  supposed  relation  of  the 
Neuropteridece  to  the  MaraUiacece. 

The  Odontopteroid  aspect  of  Callipteridium  Sullivantii  Lx.,  which  led 
Weiss,  in  his  studies  of  Odontopteris,  to  associate  it  with  the  latter,  is  well 
shown  in  a  phase  illustrated  in  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  1,  of  two  pinnte,  belonging 
apparently  to  a  secondary  rachis,  which  are  in  outline  especially  suggestive 
of  Odontopteris  genuina  Gr  'Eury,  or  0.  ohtusildba  Naum.  The  reference  of 
the  species  by  Weiss  to  Callijiteridium  was  made  apparently  on  account 
of  the  form  and  nervation  of  the  upper  pinnae.     It  seems  as  a  whole  to  be 


'  Flora  Rothliegenden  v.  Thuringen,  1893,  p.  124. 


FEENS— MEGALOPTERIDB.E— ODONTOPTERIS.  1 25 

referable  to  the  Neurodontopteris  of  Potonie,  which,  as  Sterzel  remarks/  is 
largely  identical  with  the  Mixoneura  of  Weiss.  Without  discussing-  the 
relations  of  these  two  genera,  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  genus  Callipte- 
ridium  as  now  employed  seems  to  include  two  quite  different  groups. 
C.  SuUivantii  (Lx.)  Weiss  belongs  to  the  Neurodontopteroid  group,  and  is 
probably  entirely  distinct  from  the  later,  Pecopteroid,  group,  some  of  the 
representatives  of  which,  including  several  fertile  forms,  are,  in  mv  opinion, 
genetically  bound  to  the  closely  resemblant  forms  of  Pecopteiis. 

I  have  not  seen  any  rachial  pinnules  intermediate  to  the  pinnse,  such 
as  are  characteristic  of  the  genus  according  to  Zeiller's  definition,  although 
several  fragments  are  present  in  which  the  pinufe  are  still  alternately  con- 
nected with  the  broad  striated  rachis. 

The  nervation  and  common  form  of  the  pinnules,  which  frequently 
overlap,  are  finely  illustrated  in  Figs.  1,  2,  PI.  XXXIX,  and  in  Weiss's 
"Studien  fiber  Odontopteris."" 

Localities. — Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3587,  3589;  Pitcher's 
coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3588,  5660,  5674;  Gilkerson-'s  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  3598. 

ODONTOPTERIS  Brongniart,  1822. 

1822.  Filicites  sect.  Odontopteris  Bronguiart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  uat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  2.'>4. 

1826.  Odontopteris  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  i,  tent.,  p.  xxi. 

1828.  Odontopteris  Brougniart,  Prodrome,  p.  (JO. 

1870.  Odontopteris  Weiss,  Zeitschr.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  xsii,  p.  859  (pars). 

1870.  Mixoneura  Weiss,  Zeitschr.  d.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  xxii,  p.  804. 

1870.  Xenopteris  Weiss,  Zeitcher.  d.  deutsch.  geol.  Gessell.,  vol.  xxii,  p.  865. 

Odontopteris!  Bradleyi  Lx. 

PI.  XLII,  Pig.  2. 

1870.  An  Odontopteris  Bradleyi  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p.  390,  . 

pi.  viii,  lig.  1! 
1880.  Odo7itopteris  Brardleyi  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  140. 

The  specimen  illustrated  in  Fig.  2,  PI.  XLII,  is  an  interesting  example 
of  the  heteromorphous  Neuropteroid  or  Odontopteroid  fragments  at  ])resent 
included  among  the  American  species  of  Odontojjteris.  As  seen  in  the 
figure,  we  have  a  broad,  somewhat  lax,  striated  axis,  on  the  left  of  which  is  a 


'  Fl.  Rothl.  Oppenau;  Mitth.  Grossherzl.  Badenschen  Geol.  Landesanst.,  vol.  iii,  2, 1895,  p.  283. 
-Zeitschr.  d.  deutsch.  seol.  Gesell.,  vol.  xxii.  1870,  p.  876,  pi.  xxi,  ligs.  1-3. 


126  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

segment  of  Neuropteroid  limb,  such  as  is  not  unconnnon  in  Neurojderis  or 
Odontopteris,  sublobate  at  the  top  and  succeeded  by  several  obtusely  pointed 
or  obtuse,  decuirent,  more  or  less  ovate  and  obovate  pinnules,  extending  up 
to  the  lanceolate  obtuse  terminal.  On  the  lower  right  are  several  ovate- 
triangular  acute  pinnules  with  broad  decurrent  attachments,  the  lower  ones 
auriculate,  succeeded  above  by  pinnules  similar  to  those  alternating  on  the 
other  side.  The  nerves  are  rather  thick  and  fairly  distinct,  though  tlie 
lamina  is  moderatelv  thick.  The  nervation  of  the  large  segment  is  close, 
Neuropteroid,  arching  to  meet  the  apex  at  a  right  angle.  That  of  the  other 
pinnules  is  essentially  flabellate  and  Odontopteroid,  the  nerves  entering  by 
the  whole  width  of  the  attachment  of  the  pinnule  and  curving  somewhat 
toward  the  margin,  where  they  turn  slightly  upward.  A  coarse  strand, 
passing-  from  a  little  below  the  sinus  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base  of  the 
pinnule  to  the  apex,  supplies  the  nervils  for  the  upper  side  of  that  pinnule. 

Although  this  fragment  appears  undoubtedly  to  belong  to  the  group 
of  heteromorphous  species  represented  typically  in  OdonfojJteris  Wortheni 
Lx.,  0.  subcimeata  Bunb.,  0.  cornuta  Lx.,  0.  deformafa  Lx.,  and  0.  Bradleyi 
Lx.,  its  identity  with  any  of  them  is  questionable.  The  four  of  these 
species  first  named  and  0.  affinis  Lx.  all  may,  and  do  in  some  of  the 
examples  identified  by  the  author  of  those  species,  have  large  basal  seg- 
ments on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  axis.  But  while  strongU'  resembling 
especially  the  0.  Wortheni  or  0.  suhcuneata  Bunb.  by  the  large  basal  lobe 
and  the  terminal  portions,  the  pinnules  of  these  species  are  characteristically 
obtuse,  the  upper  ones  being  obovate-cuneate ;  and  in  all  examples  except 
a  single  individual  (No.  384  of  the  Lacoe  collection)  from  Mazon  Creek, 
Illinois,  in  tlie  Umted  States  National  Museum,  identified  by  Professor 
Lesquereux  as  0.  ■  Wortheni,  the  nervation  is  coarser  and  much  more  distant 
than  in  our  specimen. 

Odonto])teris  Bradleyi  Lx.,  with  which  the  specimen  is  temporarily  left, 
is  an  ambiguous  species  which  was  first  descrilsed  from  a  small  fragment 
of  a  siug'le  pinnule.  But  one  of  the  specimens  in  the  Lacoe  collection 
(No.  1256),  examined  and  identified  by  Lesquereux  prior  to  the  publication 
of  the  Coal  Flora,  is  a  segment  of  a  pinna  in  which  the  pinnules  have 
nearly  the  same  characters  as  in  our  specimen,  except  that  they  are  much 
more  constricted  at  the  base,  with  finer  nervation,  while  the  rachis  is  less 
lax.     Nevertheless,  no  large  basal  lobes  are  present  in  this  specimen.     It 


FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDEJS—NEDEOPTERIS,  127 

is  quite  possible  that  tlie  frag-inent  should  be  placed  in  Odontopteris 
siibcuneata  Bunb.  Specimen  No.  1256  comes  from  St.  Clairsville,  Ohio, 
and  is  probably  one  of  those  mentioned  in  the  description  given  in  Coal 
Flora,  vol.  i,  j^.  140. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  nearly  all  of  the  abo^-e- 
named  species  are  more  or  less  distinctly  hirsute,  as  is  the  condition  of  the 
specimen  from  Missouri,  though  the  fine,  short,  bristle-like  hairs  are  deli- 
cate and  quite  obscure,  compressed  upon  the  ileshy  lamina  of  the  pinnules. 
The  strongly  Neuropteroid  characters  present  in  some  of  the  specimens 
placed  by  Lesquereux  in  Odontopteris  Wortheni,  0.  subcuneata,  and  0.  affinis, 
together  with  the  fact  that  these  species  have,  so  far  as  I  can  learn,  very 
rarely  been  reported  from  beds  in  which  one  of  the  long-pinnuled  species 
of  Neuropteris,  such  as  N.  Scheuclizeri  Hofifm.,  N.  decipiens  Lx.,  or  N.  Jiirsuta 
Lx.,  was  not  also  present,  afford  a  basis  for  the  suspicion  that  thesp  partic- 
ular specimens,  if  not  the  entire  species  to  which  they  are  referred,  should 
be  regarded  as  anomalous  or  heteromorphous  pinnae  and  pinnules  of  the 
genus  Neuropteris.  This  suspicion  is  fostered  by  the  great  difficulty  in 
some  instances  encountered  in  deciding  as  to  which  of  the  two  genera  cer- 
tain specimens  should  be  referred.  For  example,  the  fact  that  the  pinnules 
of  these  species  of  Odontopteris  from  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois,  have  a  coarser, 
more  distant  nervation  than  those  from  other  regions  placed  in  the  same 
species,  just  as  Neuropteris  decipiens  or  N.  fasciculata  from  Mazon  Creek 
differs  from  the  forms  of  N  Scheucliseri  in  other  localities,  seems  to  indicate 
a  certain  coordination  or  agreement  in  nervation  between  the  species  from 
the  same  locality  placed  in  both  genera.  In  many  cases  it  would  seem  that 
neither  the  nervation  of  the  large  basal  segments  or  lobes,  when  the  latter 
are  present,  nor  the  presence  of  hafrs  affords  a  satisfactory  criterion  for  a 
generic  distinction  of  the  forms. 

Locality. — Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5623. 

NEUROPTERIS  Brougniart,  1822. 
Classification  veg.  foss.,  p.  33. 

The  definite  systematic  relationship  of  the  Neuropterid  group  is  still 
not  wholly  established.  Although  within  the  last  few  years  a  number  of 
new  species  have  been  discovered,  and  some  interesting  studies  of  the 
structure  of  the  petioles  in  certain  members  of  the  family  have  been  made. 


128  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

tlie  new  evidence  derived  from  the  morphologic  observations  tends  to  con- 
firm the  intimate  relations  of  tlie  g-enus  Neuropteris  to  Linopteris,^  Odontop- 
teris,  and  Callipterid'mm,  while  the  structure  seems  to  confirm  their  inclusion 
among  the  synthetic  forms  with  highly  organized  petioles  having  some 
characters  intermediate  between  the  ferns  and  the  cycads. 

The  opinion  advanced  by  the  late  Director  Stur,  that  NeMropteris  niay 
belong  to  the  Cycadese,  is  briefly  reviewed  by  Seward-  in  his  admirable 
volume  on  the  Mesozoic  Cycads,  without  admission  of  the  evidence  on  either 
side  of  the  question  as  conclusive.  It  is  true,  as  Seward  points  out,  that 
the  specimen  regarded  by  Kidston^  as  a  fertile  fragment  of  Neuropteris  hete- 
rophylla  Brongn.  seems  hardly  to  furnish  all  the  characters  for  a  satisfactory 
conclusion.  I  have  seen  similar  fruiting  fragments  from  the  Coal  Measures 
of  West  Virginia  with  reduced  pinnules,  probablj'  of  an  Adiantitoid  type, 
still  attached.  On  the  other  hand,  the  oblong  intemeural  pits  with  slightly 
raised  borders,  described  by  various  authors  as  the  fruit  of  this  genus,  are 
now  generally  admitted  to  be  the  work  of  fungi.  They  might  be  compared 
with  Hysterites,  or  even,  as  Stur  suggested,  with  the  recent  Phyllachora.  If, 
however,  we  accept  Zeiller's  identification  of  certain  fertile  pinnae  in  the 
Commentrv  flora^  as  belonging  with  the  sterile  forms  of  Linopteris  Schiitzei 
(Roem.),  the  fruit  of  a  typical  species  of  Linopteris  (J)ictyopteris)  bears  a 
strong  superficial  resemblance  to  that  of  Pecopteris  polymorpha,  i.  e.,  to 
Scohcopteris.  Neuropteris  and  Linopteris  are  among  the  most  closely  related 
of  the  artificial  genera  in  the  Paleozoic  flora,  the  anastomosis  of  the  nerves 
constituting  the  only  distinction  between  the  latter  and  the  group  repre- 
sented by  Neuropteris  gigantea  Stb. 

In  my  earlier  discussion  of  the  relations  of  TcBniopteris  missouriensis  I 
urged  the  genetic  relation  of  Neuropteris,  Bictyopteris,  Odontopteris,  CaUip- 
teridium,  and  the  pinnate  Tseniopterids  from  the  same  type  as  the  Devonian 
3Iegalopteris,  designating  this  early  ancestry  as  the  "  megalopteris  stock." = 
The  superficial  characters  of  certain  material  subsequently  examined  tends 
strongly  to  support  this  view.  But  at  the  same  time  I  should  expressly 
state  that  the  Megalopteris  forms  as  yet  discovered  can  not  be  so  ancient  as 


'  Dictyopteris  Gutb. 

■  Cat.  Mesozoic  Foss.  PI.  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  2, 1895,  p.  5. 

=  Trau8.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xxxiii,  1887,  p.  l.iO,  pi.  viii,  fig.  7. 

'  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Commentry,  vol.  i,  1888,  p.  273,  Atlas,  pi.  xxx,  figs.  6-10 ;  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  2-5. 

■  Bull.  Geol  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  iv,  1893,  pp.  119-132,  pi.  i. 


FERNS— MEGALOPTEEIDE^—NEUROPTERIS.  1 29 

has  been  supposed.  My  studies,  during  several  years,  of  the  floras  of  the 
Devonian  and  older  Carboniferous,  particularly  the  fossil  plants  of  the 
Pottsville  series,'  reveal  so  close  a  relationship  and  so  great  a  proportion  of 
identical  species  at  once  in  the  latter  series  and  in  the  "fern  ledges"  about 
St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  the  only  locality  of  supposed  Devonian  age  at 
which  Megalopteris  has  been  found,  as  to  leave  no  room  for  doubt  as  to  the 
Carboniferous  age  of  the  St.  John  jilant  beds.  On  the  other  hand,  repre- 
sentatives of  other  characteristically  Carboniferous  genera  so  common  in 
the  beds  at  St.  John,  such  as  Neuropteris,  Alethopieris,  Odontopteris,  and 
Pecopteris^  which  make  the  flora  of  that  locality  so  unique  and  unparalleled 
among  the  floras  of  other  Devonian  localities,  have  never  been  discovered 
at  any  other  Devonian  locality.  Typical  forms  of  Megalopteris  have  been 
collected  at  a  number  of  points  in  the  Pottsville  series  of  the  Appalachian 
trough  from  Tennessee  northward.  The  exceedingly  strong  affinity  of  some 
of  these  with  the  St.  John  type  is  but  an  illustration  of  the  common  char- 
acter and  intimate  general  relationship  of  the  associated  Pottsville  flora 
and  that  at  St.  John,  a  relationship  so  close  as  not  only  to  render  it  certain 
that  the  latter  is  Carboniferous  in  age,  but  also  indicate  that  it  may  well  be 
late  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous,  if  not  even  coexistent  with  some  of  its 
Pottsville  representatives.  Megalopteris,  while  possibly  less  ancient  than 
certain  of  the  early  Callipteridioid  Neuropteris  species,  may,  nevertheless,  be 
taken  as  an  example  of  the  archaic  composite  type  of  Neuro-Alethopteroid 
fern  life. 

In  connection  with  the  subject  of  the  genetic  relationship  of  this  group 
it  may  be  remarked  that  Potonid-  has  proposed  to  include  the  forms  with 
mixed  characters  of  Neuropteris  and  Odontopteris — i.  e.,  those  forms  in  which 
some  Neuropteris  pinnules  are  found  on  the  same  plant  with  a  greater  num- 
ber of  Odontopteris  pinnules — in  a  distinct  genus,  Neurodontopteris,  which  is 
largely  identical  with  the  Mixoneura  of  Weiss.  Still  more  recently  SterzeP 
proposed  the  genus  Neurocallipteris  for  those  Neuropteroid  species  in  which 
the  pinnules  of  the  upper  portions  have  the  Callipteroid  nervation  predomi- 
nating while  the  basal  pinnules  of  the  pinnse  have  the  nervation  of  the  true 
Neuropteris. 

'  Equivalent  in  part  to  the  Millstone  grit. 
^Flora  rt.  Rothl.  Thiiringeu,  1893,  p.  124. 

'Fl.  Rothl.  Oppenau;  Mitth.  Giossherz.  Badischen  Geol.  Landesanst.,  vol.  iii,  2, 1895,  p.  283. 
MON  XXXVII !> 


130  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

Neubopteris  rarinervis  Bnub. 

1847.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunbury,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  hi,  p.  425,  pi.  xxii, 

figs.  1,  la-h. 
1858.  Neuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  8.59. 
1863.  Neuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Dawson,  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  443. 
1866.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii, 

p.  428,  pi.  xxxiii,  figs.  1-5;  pi.  xxxiv,  figs.  1,  1«. 
3869.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Scbiinper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  440. 

1870.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Lesquereux,  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  2, 

p.  386,  pi.  viii,  figs.  1-0. 

1871.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Dawson,  Rept.  Geol.  Struct.  Min.  Res.  P.  E.  I., 

p.  44,  pi.  ii,  fig.  19. 
1879.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  6,  pi.  xv,  figs. 

2-5;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  109. 
1881.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1879-80, 

p.  152,  pi.  X,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 
1886.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bouill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi. 

xlv,  figs.  1,  la,  2,  3,  4,  ia;  text  (1888),  p.  26S. 
1893.  Xeuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  p.  85 

(pi.  v,  figs.  7,  6!). 

1878.  Xeuropteris  heterophylla  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  bouill..  Atlas,  i)l.  clxiv, 

fig.  2;  text  (1879)',  p.  49. 

This  species,  several  fragments  of  which  have  been  found  in  the  collec- 
tions, may  be  easily  distinguished  from  Neuropteris  missovriensis  Lx.  b)^  the 
coarse,  rather  distant,  arching  veins  forking  at  a  wider  angle,  while  the  pin- 
nules are  rather  more  distant,  longer  proportionately,  narrower,  often  with  a 
slightl}^  sinuous  margin,  and  generally  dilated  somewhat  at  the  base.  The 
species  is  described  at  length  in  my  report  on  the  flora  of  the  outlying  coal 
basins  of  Missouri.^  Neuropteris  rarinervis  Bunb.  is  possibly  indistinguish- 
able from  Neuropteris  coriacea  Lx.,  with  which  the  specimens  in  hand  seem 
to  agree  equally  well. 

Localities.— Hohhs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5475;  Deepwater,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus,  5476. 

Neuropteris  missouriensis  Lx. 

PI.  XLI,  Figs.  4,  5;  PI.  XLH,  Fig.  4;  PI.  XLV,  Fig.  3. 

1879.  Xeuropteris  missouriensis  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  3,  pi.  vii,  figs.  5-6, 

(>a;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  104. 
1899.  Xeuropteris  missouriensis  Lx.,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pt.  3, 
p.  507. 

'  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,.  No.  98,  p.  85. 


FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—NEUROPTEEIS.  131 

Fronds  bi-  or  tripinnate,  dense,  the  divisions  alternate,  open  at  a  riglit 
angle,  or  nearly  so,  to  the  racliis,  the  rachis  being  broad  and  striate;  pinnee 
usnally  close,  contiguous,  or  overlapping,  sometimes  slightly  narrowed  at 
the  base,  the  sides  parallel  in  the  middle,  often  somewhat  rounded  at  the 
tip ;  pinnules  alternate,  rather  thiii)  open,  the  lateral  ones  ovate  when  small, 
becoming  oval  and  oblong,  rounded  ;it  the  top,  close,  usually  slightly  imbri- 
cated, nearly  bilaterally  symmetrical,  slightly  subfalcate,  entire  to  the  sub- 
terminal  lobe,  sessile  by  the  base  of  the  broad  midrib,  the  sides  nearly 
equally  rounded  at  the  base;  terminal  pinnule  large,  very  long  in  the 
young  pinnae,  oblong-deltoid,  oblong-ovate,  or  rarely  deltoid-ovate,  obtusely 
rounded  at  the  apex,  with  not  more  than  one  connate  basal  lobe;  midrib 
distinct,  broad,  striate  in  the  large  pinnules,  dissolving  above  the  middle; 
nerves  distinct  near  the  midrib,  sometimes  immersed  in  the  lamina,  origi- 
nating at  a  narrow  angle,  forking  at  or  near  the  base,  often  with  three  sub- 
sequent dichotomies  at  a  narrow  angle  while  arching  gradually  to  meet  the 
margin  nearly  at  a  right  angle,  where  they  number  34  to  40  per  centimeter. 

This  species,  which  is  very  nearly  related  to  Neuropteris  flexuosa  Stb. 
and  N.  vermicidaris  Lx.,  is  distinguished  chiefly  by  its  open  pinnae,  the 
obloiug  or  oval  rather  thick  pinnules,  slightl}^  imbricated,  sessile,  and  nearly 
equally  rounded  at  the  base,  with  the  midrib  distinct,  the  lateral  nerves 
distant  and  large  near  the  midrib,  forking  several  times  in  passing  to  the 
border,  which  they  meet  obliquely.  The  illustration  given  in  the  Coal 
Flora,^  as  well  as  our  Fig.  4,  PI.  XLII,  well  expresses  the  characteristic 
form  of  the  smaller  pinnae  and  of  the  pinnules.  The  terminal  pinnules  of 
the  longer  pinnae  are,  however,  not  always  so  oblong  and  obtusely  rounded, 
as  is  shown  in  Fig.  3,  PI.  XLV.  The  appearance  of  the  larger  pinnules  is 
illustrated  in  the  same  figure,  or  in  Fig.  4,  PI.  XLI.  The  specimens  in 
hand  agree  well  with  the  type,  kindly  loaned  for  comparison  by  Dr.  J.  H. 
Britts,  as  well  as  with  other  examples  determined  by  Professor  Lesquereux 
and  now  included  in  the  Lacoe  collection.  The  fact  that  Neuropteris  mis- 
souriensis  so  much  resembles  N.  flexuosa  perhaps  accounts  for  the  inclusion 
of  the  latter  species  in  the  list  of  the  fossils  of  Missouri  published  by  Mr. 
Hambach.^  I  have  not  seen  any  representative  of  the  latter  species  from 
Henry  County,  the  locality  given  by  that  author. 

'  PI.  vii,  fig.  5. 

2  Hambach,  Bull.  Ged.  Surv.  Jlissouri,  No.  1, 1890,  i)p.  60-85. 


132  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

The  froucls  of  Neuropteris  missouriensis  were  evidently  of  considerable 
size,  some  of  the  fragments  of  attached  rachis  measuring  as  much  as  9  mm. 
in  width.  The  large  Cyclopterid  leaves  described  as  N.  dilatata  (L.  &  H.) 
Lx.,  if  they  really  belong  to  this  genus,  are  probably  rachial  pinnules  of  N. 
missouriensis.  So  far  do  they  agree,  however,  in  the  essential  superficial 
features  with  those  of  similar  form  and  dimensions  placed  by  foreign 
authors  in  the  genus  Doleropteris  that  a  generic  identification  with  tlie  latter 
tends  to 'affect  the  systematic  status  of  the  Neuropterid  group. 

Localities. — Abundant  at  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5472, 
5630,  5631;  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5632;  Deepwater,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  5474. 

Neuropteris  fasciculata  Lx.  "? 

1879.  Neuropteris  fasciculata  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  5,  pi.  xxiv,  figs.  5,  6; 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  93. 

A  single  broad,  ovate,  acute  pinnule  in  the  collections  appears  to  be 
identical  with  Neuropteris  fasciculata  Lx.,  as  seen  in  specimens  from  Mazoii 
Creek,  Illinois.  It  has  much  in  common  also  with  iV.  acuminata  (Schloth.) 
Brongn.,  both  in  nervation  and  in  general  form.  There  fereuce  of  the  frag- 
ment to  this  species  is  merely  tentative. 

Xoca^ii^.— Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5477. 

Neuropteris  Schbuchzeri  Hoffm. 
PI.  XXXVII,  Fig.  4;  PI.  XLII,  Fig.  3;  PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  d. 

1691.  Phyllites  mineralis  Luidius,  Litliopbyl.  Brit.,  p.  12,  pi.  v,  fig.  190. 

1723.  Phyllites  mineralis  Luid.,  Scheuchzer,  Herb.  Dil.,  p.  48,  pi.  x,  tig.  3. 

1826.  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hoft'mann,  iu  Kefersteiii :  Teutschland,  vol.  iv,  p.  157, 

pi.  lb,  figs.  Ib-i. 
1830.  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hott'm.,  Bronguiart,    Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  230,  pi.  ixiii, 

fig.  5. 
1840.  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hott'm.,  Jackson,  Rept.  Geol.  Agriciilt.    Surv.  Rhode 

Island,  1839,  p.  288,  pi.  v,  fig.  10. 
1857.  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hoffm.,  Kimball,  Fl.  Appal.  Coal  Field,  p.  9,  pi.  i,  fig.  1. 

1880.  Nevropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hottm.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valeucieunes,  Atlas,  pi. 

xli,  figs.  1,  la,  2,  3;  text  (1888),  p.  251. 
1887.  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hoffm.,  Kidston,  Foss.  Fl.  Radstock  Ser.,  p.  356,  pi. 

xxiii,  figs.  1,  Irt,  2. 
1893.  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  Hott'm.,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  no.  98,  p.  69. 


FERNS— MEG  ALOPTBEIDE.E—NEUROPTERIS.  1 33 

1899.  Nenroiiieris  Scheuchzeri  Hoffm.,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv., 

pt.  3,  p.  503. 
1830.  Neuropteris  angusHfoUa  Brongn.,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  231,  pi.  Ixiv,  flgs.  3,  4. 
18C9.  Neuropteris  angustifoUa  Brougn.,  Geiuitz,  Dyas,  vol.  ii,  p.  139,  (pi.  xxvii,  fig.  9!). 

1869.  Neuropteris  angustifoUa  Brongn.,  von  Eoehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steinkohlenf.  Westphalens, 

p.  33,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  7. 

1870.  Neuropteris  angustifoUa  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Eept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv, 

p.  467. 

1879.  Neuropteris  angustifoUa  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  3,  pi.  viii, 

flgs.  2,  3,  6,  8, 10, 11;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  89. 

1883.  Neuropteris  angustifoUa  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  13th  Eept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana, 

2,p.52,pLx,  flg."l. 

1884.  Nexiropteris  angustifoUa  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  734. 

1889.  Neuropteris  angustifoUa  Brongn.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  451, 

text  flg. 
1832,  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.,  Lindley  and  Hutton,  Fossil  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  119,  pi. 

xli. 
1847.  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.,  Bunbury,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  iii,  p.  423,  pi. 

xxi,  flgs.  1,  la-b. 

1865.  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.,    Goeppert,  Foss.  Fl.  Perm.  Form.,  p.  100  (pi.  xi, 

i3gs.l,2?). 

1878.  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongu.,  Dawson,  Acad.  Geol.,  3d  ed.,  p.  446,  flg.  1666. 

1880.  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  91  (pars). 

1888.  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.,  Dawson,  Geol.  Hist.  PL,  p.  126,  fig.  51&. 

1889.  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  452, 

text  fig. 

1836. Morton,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xxix,  pi.  xi,  fig.  26. 

1841.  Neuropteris,  Hitchcock,  Geol.  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii,  p.  542,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  1. 

1847.  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.  var.  angustifoUa  (Brongn.)  Bunbury,  Quart.  Jour. 

Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  iii,  p.  424. 

1866.  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.  va,r.  angustifoUa  (Brongn.)  Bunb.,  Dawson,  Quart. 

Jour.  Geol.  Soc,  vol.  xxii,  p.  154. 
1854.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lesquereux,  Boston  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  vi,  4,  p.  417. 

1857.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lesquereux,  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Kentucky.,  vol.  iii,  pp.  434, 

556,  pi.  vi,  fig.  4. 

1858.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  857,  pi.  iii,  fig.  6; 

pi.  iv,  figs.  1-16. 
1869.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lx.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  445. 
1875.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lx.,  Dana,  Manual,  Geol.,  2d  ed.,  p.  327.  flg.  635. 

1879.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  3,  pi.  viii,  figs.  1,  4,  5,  7, 

9, 12;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  88. 

1880.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lx.,  Fontaine  and  White,  Permian  Flora,  p.  47,  pi.  viii, 

figs.  7,  s. 

1881.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lx.,  C.  A.  White,  Eept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  1879-80,  p.  152, 

pi.  ix,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 

1882.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lx.,  Le  Oonte,  Geol.,  p.  365,  fig.  473. 

1883.  Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lx.,  Chamberlain,  Geol.  Wisconsin,  vol.  i,  p.  216,  flg.  67&. 


134  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOIRL 

1889.  Xeuropteris  hirsuta  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  460-462,  16 

text  figs. 
1889.  yeiiropteris  hirsuta  Lx.,  Miller,  Geol.  Pal.  X.  Amer.,  p.  128,  fig.  54. 
1857.  Xeuropteris  Rogersii  Kimball  iiioii  Lx.).  Fl.  Appal.  Coal  Field,  p.  10.  pi.  i,  fig.  1. 
1884.  Seurojiteris  angiistifoUn  Brougn.  var.  hirsuta  Lesquereiix,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii. 

p.  885. 

Few  species  amoug-  our  Paleozoic  ferns  present  a  greater  stratigraphic 
range  tlian  that  familiar  in  American  paleontologic  literature  tinder  the  name 
Neuropteris  hirsuta  Lx.  To  the  discussion  of  the  identity  of  this  species  with 
the  N.  angitsfifoUa  Brongn.  and  X.  cordata,  figured  by  Lindlev  and  Hutton, 
and  its  relations  to  other  species  given  at  length  in  my  report  on  the  flora  of 
the  onthTno-  carboniferous  basins  of  southwestern  Missouri '  I  have  but  little 
to  add,  and  that  is  generally  of  a  confirmative  nature. 

Since  the  publication  of  those  observations  I  have  had  the  opportunity 
of  closelv  examining,  in  the  Lacoe  collection,  several  hundi-ed  specimens, 
mostlv  identified  bv  Professor  Lesquereux,  and  confing  from  nearlv  everv 
resrion  of  this  cotmtrv  where  Coal  Measures  ferns  have  been  collected,  and 
after  a  painstaking  comparison,  side  by  side,  of  the  specimens  in  Xeuropteris 
hirsuta  and  X  angustifoVia,  together  with  a  few  others  labeled  since  the 
publication  of  the  Coal  Flora,  as  N.  Scheuchzeri  Hofiiu.,  I  am  imable  to  find 
aiiv  essential  character  that  seems  to  satisfactorily  sustain  a  difterentiation 
of  specific  rank. 

As  mav  in  manv  cases  be  observed  in  the  lists  published  by  localities, 
the  species  N.  hirsuta  and  N.  angustifolia  are  both,  if  either,  generally  reported 
from  the  same  localities.  Usually  I  not  only  find  both  fonns  fi-om  the  same 
localitv,  but  in  several  instances,  probably  the  result  of  hasty  determination, 
counterparts  have  been  found  under  the  two  names.  Diu'iug  the  companson 
of  details  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  greater  difference  of  nervation 
between  the  pinnules  of  the  two  forms  described  as  characteristic  of  the  two 
species  than  mar  frequently  be  found  among  the  pinnules  of  species  with 
gi-eat  veitical  range,  while  the  essential  chai*acters  of  basal  auriculation, 
attachment,  and  hirsuteness  occm-  in  both  groups.  In  a  series  fi-om  the 
Lower  Productive  Coal  Measm-es  (No.  XIII)  a  gi-adation  from  the  smaller, 
more  slender  pinnules  with  acute  tips  to  those  of  average  size  with  more 
rounded  apices  may  usually  be  observed  if  the   material  is   ample.      In 

i  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  98, 1893. 


FERNS— MEGALOPTBRIDE.E—NEUROPTBRIS.  1 35 

short,  when  deahng-  with  specimens  from  the  Lower  Productive  Coal  Meas- 
ures, though  when  but  a  few  specimens  are  in  hand  it  is  frequently  pos- 
sible to  separate  them  into  two  groups  according  to  a  single  character, 
such  a  division,  when  the  series  is  large  or  a  n^imber  of  localities  of  close 
stratigraphic  relation  are  represented,  is  usually  difficult,  if  not  wholly 
impossible. 

Concerning  the  name  to  be  employed  for  this  species  there  is  still  slight 
uncertainty.  Althougli  the  specimens  from  the  United  States  agree  well 
with  material  in  the  Lacoe  collection  from  Cape  Breton,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
the  Bristol  coal  field  in  England,  and  are  no  doubt  the  same  species,  I  am 
not  now  fully  assured  that  they  are  specifically  identical  with  the  more 
triangular  pinnules  from  the  Valenciennes  Basin,  published  by  Professor 
Zeiller;  and  accordingly,  if  Zeiller's  form  is  certainly  the  same  as  that  poorly 
described  and  illustrated  by  Hoffman,  it  seems  probable  that  the  tvpe,  with 
broader  and  more  lingulate  pinnules,  might  deserve  an  independent  specific 
designation,  in  which  case  Lesquereux's  name,  N.  hirsuta,  would  have  pri- 
ority. The  examination  and  publication  of  additional  specimens  from 
Hoffman's  locality  is  much  to  be  desired. 

With  regard  to  variation  in  a  species,  Neuropteris  Schenchzeri  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  of  American  Paleozoic  ferns.  Ranging,  as  it  does,  from 
near  the  base  of  the  Lower  Productive  Coal  Measures,  or  Alleghany  series, 
to  the  highest  plant  beds  of  the  "Permian"  or  Dunkard  Creek  series,  it 
presents  a  valuable  illustration  of  the  modification  of  a  species  found  at 
manjr  horizons  in  a  thick  series  of  probably  continuously  deposited  sediments. 
So  far  as  my  observations  have  extended  in  collections  fi-om  American 
localities  and  horizons,  it  may  be  noted  that,  in  general,  both  in  the  anthra- 
cite and  in  the  bituminous  fields,  the  earliest  representatives  of  the  species, 
in  the  lowest  coals,  are  prevailingly  smaller,  narrower,  and  more  triang-ular 
and  pointed,  the  hairs  fine,  short,  and  often  invisible.  A  little  higher,  as, 
for  example,  in  the  E  or  F  veins,  as  numbered  in  the  northern  anthracite 
field  by  the  Pennsylvania  geological  survey,  the  narrow,  acute  forms 
become  rare  and  the  proportion  of  broader,  more  obtuse  pinnules  increases, 
the  pinnules  becoming  large  at  the  same  time  and  more  consjjicuously  hir- 
sute, while  at  the  horizon  of  the  Pittsburg  coal  and  of  the  higher  anthracite 
coals  the  leaflets  are  mostly  broad  and  lingulate,  the  hairs  less  plain ;  and 


136  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

agaiu,  those  pinnules  from  the  Waynesburg  and  Washington  coals,  in  the 
so-called  Permian,  are  almost  exclusively  broad,  ver}^  large,  rounded  at  the 
top,  more  broadly  auriculate  at  the  base,  distinctly  and  rather  broadly  pedi- 
cellate, while  the  hairs  are  iisually  very  obscure,  if  not  absent.  Thus  the 
sequence  from  the  earliest  to  the  latest  form,  the  series  between  two  types 
that  would  if  considered  independently  be  properly  regarded  as  distinct 
species,  is  marked  bv  so  many  intermediate  or  transitional  phases  that  it 
seems  at  present  entirely  impracticable  to  attempt  to  draw  any  lines  of  a 
specific  grade.  Yet  the  differences  between  the  tyjjes  prevailing  at  stages 
vertically  distant  are  great  enough  to  easily  constitute  varieties,  if  one  does 
not  attempt  to  carry  the  varietal  distinction  all  the  way  through  the  inter- 
vening series.  A.nd  since  these  phases  or  forms  are  more  or  less  peculiar  to 
different  portions  of  the  vertical  section,  they  possess  a  stratigraphic  and 
correlative  value,  and  deserve,  therefore,  some  reference  term  and  definitive 
distinction.  Some  system  of  nomenclature  will  be  necessary  if  the  unques- 
tionable geologic  utility  of  these  phases  are  to  be  rendered  available. 

Accordingly,  for  the  common  early  form  that  is  characterized  in  gen- 
eral by  its  smaller  size,  narrow  or  triangular  form,  with  small  auricles 
squared  on  the  quarter,  the  median  nerve  slender,  the  pedicel  short  and  nar- 
row, the  hairs  being  delicate,  often  short  or  found  with  difliculty,  I  would 
use,  in  a  varietal  sense,  the  name  angustifoUa,  which  was  applied  by  Les- 
quereux  to  most  of  the  pinnules  of  this  character  from  Hem-y  County,  Mis- 
souri. I  think  it  not  unlikely  that  this  is  the  same  form  to  which  Bunbury 
gave  the  name  Neuropteris  cordata  Brongn.  var.  angusfifolia  in  the  flora  of 
Cape  Breton,  in  which  case  the  varietal  designation  should  be  credited 
to  him.  This  form  or  variety,  illustration  of  which  is  given  in  Fig.  3, 
PI.  XLII,  and  Fig.  4,  PI.  XXXVII,  is  the  common  phase  of  Neuropteris 
Scheuchzeri  in  the  plant  collections  from  Henry  County,  Missouri.  I  intend 
at  another  time  to  more  fully  illustrate  the  variations  of  this  species  within 
the  Carboniferous  series  of  the  Appalachian  Basin. 

Though  N.  Scheuchzeri  has  not  yet  been  reported  from  below  the  true 
Coal  Measures,  or  Alleghany  series,  in  the  United  States,  it  is  not  improbable 
that  representatives  of  it  may  yet  be  found  in  what  has  been  described  as 
the  "conglomerate  series,"  or,  better,  as  the  "Pottsville  series,"  or  fonnatiou. 

Localities. — Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5468,  5633;  Grilkerson's 
Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5469. 


FBRXS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E— NEUEOPTERIS.         137 

Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lx. 
PI.  XLI,  Fig.  6;  PI.  XLII,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XLIII;  PI.  XLIV,  Fig.  2. 

1833.   Cyclopteris  dilatata  Lindley  and  Hatton  [non  (L.  Si  H.)  Stb.],  Foss.  Fl.,vol.  ii, 

pi.  ici  B. 
1849.  Nephropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Brougniart,  Tableau  d.  gen.,  p.  1(5  (65). 
18(J0.  N'ephropterk  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Brongn.,  Scbiinper,  Trait6,  vol.  i,  p.  430. 

1879.  Dolerophyllmn  dilatatiim  (L.  and  H.)  Schiuiper,  in  Zittel:  Handb.  Pal:i*out.,  vol. 

ii,  pp.  142,  252. 

1880.  Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lesquoreux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  78. 

1893.  Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lx.,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98, 
p.  96. 

The  specific  correlation  of  these  large  Cyclopterid  pinnules  is  still 
uncertain.  The  nomenclatural  confusion  arising  from  determinations  influ- 
enced by  such  characters  as  size,  or  distance  of  nerves  along  a  broken  edge, 
or  obscurity  of  nervation  near  the  margin,  is  slig'litly  increased  by  the 
reference  by  some  paleobotanists  of  these, Cyclopterids  to  DolerophyUum, 
or  Boleropteris,  on  the  basis  of  a  relation  to  a  higher  gymnospermic  type. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  of  Clinton,  Missouri,  I  have 
represented  in  PI.  XLIII  the  specimen  described  by  Professor  Lesquereux 
in  the  Coal  Flora,  page  78,  and  again  by  myself  with  others  from  the  zinc 
region  of  the  same  State  ^  A  good  series  of  specimens  was  also  gathered 
by  Mr.  Van  Ingen  from  the  same  locality.  These  American  specimens  I 
have  carefully  compared  with  material  in  the  Lacoe  collection  from  Lindley 
and  Hutton's  tj^pe  locality,  Felling  Colliery,  Newcastle,  England,  and 
this  comparison  seems  to  confirm  Professor  Lesquereux's  identification. 

The  leaf  stxbstance,  which  is  not  particularly  thick,  shows  the  same 
intermediate  fibers  or  ducts  between  the  main  nerves  in  the  examples  from 
both  England  and  Missouri.  These  fibers,  as  we  may  for  convenience  term 
them,  in  the  plant  from  the  "  outliers"  in  the  zinc  region,  are  present  in  all 
the  well-preserved  specimens  In  fact,  the  better  the  preservation  of  the 
leaf  the  more  clearly  the  filaments  may  in  general  be  seen,  although  they 
are  sometimes  immersed  in  the  parenchyma.  The  details  given  in  Fig.  la, 
PI.  XLII,  fail  to  do  justice  to  the  continuity  or  distinction  of  these  filaments 
or  ducts,  though  they  sometimes  seem  to  lack  continuity,  owing,  apparently, 
to  a  vertical  undulation  in  the  parenchyma  of  the  limb.     Fig.  6a,  PI.  XLI, 

'  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  1893,  p.  96. 


138  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSODRL 

shows  the  appearance  of  the  filaments  near  the  base  of  the  leaf;  Fig.  la, 
PI.  XLII,  represents  the  aspect  between  the  same  nerves  nearer  the  margin. 
While  these  intermediate  filaments  are  sometimes  not  so  distinct  at  the  base 
of  the  leaf,  their  presence  can  usually  be  discerned  in  the  region  where  the 
main  nerves  are  distant. 

In  the  absence  of  a  knowledge  of  the  anatomical  structure  of  our 
material  any  argument  as  to  the  systematic  position  of  these  Cyclopterids 
will  lack  conclusiveness.  A  similar  condition  as  to  intervening  filaments 
may,  I  believe,  be  less  clearly  seen  on  some  of  the  other  asymmetrical 
auriculate  Cyclopterids,  with  marginal  attachments,  which  are  probably 
rachial  pinnules  of  Neuropteris,  and,  whether  they  represent  independent 
vessels  or  only  dissociated  nerves,  or  even  supposing  them  to  be  resin 
vessels  or  some  analogous  structures,  such  a  condition  would  not  perhaps 
be  out  of  accord  with  the  complicated  and  anomalous  structure  observed 
in  some  types  of  Paleozoic  fern  stems. 

Doleropteris  pseuclopeltata,  a  large  Cyclopteroid  leaf  regarded  by  its 
author.  Grand  'Eury,^  as  a  gymnosperm  (Boleropkyllmn  of  Sapoi-ta^),  agrees 
in  size,  form,  including  the  overlapping  auricles,  and  even  in  the  aspect  of 
the  nervation  so  closely  with  our  species  as  to  create  the  strongest  suspicion 
that  both  belong  to  the  same  genus.  The  only  apparent  important  differ- 
ence indicated  in  the  description  or  figure  is  a  more  coriaceous  texture  in 
the  French  specimen.  Moreover,  the  companion  species,  Cydopteris  obliqua 
Brongn.  and  C.  orbicularis  Brongn.,  have  been  referred  to  the  gymnospermic 
genus,  while  Schimper^  and  Schenk  were  disposed  to  believe  that  Cydopteris 
dilatata  L.  and  H.  should  also  be  referred  to  DolerophyUum. 

M.  Grand  'Euiy  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  Pachy testa  of  Brongniart,  a 
type  of  fossil  fruit  probably  represented  by  Rhahdocarpos  MansfiehU  Lx.  in 
tins  country,  is  the  fruit  of  Doleropteris.  The  supposed  male,  pollen-bear- 
ing disks  or  leaf  scales  of  the  same  plant,  identified  by  the  former  as 
Androstachys*  are  no  doubt  of  the  same  nature  as  the  fossils  described  by 


1  G60I.  pal(5ont.  bassin  houill.  Gard.,  1890,  p.  306,  pi.  vili,  fig.  1. 

"■DolerophyUum,  made  by  Saporta  the  type  of  the  DolerophijUeiv ,  and  placed  by  him,  togethei- 
with  the  Cordaitew,  etc.,  in  the  group  "Proangiosperms."  Saporta  et  Marion,  fivol.  ri^g.  vcg., 
Phanerogames,  vol.  1,  1885,  p.  68. 

sZittel,  Handb.  Palipont.,  vol.  ii,  pp.  142,  252. 

*  A.  cehennetuis  Grand  'Eury,  op.  cit.,  p.  307,  pi.  vili,  figs.  2A,  2A'.  "  Appareil  male  on  Amlrophylle 
des  Dolerophyllees,"  Saporta,  fivol.  Reg.  Xeg.,  Phanerog.,  vol.  1,  p.  71,  fig.  35. 


FERNS— MEGALOPTERIDE.E—LINOPTERIS.  139 

Dawson'  as  Dolerophyllum  pennsylvanicum.  These,  too,  are  Cyclopteroid, 
though  smaller,  thicker,  and  more  fibrous  than  any  of  the  other  Cyclop- 
terids.  These  fertile  or  polleniferous  disks  are  now  known  from  several 
localities  in  this  country,  and  the  fact  that  Cyclopteroid  specimens  of  the 
same  nature  as  N.  dUatata  are  present  in  the  same  beds  justifies  the  antici- 
pation that  should  specimens  showing  the  organization  of  the  leaf  be  found, 
these  would  prove  generically  identical  with  the  similar  forms  from  the 
Old  World. 

Localities. — Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6471;  Pitcher's  coal 
bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  .5470,  .56.58,  .5672. 

LINOPTERIS  Presl,  1838. 

1835.  Dictyopteris  Gutbier  (noa  Lamour.),  Abdriicke,  p.  Oi'. 

1838.  Linopteris  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Versuch,  vol.  ii,  facs.  7-8,  p.  167. 

1897.  Linopteris  Presl,  Potonie,  Lehrb.  d.  Ptlauzeupal.,  p.  153. 

LiNOPTBBIS    GILKERSONBNSIS    11.  Sp. 

PI.  XLI,  Figs.  7,  8;  PI.  LXI,  Pig.  1/. 

1897.  Dictyopteris  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  viii,  pp.  297,  300. 
1899.  Dictyopteris  gilkersonensis  D.  White,  19tb  Anu.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pt.  3, 
p.  510. 

Pinnules  open,  rather  distant,  alternate,  sessile  by  a  narrow  attachment 
to  a  slender  striate  rachis,  5  mm.  to  2  cm.  or  more  in  length,  4  to  7  mm. 
in  width,  oblong-ovate,  tapering  from  near  the  base  toward  the  round  sum- 
mit, nearly  straight,  hardly  subfalcate,  the  base  nearly  equilateral,  of  rather 
thick  texture  and  sparsely  punctate;  midrib  of  moderate  strength,  irregular 
above  the  middle ;  nerves  very  coarse,  but  few  primary  nerves,  very  oblique, 
anastomosing  near  the  bifurcations,  touching  the  margin  obliquely;  areoles 
comparatively  few,  very  broad  in  proportion  to  the  length,  trapezoidal, 
roundish  at  the  distal  end,  very  long  and  oblique  near  the  midrib,  and 
becoming  shorter  and  more  rhomboidal  near  the  margin. 

The  material  from  Gilkerson's  Ford  contains  many  detached  pinnules 
of  a  '^ Dictyopteris"  which  I  at  first  thought  might  be  a  variety  of  one  of  the 
species  already  described;  but  a  comparison  with  the  literature  and  speci- 
mens representing  the  described  American  species  leaves  little  doubt  as  to 

■  Can.  Rec.  Sci.,  vol.  iv,  1890,  p.  8. 


140  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

the  distinction  and  validity  of  the  form  to  which  I  ha^-e  consequenth'  given 
the  above  specific  name. 

The  name  Dictyopteris,  for  which  Presl  substituted  Linopteris,  should 
no  longer  be  employed  in  the  terminology  of  fossil  ferns,  since,  as  Potonid 
points  out,  the  same  name,  which  was  earlier  applied  by  Lamouroux  (1809) 
to  a  genus  of  living  Algee,  is  still  recognized  in  the  family  Dicti/otacece 

The  essential  characters  of  Linopteris  gilkersonensis  are  the  nearly 
straight  and  rather  small  pinnviles,  the  sides  converging  slightly  or  nearly 
parallel,  the  apex  rounded  with  almost  bilateral  S3mimetry;  the  coarseness 
of  the  nerves,  the  general  direction  of  which  is  very  oblique  to  the  margin ; 
the  relatively  small  number  of  the  areoles,  which  are  proportionately  very 
broad  and  consequently  few  in  number,  the  inner  angles  being  imusually 
open.  It  differs  from  the  group  represented  by  L.  ohliqna  Bunb.,  L.  sub- 
Brongniartii^  or  L.  ByongmartH  (Eichw.)  by  the  straighter  pinnules,  the 
coarse  veins,  and  the  relatively  few  and  broad  meshes.  Although  resem- 
bling in  form  and  size  some  of  the  specimens  figured  by  Kidston^  and 
Zeiller^  as  Dictyopteris  Munsteri  Roem.,  the  strong  nervation,  rigid  and 
open-angled  nerves,  with  shorter  meshes  at  the  margin,  make  it  improper 
to  associate  the  specimens  in  hand  with  that  species. 

Locflliti/. — Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5485. 

T^.NIOPTERIS  Brougniart,  1828. 
Prodrome,  p.  61;  Hist.  v^g.  toss.,  vol.  i,.1831  or  1832,  p.  262. 

T^NIOPTERIS   ?   MISSOURIENSIS   D.  W. 

PI.  XL,  Figs.  1-7, 
1893.  Twniopteris  missouriensis  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  iv,  p.  119,  pi.  i. 

Fronds  bipinnate  (tripinnate !),  the  larger  divisions  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  composed  of  pinnatifid  pinnules  near  the  base,  above  which  are  simple 
pinnules;  primary  rachis  broad,  shining,  marked  by  somewhat  irregular 
lines,  and  consisting  of  a  thickened  central  portion,  broadly  but  shallowly 
canaliculate  above,  half  round  below,  and  of  thinner  marginal  laminae ;  pin- 
nules opposite,  subopposite,  or  alternate,  slightl}^  distant,  at  right  angles  or 
refiexed  below,  becoming  more  oblique  above,  ribbonlike,  gradually  taper- 

1  Foss.  Fl.  Radstoek  Series,  1887,  p.  361,  pi.  xxi,  figs.  6a-6. 

'  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  1886,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  2,  2a  ;  see  also  figs.  1,  3,  4,  5. 


FEimS— MEGALOPTEKIDE^— T.ENIOPTERIS.  141 

ing-  from  the  lower  part,  with  borders  straight  or  shghtly  undulate  and 
nearly  parallel,  to  a  rather  acute  tip,  long,  sometimes  reaching  a  length  of  8 
cm.  or  more,  and  measiu-ing  6-13  mm.  in  width,  the  lower  ones  slightly 
narrowed  toward  the  cordate,  nearly  symmetrical  base  with  its  narrowed 
attachment  which  overlaps  the  marginal  lamina  of  the  rachis,  the  higher 
ones  becoming  attached  by  the  whole  base,  those  near  the  top  of  the  pinnae 
becoming  shorter,  more  distinctly  decurrent  and  confluent,  the  margins 
more  rapidly  converging;  limb  of  the  pinnules  rather  thick,  dull,  broadly 
canaliculate  along  the  midrib,  somewhat  convex  near  the  borders,  overlap- 
ping the  marginal  laminse  of  the  rachis,  constricted  to  a  rather  narrow 
attachment  in  the  lower  and  middle  pinnules,  spreading  and  uniting  those 
near  the  apex  of  the  23inna3,  where  it  forms  a  wing  incised  by  acute  and 
decurring  angles  at  the  confluence  of  the  pinnules;  nervation  Tseniopteroid ; 
midrib  strong,  depressed,  broad  and  striate  beneath,  broadly  canaliculate 
above,  originating  from  the  central  portion  of  the  rachis,  passing  along  the 
middle  of  the  lamina  and  tapering  to  the  apex  of  the  pinnule;  lateral  nerves 
rather  fine  salient  above,  distinct  beneath,  originating  at  an  oblique  or  some- 
times nearly  a  right  angle  from  a  slender  cordlike  bundle  often  distinctly 
in  relief  traversing  the  center  of  the  canal,  usually  forking  at  or  near  the 
midrib,  rarely  simple,  curving-  quickly  if  oblique,  and  passing  fairly  straight 
and  generally  parallel  perpendicularly  to  the  border,  usuall}'  forking  again 
at  a  var3'ing  distance  in  the  lamina,  and  counting  24  to  28  per  centimeter 
at  the  margin ;  basal  nervils  of  the  upper  decurrent  pinnules  springing  from 
the  rachis;  those  of  the  uppermost  Alethopteroid  pinmiles  rather  more 
oblique  in  passing  to  the  margin. 

Among  the  known  Paleozoic  plants  are  several  sj^ecies  described  as 
Danceites,  AletJiopteris,  Tccniopteris,  and  Desmopteris  which  have  many  char- 
acters in  common  with  Tceniopteris  %  missouriensis.  Of  the  American  forms, 
Banceites  (^Aletliopteris)  macrophylla  Newb.  sp  ,  Alethojderis  maxima  Andv.,  the 
types  ranged  under  Ortliogoidopteris  and  ProtoblecJmum,  and  an  unpublished 
species  of  CaUhpteridkmi  described  by  Lesquereux  deserve  comparison. 
Newberry's  Alethopteris  macropki/Ua,^  the  fully  developed  pinnules  of  which 
are  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  our  specimens,  is  Alethopteroid  in  arrange- 
ment, only  the  lowest,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  becoming  contracted  to 

'  Geol.  Surv.  Ohio,  Pal.,  I,  p.  383,  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  3,  3a. 


142  FLOllA  OF  LOWEK  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUKI. 

the  obliquely  cordate  base.  Besides  its  more  delicate  habit,  it  further  dif- 
fers by  the  obliquity  of  the  narrowed  bases  of  the  distinct  pinnules,  the 
more  slender  upper,  confluent  pinnules,  and  the  closer  nervation.  There  is 
perhaps  no  generic  difference  between  the  two  plants.  AletJiopteris  maxima 
Andr.,^  as  seen  in  a  specimen  from  Rushville,  Ohio,  determined  by  Professor 
Lesquereux,  is  an  Alethopterid,  though  the  difference  between  it  and  Pro- 
toblecJmum  may  not  be  of  g-eneric  rank.  At  probably  nearly  the  same  stage 
a  form  perhaps  somewhat  similar  existed  in  the  Alethopteris  ingens  Daws.,^ 
the  pinnules  of  which,  more  than  1  inch  in  width  and  3  inches  or  .more  in 
length,  have  the  Daiiceites  nervation.  The  A.  discrepans  Daws.,^  also  from 
the  beds  of  supposed  Middle  Devonian  age,  but  undoubtedly,  as  shown  by 
the  peculiar  composition  and  distribution  of  the  flora,  belonging  to  the 
Carboniferous,  at  St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  the  long,  ribbon-like,  open 
pinnules  of  which  are  united,  however,  by  a  narrow  decurrent  wing,  should 
also  be  taken  into  comparison.  So  far  as  the  form  and  development  of  the 
pinnules,  and  to  some  extent  the  nervation,  are  concerned,  a  closer  resem- 
blance obtains  in  the  cases  of  PseudodaiKBopsis  reticulata  Font.,*  from  the 
Upper  Trias  at  Clover  Hill,  Virginia,  or  the  forms  of  T(Bmopte.ris  Miinsteri 
Groepp.  {Angiopteris,  fide  Schenk),  from  the  Lias  of  Bornhohn  ^  The  upper 
pinnules  of  the  Virginia  species  are  united,  as  figured  by  Fontaine,  while 
the  lower  ones  are  long,  ribbonlike,  and  distinctly  and  nearly  equally 
rounded  at  the  base,  as  in  our  plant  from  Missouri.  Perhaps  its  nearest 
affinity  is,  however,  with  the  Tceniopteris  jejimata  of  Grand  'Eury,^  from 
the  Upper  Carboniferous  and  Permian  of  France.  In  this  species,  of  which 
the  upper  parts  of  the  pinnte  are,  I  believe,  unknown,  the  pinnules  are 
sometimes  short- pediceled,  the  lamina  thin,  and  the  nerves  generally  more 
oblique  near  the  midrib  and  more  regular,  as  figured,  in  passing  to  the 
margin  than  in  our  species.'     In  form  the  Missouri  species  is  also  close  to 

'  Geol.  Smv.  Ohio,  Pal.,  II,  p.  421,  pi.  1,  figs.  3,  Sa-b. 

-Foss.  PI.  Dev.  Sil.  Form.  Can.,  pi.  xviii,  fig.  206,  p.  54. 

'Op.  cit.,  p.  54,  figs.  203-205. 

^ Older  Mes.  FL,  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Monogr.,  vol.  vi,  p.  59,  pi.  xxx,  figs.  1-4. 

•'' Bartholiu :  Botauisk  Tklsskr.,  vol.  xviii,  hft.  i,  Kj0benhavu,  1892,  p.  23,  pi.  ix,  fig.  9. 

|*F1.  carb.  Loire,  p.  121.  Zeiller,  Fl.  fo.ss.  Commentry,  pt.  1,  p.  280,  Atl.,  pi.  xxii,  figs.  7-9. 
Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  Autun,  Epinao,  p.  162,  pi.  xli,  fig.  6.  Potoni^,  Fl.  Rothl.  Thiiringen,  p.  145.  pi.  xvii, 
fig.  3. 

'The  nervation  seen  in  the  figures  of  T.  missourienais  is  drawn  with  fidelity  in  detail  from  the 
originals. 


FERNS— MEGALOPTBEIDE^—T^NIOPTEKIS.  143 

certain  species  referred  by  Stur^  and  Zeiller^  to  Desmojiteris  Stur,  which 
has  a  somewhat  different  nervation,  thougli  it  appears  to  be  alhed  to  the 
Alethopteroid  group.  It  also  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  Alethopteris 
magna  Grand  'Eury.'  In  the  latter,  however,  the  mode  of  division  is  more 
irreo-ular,  the  pinnules  more  heteromorphous  and  not  so  contracted  at  the 
base,  while  the  nervation  is  much  more  distinctly  Alethopteroid. 

My  reference  of  the   Missouri  species  to    Tceniojjteris  is  provisional. 
The  fern  is  in  its  habit,  and  to  some  extent  its  nervation,  evidently  closely 
related  to  Alethopteris.     As  suggested  above,  it  should  perhaps  be  included 
in  the  same  genus  with  Danmtes  (Alethopteris)  macrojjhylla  (Newb.)  Lx.;  but 
from  the  character  of  the  rachis,  midrib,  form  of  pinnules  and  the  nervation, 
and  from  the  observed  development  of  the  upper  part  of  some  of  the 
Tseniopteroid  forms  in  the  older  Mesozoic  and  Carboniferous,  I  have  been 
led  to  place  it  among  the  TceniopteridecB;  and,  notwithstanding  the  high  degree 
of  its  superficial  identity  with  the  Marattiaceous  forms  comparable  in  their 
fructification  to  Bamea  or  Angiopteris,  it  seems  better,  in  default  of  all 
knowledge  of  the  fruiting  of  our  species,  to  r«fer  it  to  the  genus  Tmiiopteris, 
the  former  resting  place  of  many  of  the  Mesozoic  species,  rather  than  to 
the  equivocal  genus  Danmtes.     It  is  certainly  ineligible  to  admission  in  the 
Danmtes  of  Groeppert  and  Stur.     The  name  Danmtes,  in  the  sense  in  which 
it  is  employed  by  Heer  and  Schimper,  should,  if  used  at  all,  perhaps  be 
applied  to  those  species  only  of  which  either  the  fruiting  is  known  or  the 
generic  identity  with  other  contemporaneous  fruiting  species  is  by  other 
evidence  satisfactoril)-  proved,  leaving  their  apparent  representatives  from 
the  Paleozoic,  the  fruiting  of  which  is  not  known,  in  the  convenient  and 
noncommittal  genus  Tmiiopteris,  without  presupposing  any  direct  genetic 
relation  to  any  particular  fruiting  genus 

The  broader  application  by  European  paleobotanists  of  the  name 
Tmiiopteris  to  pinnate  forms  with  narrower  leaves,  as  well  as  the  resem- 
blance, in  many  respects,  of  our  plant  to  the  Tmiiopteris  jejimata,  has  further 
influenced  me  in  placing  this  form,  which  has  so  close  an  affinity  with 
Alethopteris,  in  the  above-named  genus.  Perhaps  it  belongs  more  properly 
in  Alethopteris. 

'Carbon.-Fl.  Schatzlaier  Sell.,  vol.  i;  see  D.  belfjica  Stur,  p.  181,  pi.  lii,  figs.  7-9. 
iiFl.  Foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  216,  pi.  xxxviii,  flg.s.  3-5.     See  Ettingshaiisen,  Fl.  Radnitz, 
p.  40,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  2-4. 

sG^ol.  pal.  bassin  houill.  Gard,  p.  290,  pi.  xx,  figs.  .5,  6. 


144  FLORA  OF  LOWEK  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOUKL 

The  relationship  of  Tmiiopteris  missouriensis  and  of  other  supposed 
Paleozoic  representatives  of  the  Marattiaceae  was  considered  soniewliat  in 
full  by  me  in  a  special  publication  on  the  subject.^ 

Localities. — Hobbs's  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5556-5560,  5568.  Also  one 
specimen  from  Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5591. 

EQUISETALES. 

CALAMARIJE^E. 

CALAMITES  Sackow,  1784. 
Acta  Acad.  Tlieoil.  Palat.,  vol.  v,  p.  357.  Schlotheim,  Petrefacteukuude,  1820,  p.  398. 

The  brilliant  results  obtained  in  late  years  by  the  English,  French,  and 
German  investigators  of  the  internal  structure  of  the  Calamarian  types  have 
thrown  great  light  on  the  relations  of  this  class  of  vegetable  remains. 

While  at  first  it  seemed  that  the  study  of  the  anatomical  features  of  this 
group  would  lead  to  its  division  into  several  sections  of  generic,  or  at  least 
subgeneric  rank,  some  of  these  sections  being  referred  to  orders  far  apart  in 
the  vegetable  world,  the  widespread  interest  and  increased  attention  to  the 
subject  consequent  upon  the  earlier  developments  tend  latterly  to  show  the 
relative  unity  of  the  Calamarian  group,  though  it  is  characterized  within 
itself  by  remarkable  diversity  and  complexity,  such  as  have  rendered 
enigmatic  so  many  of  the  Paleozoic  types. 

From  large  stems  with  thin  walls  like  Calamites  Suckowii  or  C.  ramosus, 
whose  superficial  structure  is  interpreted  ^  as  indicating  a  close  relation  to 
the  recent  Equiseta,  there  seeuis  to  be  a  progression  to  the  thick,  complex 
walled  species  with  well-developed  secondary  woody  growth  of  the  Calamo- 
dendron  or  Arthropitus  types. 

Of  great  interest  in  this  connection  are  the  observations  and  conclu- 
sions of  Mr.  Cormack  ^  who  has  found  in  Equisetum  maximum  that  the  older 
nodes  possess  much  more  highly  developed  woody  structure  than  the  young 
nodes,  with  new  radially  disposed  elements  and  what  seem  to  be  cambial 
cells  between  the  Ijark  and  the  wood.  From  a  comparison  of  the  structure 
of  the  recent  plant  with  that  of  Calamodendron  it  would    appear  that  the 

'  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  iv,  1893,  p.  119  et  seq. 

-Saporta,  R^vue  g^u.  bot.,  vol.  i,  p.  584. 

■Anuals  of  Botauy,  vol.  vii,  1893,  pp.  63-82,  pi.  vi. 


EQUISETALES— CALAMAEIEJ5— OALAMITES.  145 

difference  between  tlie  modern  Eqtiisetuni  and  the  Paleozoic  type  is  largely 
a  matter  of  degree  rather  than  fundamental. 

Quite  in  accord  with  this  conclusion  are  the  observations  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Hick,  who  finds  in  Calamostachys  Binneyana  an  axial  structure  agreeing  in 
its  details  with  the  Arthropitus  type,  while  the  sporangiophores  are  dilated 
at  the  summit  to  form  a  shield,  much  as  in  JEquisetum,  with  the  anatomical 
characters  of  which  the  fossil  has  much  that  is  in  common  or  similar.^ 

The  relation  of  some  Annularian  forms  to  the  Equiseta  and  Calamites 
will  be  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  Annularice. 

Calamites  kamosus  Artis. 

1825.   Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Autertil.  Phytol.,  pi.  ii. 

1828.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Brouguiart,  Hist.  veg.  toss.,  p.  127,  pi.  xvii,  tig.  5  (uoa  6). 

1835.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Gutbier,  Abdriicke,  p.  18,  pi.  ii,  tig.  6. 

1848.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pi.  ix,  tig.  2; 

pi.  X,  tigs.  1,  2. 
1877.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Grand  'Eury,  El.  carb.  Loire,  p.  20,  pi.  ii,  fig.  4. 
1879.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  1,  pi.  i,  fig.  2;  text, 

vol.  i  (1880),  p.  22. 
1882.   Calamites   ramosus  Artis,  Renault,  Cours.  bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  163,  pi.  xsiv, 

figs.  8,  9. 
1884.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  702,  pi.  xcii,  figs.  1-4. 

1886.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi.  Iv,  fig.  3;  jjl. 

Ivi,  fig.  3;  text  (1888),  p.  345. 

1887.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Stur,  Gal.  Schatzlar.  Sch.,  p.  96,  pi.  xii,  figs.  1-6;  pi. 

xiib;  pi.  xiii,  figs.  1-9;  pi.  xiv,  figs.  3-5;  text  figs.  1,  2,  28,  29,  31,  32. 

1888.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Toula,  Die  Steiulioblen,  p.  205,  p\.  v,  fig.  24. 

1851.  Calamites  communis  Ettingsbauseu  (pars),  Beitr.  Fl.  Vorw.,  p.  73  (ex  parte syn.). 

1877.  Calamites  noclosus  Schlotb.,  Lebour,  Illustr.,  pis.  ii,  iii. 

1884.  Calamites  [Eucalamites)  ramosus  Artis,  Weiss,  Steiuk.-Cal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  98,  pi.  ii, 

fig.  3;  pi.  V,  figs.  1,  2;  pi.  vi;  pL  vii,  figs.  1,  2;  pi.  viii,  figs.  1,  2,  4;  pL  ix,  fig. 

1 ;  pi.  X,  fig.  1 ;  pi.  XX,  figs.  1,  2. 
18S6.  Calamites  (Eucalamites)  ramosus  Artis,  Kidstou,  Foss.  PI.  Lauarksh.,  i).  51. 
1893.  Calamites  (Uucalamites)  ramosus  Artis,  D.  Wbite,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  no.  98, 

p.  17. 

1887.  Uucalamites  (Calamites)  ramosus  (Artis)  Kidston,  Foss.  Fl.  Eadstock  Ser.,  p.  341, 

1889.  Eucalamites  (Calamites)  ramosus  (Artis)  Kidston,  Foss.  PI.  Eavenbead  coll., 

p.  400. 

1888.  Eucalamites  ramosus  (Artis)  Kidst.,  Schenk,  Die  foss.  Pflanzeur.,  p.  125. 
Foliage  and  fructification:  see  Annular ia  ramosa  Weiss  (Calamostachys 

ramosa  Weiss). 

'  Proc.  Yorksh.  Geol.  Polytech.  Soc,  vol.  xii,  1893,  pt.  iv,  pp.  279-293,  pis.  xiv-xv. 
MON   XXXVII 10 


146  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

But  little  appears  to  have  been  added  to  our  kuowledge  of  this  inter- 
esting and  relatively  Avell-known  species  since  the  preparation  of  the  review 
of  its  status  in  my  report  on  the  flora  of  the  outlying  Carboniferous  basins 
of  southwestern  Missouri.^ 

Both  stems  and  branches  (Annularia  ramosd)  of  this  species  are  not 
rare  in  the  collections.  The  examples  from  Owen's  bank  and  Deepwater 
seem  to  present  the  general  characters  of  the  species,  though  the  branch 
scars,  of  which  there  is  one  at  nearly  every  node,  are  usually  small,  and  are 
occasionally  accompanied  by  still  smaller  cicatrices  at  some  of  the  joints. 
The  thin  scale  of  carbonaceous  matter  shows  the  woody  zone  to  have 
been  thin.  The  fluting,  which  appears  less  distinct  on  the  outside  of  the 
carbonaceous  residue,  is  nearly  obliterated  from  the  cast  of  the  pith  in  sev- 
eral greatly  compressed  specimens.  It  should  be  remarked  that  the  ribs, 
which  are  rather  less  sharply  defined  than  usual  in  this  species,  are  finely 
striate  throughout. 

Localities. — Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5421;  Owen's  bank,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  5420;   Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5419. 

Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn. 

1828.  Calamites  Suclcowii  Brongniart,  Hist.  v6g.  foss.,   p.  124,  pL  xiv,  tig.  6;  pi.  x\ , 

flgs.  1-6;  pi.  XVI. 
1835.  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Broun,  Lethfea  Geogn.,  vol.  i,  2,  p.  18,  i)l.  vi,  flgs. 

\a-h. 
1835.  Calamites  Suckoivii  Brongn.,  Gutbier,  Abdriicke,  p.  17,  pi.  ii,  figs.  1,  2,  Irt. 
1842.  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Kutorga,  Beitr.  Pal.  Russl.,  p.  5,  pi.  ii,  fig.  1. 
1845.  Calamites  Sucl-otcii  Brongniart,  in  Murchison,  Verneuil,  and  Keyserling:  G6ol. 

d.  1.  Russie,  vol.  ii,  3,  p.  11,  pi.  d,  flgs.  la,  lb. 
1848.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belgique,  pi.  iii, 

pi.  iv,  pi.  xi,  fig.  3. 
1850.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Mantell,  Pictorial  Atlas,  p.  47,  pi.  vi,  tigs.  1,  2. 
1855.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Geinitz,Verst.  Steink.  Sacbsen,  p.  6,  pi.  xiii,  flgs. 

1-3,  ^ec?). 

1855.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Phillips,  Man.  Geol.,  p.  235,  flg.  112. 

1865.  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Heer,  Urwelt  Schweiz,  p.  8,  flg.  5a. 

1869.  Calamites  Suckotcii  Brongn.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  312  (excl.  syn.)  (pi.  xviii^ 

flg.  1  ?). 
1869.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens,  p.  9, 

pi.  i,  flg.  6;  pi.  ii,  fig.  2. 

1871.  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Foss.  Fl.  Saar-Rh.  Geb.,  p.  117,  pi.  xiii,  flg.  5. 

1872.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Balfour,  PaLneont.  Bot.,  p.  57,  flg.  45a. 


'  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98, 1893,  pp.  17-25. 


EQUISETALES— CALAMARIE/E— CALAMITES.  147 

1874.   Calamites   Sticl-oivii  Brougu.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  biibm.  Kohlenabl.,  vol.  i, 
p.  102,  pi.  ii,  figs.  3,  4;  pi,  lii,  tigs.  1,  2;  pi.  iv,  figs.  1,  2;  pi.  v,  fig.  1. 

1876.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongu.,  Weiss,  Steinkobleu-GHl.,  vol.  i,  p.  123,  pi.  xix,  fig.  1. 

1877.  Calamites  Siickoioii  Brongn.,  Grand  'Eury,  Fl.  carb.  Loire,  p.  14,  pi.  i,  figs.  1-4. 

1878.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongu.,  Dawson,  Acad.  Geol.,  3d  ed.,  p.  442,  fig.  163A, ,_,, 

p.  195,  flg.  39. 
1S79.  Calamites  Suckoimi  Brongu.,  Zeiller,  V(5g.  foss.  terr.  bouilL,  p.  12,  pi.  clix,  flg.  1. 

1879.  Calamites  Suclwwii  Brongn.,  Heer,  Urwelt  Scbweiz,  2d  ed.,  p.  15,  fig.  17a. 
1879.  Calamites  Sucl-owii  Brongu.,  Eotbpletz,  Abb.  Scbweiz,  pal.  Gesell.,  vol.  vi,  no.  4, 

p.  2,  pi.  ii,  figs.  1,  2. 

1879.  Calamites  Sucltoirii  Brongu.,  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  i,  flg.  3  (4?); 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  20. 

1880.  Calamites  Suclcowii  Brongu.,  Ferd.  Roeiuei,  Letb.  Geogn.,  Pal.,  p.  142,  pi.  1,  flg.  1. 
1880.  Calamites  Suclwwii  Brongn.,  Scbimper,  in  Zittel:   Handb.  Pal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  164, 

flg.  124,  a,  I). 

1880.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Dawson,  Cbain  of  Life,  p.  104,  flg.  96a. 

1881.  Calamites  Suckou-ii  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  p.  9,  pi.  vii,  fig.  43. 

1882.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Renault,  Cours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  159,  pi.  xxiv, 

figs.  3, 4,  5,  6. 

1882.  Calamites  Suckoirii  Brongn.,  Twelvetrees,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  Loud.,  vol. 

xxxviii,  p.  495,  pi.  xx,  flg.  3. 

1883.  Calamites  Suckotrii  Brongn.,  Lapparent,  Geol.,  p.  735,  flg.  275. 

1883.  An  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  13tb  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  pi. 

v,flg.  5? 

1884.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Steinkoblen-Cal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  129,  pi.  ii,  flg.  1; 

pi.  iii,  figs.  2,  3;  pi.  iv,  flg.  1;  (pi.  xxvii,  flg.  3  ?). 

1886.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bassin  bouill.Valenciennes,  Atlas, 

pi.  liv,  flgs.  2,  2a,  3 ;  pi.  Iv,  flg.  1 ;  text  (1888),  p.  333. 

1887.  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Stur,  Calamar.  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  145,  pi.  iii,  figs.  3,  4; 

pi.  V,  flgs.  a,  6;  (pi.  ix,  flg.  2  1);  pl.xiv,fig.l;  (pl.xvi,fig.l  ?). 

1887.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Oredner,  El.  Geol.,  p.  471,  fig.  236c. 

1888.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongu.,  Toula,  Die  Steinkoblen,  p.  202,  pi.  v,  figs.  1,  2,  9. 
1888.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongu.,  Renault,  PI.  foss.,  p.  185,  fig.  12. 

1888.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Dawson,  Geol.  Hist.  PL,  p.  123,  flg.  46a;  p.  124, 

flgs.  49  a-c. 

1889.  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i,  p.  105, 

text  flg. 

1889.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongn.,  Miller,  N.  Amer.  Geol.  Pal.,  p.  110,  flg.  20. 

1890.  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Grand  'Eury,  Geol.  pal.  Gard.,  p.  216,  pi.  iii,  fig.  24; 

pi.  xvii,  fig.  3. 
1890.  Calamites  Suckoicii  Brongn.,  Renault,  Fl.  foss.  Gommentry,  vol.  ii,  p.  385,  pi.  xbii, 

figs.  1-3;  pi.  xliv,  figs.  4,  5. 
1890.  Calamites  Suckowii  Brongu.,  Saporta,  Rev.  g6u.  bot.,  vol.  1,  p.  584,  pi.  xxv,  figs. 

1, 1«,  Ih. 
1833.  An  Calamites  cannceformis  Scblotb.,  Lindley  and  Hutton,  Foss.  Fl.,  vol.  i,  p.  217: 

pi.  Ixxix? 
1877.  An  Calamites  cannceformis  Scblotb,,  Lebour,  lUustr.,  pi.  1« 
1833,  An  CVdomito— base  of  stem,  Lindley  and  Button,  Foss  FL,  vol.  ii,  p.  39,  pi.  xcvi  ? 


148  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

1848.   Calamites  Artisii  Sauveiir  [non  (Goepp.)  Btt.],  Vt'g.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belgique, 

pLvii,flg.  1(2?). 
1848.  Calamites  nodosus  Schloth.  (nou  Stb.),  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houilL  Belgique, 

pi.  xii,  fig.  3. 
1851.  Calamites  communis  Ettingsliausen,  Beitr.  FL  Yorw.,  p.  73  (ex  parte  syu.). 
1882.  Calamites  irregularis  Achepohl  (non  Kutorga),  Niederrh.-WestfaL  Steiuk.,  pt.  6, 

p.  89,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  2. 
1884.  Calamites  (Stylocalamites)  Suclcouni  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Steiukohleu-Gal.,  vol.  ii. 

Atlas,  pi.  ii,  fig.  1 ;  pi.  iii,  figs.  2,  3 ;  (pi.  iv,  fig.  I  ? ) ;  pi.  xvii,  fig.  3. 
1884.  Stylocalamites  Suclcoivii  (Brongn.)  Weiss,  SteinkohlenCal.,  vol.  ii,  Atlas,  pi.  ii,  fig. 

1;  1)1.  iii,  figs.  1,3;  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  3. 
1887.  Stylocalamites  Suclcowii {Brongn.)  Weiss,  Kidstou,  Foss.  fi.  Radstock  Ser.,  p.  342. 
1820.  An  Calamites  decoratus  Scblotli.  (non  Eichwald),  Petrefactenkuude,  p.  401! 
1822.  An  Calamites  decoratus  Schloth.,  Bronguiart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  uat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  217, 

pi.  xii,  fig.  2? 
1825.  An  Calamites  decoratus  Schloth.,  Artis,  Autedil.  PhytoL,  pi.  xxiv? 
1828.  An  Calamites  decoratus  Schloth.,  Brongniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  123,  pi.  xiv, 

figs.  1-5? 
1828.  An  Calamites  decoratus  Schloth.,  Bronn,  iu  Bischoft':  Krypt.  Gewiichse,  p.  GO,  pi. 

vi,  tig.  11? 
1850.  Au  Calamites  decoratus  Schloth.,  Mantell,  Pictorial  Atlas,  p.  51,  pi.  xvii? 
1854.  Au  Calamites  decoratus  Schloth.,  Mantell,  Med.  Creation,  2d  ed.,  p.  107,  figs. 

14      1 
1861.  An  Calamites  decoratus  Schloth.,  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Surv.  Kentucky,  vol.  iv,  p. 

435  (pi.  iii,  fig.  4,  not  published)  ? 
1897,  Au  Calamites  typ.  Suclcoicii  Brongn.,  Potonie,  Lehrb.  d.  Pflanzenpal.,  p.  192,  figs. 

188,  i,  ii;  p.  193,  fig.  189? 

This  species,  reported  by  Professor  Lesquereux  from  Henry  County, 
Missouri,  is  represented  in  tlie  collections  before  me  by  a  single  long  frag- 
ment. While  the  characters  of  the  ribs  and  rib  cicatrices  seem  to  agree 
with  those  of  the  ordinary  specimens  of  the  species,  the  ramification,  noticed 
at  intervals  of  every  two  or  three  nodes,  appears  to  be  more  profuse,  perhaps, 
than  the  European  form.  ' 

The  carbonaceous  residue  of  the  vascular  tissue  constitutes  a  very  thin, 
fihny  pellicle,  and  seems  to  indicate  for  this  species  a  very  tWn-walled 
structure,  possibly  approaching  the  living  type  of  Equisetum.  It  is  probable 
that  some  of  the  thick-walled  or  more  Calamodendroid  specimens  referred 
in  this  country  to  this  species  are  really  more  closely  related  to  C.  varians  and 
other  species.  The  thin  tissue  of  C.  Suckowii  has  been  especially  emphasized 
by  the  late  Marquis  Saporta. 

Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5425. 


BQUISETALES— CALAMARIP^.E— CALAMiTES.  149 

Oalamitks  GiSTii  Brongii. 

1828.  Galamites  Cistii  Brongniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  129,  pi.  xx. 

1848.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  hoiiill.  Belgique,  pi.  xi,  fig.  1 

(2?);  pi.  viii,  flg.  3;  pi.  is,  fig.  1. 
1853.  Galamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Marcon,  Geol.  Map  N.  Ainer.,  p.  38,  pi.  v,  fig.  1. 
1855.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  7,  pi.  xi,  flg.  7  (8?); 

pi.  xii,  flg.  4  (5f);  pi.  xiii,  flg.  7. 
1865.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Heer,  Urwelt  Schweiz,  p.  8,  flg.  ia  (ft?). 
1869.  Galamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  1,  p.  313,  Atlas  (1874)  (pi.  xviii, 

fig.  3  ?). 
1871.  Galamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Dawson,  Kept.  Geol.  Struct.  P.  E.  I.,  p.  44,  pi.  ii,  figs. 

10,  11. 

1876.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  47,  pi.  xx  (figs.  1,  2,  4?),  3. 

1877.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Grand  'Enry,  Fl.  carb.  Loire,  p.  19,  pi.  ii,  flgs.  1,  2,  3. 

1878.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Dawson,  Acad.  Geol.,  3d  ed.,  p.  442,  flg.  163B;  p.  194 

(flg.  38!). 

1879.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Heer,  Urwelt  Schweiz,  2d  ed.,  p.  15,  flgs.  16a-b. 

1879.  Galamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  1,  pi.  i,  flg.  6;  text, 

vol.  i  (1880),  p.  27. 

1880.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Rothpletz,  Abh.  Schweiz.  pal.  Gesell.,  vol.  vi,  no.  4, 

p.  3,  pi.  ii,  flg.  3. 
1880.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Dawson,  Chain  of  Life,  p.  104,  fig.  96B. 

1882.  Galamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Eenault,  Cours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  162,  pi.  xxiv,  flg.  7. 

1883.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  13th  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  p.  40,  pi. 

V,  flg.  4. 
1886.   Galamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Sterzel,  Fl.  Eothl.  n.-w.  Sachsen,  p.  12  (pi.  i,  flg.  8!); 
pi.  ii  (flgs.  1?,  2?)  3;  (pi.  iii,  fig.  1;  pi.  vii,  tig.  2?). 

1886.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi.  Ivi,  flgs.  1,  2; 

text  (1888),  p.  342. 

1887.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Credner,  El.  Geol.,  6th  ed.,  p.  472,  flg.  2336. 

1888.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Dawson,  Geol.  Hist.  PI,,  p,  123,  flg.  46B  (flg.  48?). 

1889.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongu.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i,  p.  104,  text  tig. 

1890.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Renault,  Fl.  foss.  houlll.  Commentry,  vol.  ii,  p.  389,  jil. 

xliii,  flg.  4;  pi.  xliv.  flgs.  1,  2;  pi.  Ivii,  flg.  4. 

1890.  Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Grand  'Eury,  Geol.  pal.  Gard.,  p.  217,  pi.  xv,  fig.  1  (2?). 

1891.  Galamites  Cistii  Brongn. ,Raciborski,  Permokarb.  Fl.,  p.  13,  pi.  i  (flg.  1?),  (flg.  2'?). 
1835.  Calamites  tubercnlosus  Gutbier,  Abdriicke,  p.  24,  pi.  ii,  flgs.  4,  14;  pi.  iiiA,  flg.  4. 
1843.  An  Galamites  Durrii  Gutbier  Mss.,  in  Neumann,  Cotta,  Geinitz,  et  al. :  Gaea  v. 

Sachsen,  p. 69? 
1849.  An  Galamites  Durrii  Gutbier,  Verst.  Rothl.  Sachsen,  p.  8,  pi.  i,  tig.  6? 
1849.  An  Galamites  leioderma  Gutbier,  Verst.  Rothl.  Sachsen,  p.  8,  pi.  i,  fig.  5? 
1864.  An  Calamites  leioderma  Gutb.,  Goeppert,  Foss.  Fl.  perm.  Form.,  p.  34,  pi.  iii,  flg.  1  ? 
1851.  Galamites  communis  Ettingshausen,  Beitr.  Fl.  Vorw.,  p.  73  (ex  parte  syn.). 
1854.  Galamites  tenuifotius  Ettingshausen,  Foss.  Fl.  Radnitz,  p.  27  (pars),  pi.  iii,  flg.  4. 
1862.  Calamites   infr actus   Gutb.  var.  leioderma  (Gutbier)  Geinitz,  Nachtr.  z.  Dyas, 
vol.  ii,  p.  13"),  pi.  XXV,  flg.  3. 


150  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

The  characters  of  this  species,  including  the  very  thin  vascular  zones, 
the  rarity  of  rameal  cicatrices,  the  long  internodes,  the  low,  nari'ow, 
obtusely  keeled  ribs  bearing  elongated  scars  at  the  upper  ends  and  obscure 
or  punctiform  cicatrices  at  the  lower  extremities,  and  the  shallow  furrows, 
clearly  striate,  are  so  clear  and  diagnostic  in  the  material  at  hand  as  to 
leave  no  doubt  as  to  its  identity  with  the  species  described  by  Brongniart 
from  the  Northern  Anthracite  field  in  Pennsylvania.  The  vascular  arrange- 
ment at  the  nodes  is  remarkably  clear,  considering  that  the  stems  are 
compressed  somewhat  in  a  shale  matrix. 

In  this  country  CalamUes  Cistii  seems  to  have  been  slightly  confused 
with  several  forms  possibly  referable  to  G.  nodosus  Schloth.  or  C.  varians. 
The  species  probably  appeared  in  the  upper  beds  of  the  Pottsville,  and 
was  perhaps  in  its  typical  phase  during  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  or  Alle- 
ghany series.  Although  it  has  been  published  by  several  authors  from  the 
Pei-mian,  an  inspection  of  the  figures  gives  the  idea  that  the  younger  forms 
depart  considerably  from  the  normal  type.  Possibly  it  would  be  proper 
to  place  these  Permian  specimens,  with  much  greater  propoi-tionate  breadth 
of  rib,  and  with  varying  nodal  diameter  and  lax  aspect  of  the  stem,  under  a 
separate  varietal  or  specific  name,  which  might  at  least  be  of  some  strati- 
graphic  value.  Illustrations  of  this  phase  are  given  by  Raciborski,^  Sterzel,^ 
and  Gutbier.  The  CalamUes  infractus,  and  leioderma  of  Grutbier  appear  to 
be  closely  related  to  these,  although  they  are  frequently  inscribed  as  syno- 
nyms of  Catamites  Cistii. 

Locality.  —Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5424. 

ASTEROPHYLLITES  Bronguiart,  1822. 

1822,  AsterophylHtes  Bronguiart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  nat.,  voL  viii,  p.  210  (pars). 
1828.  Asteropkyllites  Bronguiart,  Prodrome,  p.  159. 

1820.  Casnarinites  Schlotlieim,  Petrefactenkunde,  p.  397  (pars). 

1823.  Schlotheimia  Sternberg,  Versuch,  voL  i,  fasc.  2,  p.  32. 

1823.  MyriophyUites  Sternberg,  Versucli,  vol.  i,  fasc.  3,  p.  39  (pars). 
1826.  Bornia  Sternberg,  Yersuch,  voL  i,  fasc.  4,  tent.,  p.  xxviii  (pars). 
1826.  Briikmannia  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  i,  fasc.  4,  tent.,  p.  xxis  (pars). 
1826.  Bechera  Sternberg,  Yersuch,  vol.  i,  fasc.  4,  teut.,  p.  xxx  (pars). 
1836.  Mppurites  Lindley  and  Hutton,  Foss.  Fl.,  vol.  iii,  p.  105  (pars). 
1869.  Galamoclachis  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  323. 
1880.  Asterophyllum  Schimper,  in  Zittel:  Hand.  Pal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  175. 


1  Permokarb.  Fl.,  1891,  p.  13  (365),  pi.  v,  ligs.  1,  2. 

«FosB.  Fl.  Rothl.  n.-w.  Sachsens,  1886,  p.  12,  pi.  i,  fig.  8;  pi.  ii;  pi.  iii;  pi.  vii. 


EQUISETALES— CALAM  AEIE  JE— ASTEROPHTLLITES.  151 

ASTEROPHYLLITES   EQUISETIPORMIS  (Schloth.)  Brongn. 

PI.  LIX,  Fig.  Ic. 

1720.  Uquisetum  minimum,  etc.,  Mylius,  Memorabilia  Sax.  Subterr.,  p.  30,  pi.  xix,  flg.  12. 
1720.  Polygonum  fcemina,  etc.,  Mylius,  Memorabilia  Sax.  Subterr.,  p.  30,  pi.  xix,  flg.  7. 
1720.  Equisetum  majus,  etc.,  Mylius,  Memorabilia  Sax.  Subterr.,  p.  30,  pi.  xix,  figs.  3,  5. 
1723.  Equisetum  palustre,  etc.,  Sebeucbzer,  Herb.  Dil.,  pi.  i,  fig.  3;  pi.  ii,  fig.  1. 
1723.  Equisetum  diluvianum  Scheuohzer,  Herb.  Dil.,  pp.  15,  70,  pi.  i,  flg.  5. 

1804. Schlotheim,  El.  d.  Vorw.,  pi.  i,  flg.  2;  pi.  ii,  flg.  3. 

1820.  Gasuarinites  equisetiformis  Schlotheim,  Petrefactenk.,  p.  397. 

1825.  Bornia  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  i,  fasc.  4,  tent.,  p.  xxviii. 

1841.  Bornia  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Sternb.,  Steininger,  Geogu.  Beschr.,  Nachtr., 

p.  12,  fig.  13. 
1828.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brougniart,  Prodrome,  p.  159. 
1837.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Germar,  Isis,  col.  428,  pi.  ii,  fig.3. 
1841.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Hitchcock,  Geol.  Massachusetts, 

vol.  ii,  p.  541,  pi.  xxi,  flg.  2. 

1845.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Germar,  Verst.  Steink.  Wettin 

u.  Lobejiin,  p.  21,  pi.  viii. 

1846.  Asterophyllites   equisetiformis    (Schloth.)    Brongn.,    Teschemacher,   Foss.   Veg. 

Amer.,  p.  380. 
1855.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen, 

p.  8,  pi.  xvii,  flg.  1. 
1858.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Eept.  Geol.  Surv. 

Kentucky,  vol.  iv,  p.  436,  pi.  iv,  flgs.  1,  Ifl. 
1864.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis {^(Moih.)  Brongn.,  Goeppert, Foss.  Fl.  perm.  Form., 

p.  36,  pi.  i,  flg.  3. 
1869.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brougn.,  von  Eoehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink. 

Westphalens,  p.  22,  pi.  iii,  flg.  5. 
1871.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Steinkohlenf. 

Kralup,  p.  17,  pi.  i,  flg.  1. 
1871.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Foss.  Fl.  jiingst.  Steink. 

u.  Rothl.,  p.  12G  (pi.  xii,  flg.  2%). 

1873.  Asterophyllites    equisetiformis    (Schloth.)    Brongn.,    O.   Feistmantel,    Zeitschr. 

deutsch.  geol.  GeselL,  vol.  xxv,  p.  471  (pi.  xiv,  fig.  6?). 

1874.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  bohm. 

Ablag.,  vol.  i,  p.  116,  pi.  x,  figs.  1,  2;  pi.  xi;  pi.  xii,  fig.  2. 
1876.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  48, 

pi.  xix,  figs.  1,  2. 
1876.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Ferd.  Koemer,  Leth.  Geogn., 

Pal.,  pi.  1,  flg.  4;  text  (1880),  p.  146. 
1879.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Saporta,  Monde  d.  Plantes,  p. 

175,  fig,  11,  5,  4. 
1879.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  V6g.  foss.  terr.  houill., 

p.  19,  pi.  clix,  flg.  3. 


152  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

1879.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schlotli.)  Brougu.,  Heer,  Urwelt  Scliweiz,  2d  ed., 
p.  16,  fig.  19. 

1879.  Aster oplujUites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas, 

p.  1,  pi.  ii,  figs.  3,  3«;  pi.  iii,  figs.  5-7;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  35. 

1881.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Scliloth.)  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink., 

p.  9,  ]}].  ix,  fig.  45. 

1882.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Scliloth.)  Brongn.,  Renault,  Cours  hot.  foss.,  vol. 

ii,  p.  122,  pi.  xviii,  fig.  1;  pi.  xix,  fig.  3. 

1883.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Scbloth.)  Brongn.,  Schenk,  in  Richthofen:  China, 

vol.  iv,  p.  235,  pi.  xxxvii,  figs.  2,  3. 

1883.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  13th  Rept.  Geol. 
Surv.  Indiana,  pi.  vi,  figs.  1,  2. 

1886.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valen- 
ciennes, Atlas,  pi.  Iviii,  figs.  1-7;  text  (1888),  p.  368. 

1888.  Asteroplnjllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Toula,  Die  Steinkohlen,  p.  205, 
pi.  V,  fig.  27. 

1888.  AsterophyUites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Renault,  PI.  foss.,  p.  202,  fig.  15. 

1889.  ^s^eroj;/ii/Z/(7e.S'e(/?(ise/?/or»iis (Schloth.)  Brongn., Lesley, Diet. Foss. Pennsylvania, 

vol.  i,  p.  46,  text  tig. 

1890.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Renault,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Coni- 

mentry,  vol.  ii,  p.  409,  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  3,  4,  5. 
1893.  Asterojyhijllites  equisetiformis  (SuMoth.)  Brongn.,  Grand  'P^ury,  Geol.  pal.  houill. 

Gard.,  pp.  156,  173,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  4. 
1893.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongn.,  Potonii',  Fl.  Itothl.  Thiiringen, 

X).  176,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  8. 
1899.  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis   (Schloth.)   Brongn.,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Rept. 

U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pt.  3,  p.  513. 
1836.  Hippurites  longifolia  Liudley  &  Hutton,  Foss.  FL,  vol.  iii,  pis.  cxc,  cxci. 
1844.  Asterophyllites Neumannianus  Goeppert,  in  Wimmer :  Fl.  v.  Schlesien,  vol.  ii, p.  199. 
1848.  Asterophyllites  Lindleyanus   Goeppert,  in  Bronn:  Index  Pal.,  p.  122. 
1851.   Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Ettingshausen,  Fl.  d.  Vorw.,  p.  75  (ex  parte  syn.). 
1865.   Calamites  Cistii  Brongn.,  Heer,  Urwelt  Schweiz,  p.  8,  fig.  4c. 
1855.  Asterophyllites  grandis  L.  &  H.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachseu,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  5. 
1855.  Calamites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Ettingshausen,  Steinkohlenfl.  Radnitz,  p.  28. 
1869.  Calamoeladus  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  1,  p.  324,  pi.  xx, 

figs.  1-3,  4. 
1898.  Calamoeladus   equisetiformis  (Schlotli.)  Schinip.,  Seward,  Foss.  Plants,  vol.  1, 

p.  334.  fig.  87. 
1869.  Annularia  valamitoides  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  1,  p.  349,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  4. 
1876.  Calamoeladus  Mnervis  Boulay,  Terr,  houill.  nord  Fr.,  p.  22,  pi.  ii,  fig.  l . 
1876.  Galamostachys  germanica  Weiss,  Steinkohlen  Cal.,  vol.  l,p.  47,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  3,  4. 
1883.   Calamostachys  gcrmamica  Weiss,  Schenk,  in  Richthofen :  China,  vol.  iv,  p.  233, 

pi.  xxxvi,  fig.  5. 
1878.   Calamostachys   equisetiformis   (Schloth.)    [Bigsby?J,    Bigsby,    Thesaurus   Dev.- 

carb.,  p.  145. 

1880.  Asterox)hyllum  equisetiformis  {Schloth.)  Schimper,  in  Zittell :  Handb.  Pal.,  vol.ii, 

pp.  174,  175,  fig.  131. 

1881.  Asternphyllites  annularioides  Crepin,  in  Mourlon:  Geol.  Belgique,  vol.  ii,  p.  59. 


EQUISETALES— CALAMARIB.E— ASTEROPHYLLITES.  153 

There  are  in  tlie  collections  but  a  few  fragmeuts  referable  to  this 
species,  wliicli  must  have  been  relatively  rare  in  this  region  at  the  time  of 
the  deposition  of  the  lower  coals.  Two  or  three  of  the  fragments  are,  by 
the  marked  obliquity  of  the  very  narrow  leaves,  the  short  nodes,  and  the 
general  delicacy  of  form,  closely  related  to  AsterophylUtes  erectifolins  Andi*. 
This  phase  of  A.  equisetiforinis  is  not  rare  in  the  Ajspalachian  Basin,  where 
it  is  found  near  the  base  of  the  Productive  Coal  Measures,  or  Alleghany 
series.  The  leaves  on  a  branch  2  mm.  wide  are  more  than  three  times  the 
length  of  the  intei'node,  which  is  about  4  mm. 

From  the  habit  of  some  of  the  larger  stems  I  am  strongly  inclined  to 
believe  that  some  of  the  segments  of  large  stems  referred  by  authors  to 
A.  long'tfoUus  or  A.  rigiclus  may  be  merely  portions  of  the  main  stems  or 
principal  branches  of  A.  equisetiformis. 

The  Lacoe  collection  in  the  United  States  National  Museum  contains  a 
fine  example  (No.  7689)  of  the  latter  species  from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania, 
in  which  we  see  a  stem  segment  43  cm.  long,  1 7  mm.  wide  at  the  lower  end, 
and  10  mm.  wide  at  the  top,  provided  with  14  verticils  of  branches.  Four, 
and  sometimes  five,  branches,  the  longest  of  which  is  not  over  12  cm.,  can 
be  seen  at  nearly  every  node.  The  surface  is  nearly  smooth,  being  only 
minutely  lineate  where  decorticated,  and  is  much  smoother  where  the  car- 
bonaceous material  remains  intact.  It  is  worthy  of  mention  that,  notwith- 
standing the  size  of  the  stem,  the  leaves  on  the  latter  are  not  over  1.5  cm. 
in  length.  In  this  respect  it  differs  much  from  certain  specimens  from 
Mazon  Creek  ascribed  by  Professor  Lesquereux  to  this  species,  as  well  as 
from  that  figured  under  the  same  name  by  Von  Roehl.^ 

It  is  possible  that  the  distinctions  between  the  diiferent  species  of 
AsterophylUtes  have  not  in  numerous  cases  been  consistently  established  or 
followed. 

Localities. — Gilkerson's  Ford;  Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5423. 

ASTEROPHYLLITES   LONGIFOLIUS  (Stb.)  BrODgll. 

PI.  XLIX,  Figs.  2-4. 

1825.  BrwJcmannia  longifolia  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  i,  tent.,  p.  xxix,  fasc.  4,  pi.  Iviii, 

fig.l. 
1828.  AsterophylUtes  longifolius  (Stb.)  Bronguiart,  Prodrome,  p.  159. 

'  Fo88.  Fl.  Steinkohlenf.  Westphalens,  pi.  iii,  fio-.  5. 


154  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEL 

1832.  Asterophyllites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongu.,  Lindley  and  Button,  Foss.  Fl.,  voL  i, 

111.  xviii. 
1855.  Asterojjhyllites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steiiik.  Sachsen,  p.  9, 

1)1.  xviii,  figs.  2,  3. 
1869.  Astero])hyUites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Von  Eoelil,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  West- 

plialeus,  p.  25,  pi.  iv,  flg.  16;  (pL  xii  fig.  Ic?). 
1874.  AsterophyUites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  bohm.  Ablag., 

vol.  i,  p.  123,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  C ;  pi.  xv,  flg.  1. 
1876.  AsterophyUites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  50  (pi.  xix, 

fig.  3?). 
1876.  AsterophyUites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Steink.-Cal.,  vol.  i,  p.  50,  pi.  x, 

figs.  1,2,  3. 
1881,  AsterophyUites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  pi.  ix, 

fig.  46. 
1886.  AsterophyUites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  liouill.  Valenciennes, 

Atlas,  pi.  lix,  flg.  3;  text  (1888),  p.  374. 
1890.  AsterophyUites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Eenault,  Fl.  foss.  liouill.  Commentry, 

vol.  ii,  p.  415,  pi.  xlvii,  flg.  4;  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  1,  6. 
1893.  Aster ophylUtes  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brongu.,  Potonie,  Fl.  Eothl.  Thiiringen,  p.  178, 

pi.  xxxiii,  flg.  4. 
1848.  AsterophyUites  elegans  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  liouill.  Belgique,  pi.  Ixviii,  flg.  1. 
1851.  Calamites  tenuifolius  (Stb.)  Ettingshausen,  Beitr.  Fl.  Vorw.,  p.  76  (syn.). 
1854.  Calamites  tenuifolius  (Stb.)  Ettingshausen,  Steiukohlenfl.  Eadnitz,  p.  27  (pLii, 

fig.l?). 
1869.  Galamocladus  longifolius  (Stb.)  Schiniper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  323. 
1886.  Calamocladus  longifoli'us  (Stb.)  Schimp.,  Kidston,  Cat.  Fal.  Fl.  Brit.  Mus.,  p.  41, 
1876.  AsterophyUites  cf.  rigidus  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Weiss,  SteinkohlenCal.,  vol.  i,  pi.  xii, 

fig.  IB. 
1876.  Calamostachys  sp.  Weiss,  Steinkoblen-CaL,  vol.  i,  p.  56,  pi.  xii,  flg.  lA. 
1876.  Calamostachys  longifolius  (Stb.)  Weiss,  Steinkoblen-Cal.,  vol.  i,  p.  50,  pi.  x,  fig.  1. 
1884.  Calamostachys  longifolius  (Stb.)  Weiss,  Steinkoblen-Cal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  171,  pi.  xx, 

flg.  6;  pi.  xxi,  flg.  11. 
1886.  Calamostachys  longifolius  (Stb.)  Weiss,  Kidston,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc,  Glasgow,  vol. 

iii,  p.  54  (pi.  lii,  fig.  4?). 
1879.  AsterophyUites  tenuifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  terr.  houill.,  p.  20. 

To  this  apparently  equivocal  species  I  have  referred  a  number  of  speci- 
mens which  seem  to  agree  with  the  descriptions  and  figures  of  European 
examples.  I'he  finely  but  distinctly  striated  nodes  range  from  13  to  30 
mm.  in  length,  while  the  leaves,  counting  30  to  40  in  the  verticil,  are  from 
one  and  one-half  to  three  times  the  length  of  the  internode.  The  verticils 
vary  greatly  in  their  angle  of  divergence  from  the  axis,  some  of  them  being 
erect,  while  others  spread  out  very  open,  according  to  the  distance  from  the 
apex  of  the  branch.     The  leaves  are  generally  rigid,  though  curving  out 


EQUISETALES— 0  ALAMARIE.E— ASTEROPHYLLITES.  1 55 

from  an  axis  not  parallel  to  the  stem,  narrow,  somewhat  rounded  or  thick 
in  transection,  with  a  strong  midrib,  which  is  striate,  carinate  on  the  back, 
and  marked  on  the  inner  surface  by  two  parallel  lines.  Where  the  carbona- 
ceous matter  is  removed  from  one  of  the  specimens,  broken  contig-uously  to 
the  nodal  diaphragm,  the  leaves,  which  go  out  at  an  angle  of  about  45° 
with  the  stem,  seem  to  be  united  at  the  bases  in  a  sheath  a  little  over  a  mil- 
limeter in  width. 

The  occm-rence  of  AsterophyUites  longifoliiis  at  the  coal  banks  near 
Clinton  has  already  been  recorded  by  Professor  Lesquereux.-'  But  an 
examination  of  the  specimens  from  the  same  localities  now  in  the  collections 
of  the  United  States  National  Museum  reveals  several  that  were  identified 
as  A.  rigidus  by  the  same  author.  It  is  clear  that  confusion  exists  as  to  the 
distinction  between  these  two  species  in  our  American  material,  and  it 
would  seem  that  the  diiferentiation  was  perhaps  not  always  plain  or  consist- 
ent in  the  descriptions  or  figures  of  the  Old  World  specimens.  All  the 
material  in  both  the  Musemn  and  the  Geological  Survey  collections  from  the 
vicinity  of  Clinton,  appears,  in  my  judgment,  like  the  example  shown  in 
Fig.  4,  PI.  XLIX,  to  agree  with  the  A.  longifolius  as  figured  by  Sternberg,^ 
Sauveur,^  or  Zelller,*  although  there  is  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  A.  rigidus 
illustrated  by  Lesquereux  in  the  fourth  volume  of  the  reports  of  the 
geological  survey  of  Illinois,  while  there  are  some  points  in  common  with 
the  figures  of  Old  World  material.  Ottokar  Feistmantel,  who  gave  more 
attention  than  most  aiithors  to  the  species  of  Aster opliyllites,  explains^  that 
A.  rigidus  is  distinguished  from  A.  longifolius  by  the  shorter  internodes,  the 
joints  not  so  swollen,  the  leaves  generally  shorter  and  slightly  broader, 
lying  parallel  to  the  stem,  a  short  distance  above  their  bases,  and  especially 
characterized  by  a  certain  rigidity.  Sternberg's  type  is  represented*^  with 
these  characters,  though  the  leaves  in  his  Brukmannia  longifolia''  are  also 
soon  turned  upward,  parallel  to  the  axis,  and,  to  judge  by  his  figure,  ai-e  even 
more  rigid.  Mr.  Kidston  refers  the  specimen  illustrated  by  Schimper  as 
Calamostachys  typica  in  fig.  1,  pi  xxiii,  of  the  Atlas  to  the  latter's  "Traitd," 

'Coal  Flora,  toI.  iii,  p.  879. 

^Versuch  einer  Flor.a  tier  Vorwelt,  vol.  i,  pi.  Iviii,  lig.  1. 

'■^  V4g.  foss.  terr.  bouill.  Belgique,  pi.  Iviil,  fig.  1. 

•■Fl.  foBS.  bassin  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  374,  pi.  lix.  lig.  3. 

^Verst.  bohm.  Ablagerungen,  vol.  i,  1874,  pp.  123-125. 

^Versuch,  vol.  i,  pi.  xix,  fig.  1. 

'Op.  cit.,  vol.  i,  pi.  Iviii,  fig.  1. 


156  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

vou  Roelil's  figure^  of  Volkmannia  elongata,  and  one  of  the  examples^ 
identified  by  Weiss  as  Calamostachys  Ludwigii  to  Aster oplujUites  longifolius. 
The  variation  in  the  size  of  the  sti'obili  and  the  width  of  the  bracts  in  the 
fi-uctifications  described  under  this  name  fm-nish  another  example  of  the 
uniformity  of  the  vegetation  as  compared  with  the  reproductive  organs  in 
the  Calamarice. 

The  specimens  of  Asterophyllites  longifolius  from  the  mines  near  Clinton 
agree  fairly  well  with  examples  of  that  species  from  the  Bristol  coal  field 
in  England. 

Localities. — Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5432;  Owen's  coal  bank, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5423,  5677 ;   Pitcher's  coal  bank;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5673,  5676. 

CALAMOSTACHYS  Schimper,  1869. 

Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  328. 

Calamostachys  ovalisLx.? 

1858.  Qf.  Asterophyllites  ovalis  Lesquereux,  in  Rogers:  GeoL  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p. 

851,  pi.  i,  fig.  2. 
1884.  Cf.  Calamostachys   ovalis  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,   p.  717  (pi.  ixxxix, 

figs.  3,  4?). 

Among  the  Calamarioi  in  the  Lacoe  collection  in  the  National  Museum 
is  a  fragment.  No.  8056,  from  Henry  County,  Missouri,  which  was  iden- 
tified by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Calamostachys  ovalis  Lx.  The  specimen 
comprises  a  segment  of  a  compressed  spike  45  mm.  long  and  11  mm.  wide, 
the  distinctly  ribbed  axis  being  1.75  mm.  wide,  with  internodes  4  to  5  mm. 
in  length. 

The  bracts,  of  which  there  appear  to  be  between  15  and  20  to  the 
verticil,  are  slender,  narrow,  carinate,  tapering  from  near  the  base  to  the 
very  slender  apex,  and  are  at  first  somewhat  reflexed,  then  curved  outward 
and  slightly  upward,  although  the  tip  of  the  bract  seldom  reaches  the 
height  of  the  next  node. 

Unfortunately,  the  fragment  does  not  reveal  the  mode  of  arrangement 
of  the  sporangia  with  sufficient  clearness  to  assure  one  of  even  its  generic 
relationship.  But  the  entire  absence  of  any  trace  of  scars  of  the  sporan- 
giophores  in  the  middle  or  upper  portions  of  the  internodes,  as  well  as  the 

'  Fobs.  Fl.  Steinkohlen-Form.  Westphalens,  pi.  vii,  fig.  1. 
"Steinkohlen-Calamarien,  vol.  il,  pi.  xvlii,  fig.  2. 


EQUISETALES— CALAMAEIE.E— ANNULARIA.  157 

appearance  of  the  bases  of  tlie  internodes  and  the  position  occupied  by 
several  fragments  of  sporangia,  makes  it  seem  probable  that  the  specimen 
belongs  to  the  genus  ral(eosiachya  Weiss  As  such,  it  might  be  compared 
with  P.  pedunculafa  Will.,  although  the  internodes  are  rather  long  for  that 
species. 

The  inclusion  of  this  fragment  in  the  species  bearing  the  above  name  is 
made  entirely  in  deference  to  the  great  knowledge  and  experience  of 
Professor  Lesquereux,  who  seems  to  have  identified  it  without  question  as 
Calamostachjs  ovalis.  A  comparison  of  the  original  figure^  with  the  later 
figures^  published  by  him  as  this  species  shows  two  quite  different  plants; 
and  while  the  fragment  in  hand  differs  much  from  the  specimens  from  the 
Pottsville  series  illustrated  in  the  Coal  Flora,  it  agrees  hardly  better  with 
the  figure  of  the  early  type,  the  internodes  being-  almost  twice  as  long. 
The  precise  generic  relationship  of  either  of  the  illustrated  plants  is  hardly 
determinable  from  the  figures. 

Locality. — The  specimen  comes  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton,  Henry 
County,  Missouri,  No.  8056  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

A^^NULARIA  Sternberg,  1833. 

Versucli  eiiier  Flora  der  Yorwelt,  vol.  i,  fasc.  2,  p.  36. 

That  certain  among  the  Anuulariseform  types  represent  foliate  parts  of 
some  Calamites  is  now  generally  accepted,  the  case  of  Annidaria  ramosa  \\ii\- 
ing  been  amply  developed  almost  simultaneously  by  both  Weiss  and  Stur. 
The  more  recent  researches  of  Dr.  Potonie  go  far  in  showing  the  relations 
of  Annularia  to  both  the  JEquisetmn  and  Calamodendi-oid  types.  As  the 
result  of  his  study  of  well-preserved  material  from  the  Rothliegende  of  Thiir- 
ingia,  Potoni^^  demonstrates  that  the  leaves  of  ^1.  stellata  are  joined  at  their 
bases  in  a  narrow,  spreading  sheath,  comparable  to  Equisetum,  while  their 
superficial  structure  is  in  all  respects  essentially  the  same  as  that  of  the 
leaves  of  Equisetites  seceformis  (Scliloth.)  Andra  and  Calamites  varians  Stb. 
Moreover,  in  certain  verticils  of  Equisetites  zeceformis  he  finds  the  leaves 

'  In  Rogers:  Geology  of  Pennsylvania,  vol.  li,  1858,  pi.  1,  fig.  2. 

2  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  1884,  pi.  Ixxxix,  figs.  3,  4. 

'Der  iiussere  Ban  der  Bliitter  von  Annularia  stellata  (ScMotheim)  Wood  mit  Ausblicken  auf 
Equisetites  zeoeformis  (Schlotheim)  Andrii  und  auf  die  Bliitter  von  Calamites  varians  Sternlierg:  Ber. 
d.  Deutsch.  bot.  GeselL,  vol.  x,  1882,  p.  561-.5(i8.  Die  Flora  des  Rothliegenden  von  Thliringen :  Abli.  d. 
k.  Preuss.  geol.  Landesanst.,  N.  F.,  Hft.  9,  Th.  ii,  1893,  pp.  170, 179. 


158  FLOE4l  of  lower  coal  measures  of  MISSOURI. 

becoming  entirely  separated  and  free  as  the  stems  increase  in  tliickuess, 
instead  of  remaining  united  in  the  sheath,  thus  reproducing  on  a  smaller 
scale  the  features  seen  in  foliate  portions  of  Calamites  varians  Stb.  (Cala- 
mitina  of  AVeiss).  So  close  is  A.  stellata  to  the  Calamites  group  that  Dr. 
Potonid  appears  to  regard  its  relation  as  branch  or  twig  of  some  Calamites 
as  not  very  improbable. 

Fragments  of  Aunularia  stellata  with  leaves  still  joined  to  larger  stems 
have  been  described  by  Professor  Zeiller  and  Mr.  Lacoe.^ 

Annularia  eamosa  Weiss. 

1S2S.  Annularia  radiaia  Brongn.,  Prodrome,  p.  156  (pars.) 

1S48.  Annularia  radiata  Brougu.,  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pi.  Ixvii,  fig.  2. 

185.5.  Annularia  radiata  Brougn.,  Geinitz,  Yerst.  Steinkobl.  Sachsen,  p.  11,  pi.  xviii, 

figs.  G,  7. 
1869.  Annularia  radiata  Brongn.,  vou  Eoelil,  Foss.  Fl.  Steinkohlenf.  Westpbalens,  p. 

28,  pi.  iv,  fig.  3. 
1874.  Annularia  radiata  Brongn.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  bohm.  Abl.,  vol.  i,  i).  130,  pi. 

xvii,  figs.  2,  3,  4. 
1878.  Annularia  radiata  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  V6g.  foss.  terr.  houill.,  Atlas,  pi.  clx,  fig.  1; 

text(1879),  p.  24. 

1880.  Annularia  radiata  Brongu.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bonill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi.  iix, 

fig.  8;  pi.  Ixi,  figs.  1,2;  text  (1888),  p.  394. 
1877.  An  Calamites  nodosus  Scblotb.,  Lebour,  Illustr.,  i)l.  iii? 

1881.  Annularia  ramosa  Weiss,  N.  Jahrb.  f.  Min.,  vol.  ii.  Brief.,  p.  273. 

1884.  Anmilaria  ramosa  Weiss,  Steinkoblen-Cal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  98,  pi.  v,  figs.  1,  2;  pi.  vi, 

figs.  1-7;  pi.  X,  fig.  1;  pi.  XX,  figs.  1,  2. 
1893.  Annularia  ramosa  Weiss,  D.  AVbite,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  Xo.  98,  p.  17. 
1887.  Annularia  ramosa  Weiss,  Star,  Calamar.  Scbatzlar.  Scb.,  p.  106,  pi.  xiifc,  tigs. 

2,  3,  4,  6;  pi.  xiii,  figs.  1,3-9;  pi.  xiv,flgs.  3-5. 

1886.  Calamites  [Eucalamites)  ramosus  Artis,  Kidston,  Foss.  PI.  Lanarksb.,  p.  51,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  1. 

Fructification. 

1884.  Calamites  {Eucalamites)  ramosus  Artis,  Weiss,  SteinkobleuCal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  98, 

pi.  V,  fig.  2 ;  pi.  vi,  figs.  2,  3,  4,  6,  7 ;  pi.  xx,  figs.  1,  2. 
1884.  Calainostachys  ramosa  Weiss,  Steinkohlen-Cal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  180,  pi.  xx,  figs.  1,  2. 

1887.  Calamites  ramosus  Artis,  Stur,  Calamar.  Scbatzlar.  Scb.,  vol.  ii,  p.  96,  (pi.  xii,  figs. 

5,  6) ;  pi.  xiib,  figs.  2,  3,  4,  6. 

Considerable  variation  is  to  be  found  among  the  leaves  of  this  species, 
which,  as  was  demonstrated  by  both  Weiss  and  Stur,-  includes  the  foliate 


'  See  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bassin  houiller  Ae  A'alencieunes,  1888,  p.  399 ;  also  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No. 
98, 1893,  p.  27. 

=  See  the  resume  ou  the  relations  of  this  species  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  189.3,  p.  23. 


EQUISETALES— CALAMARIE^— ANNULARIA.  159 

branches  of  Calamites  raniosus.  It  is  frequently  difficult  to  distinguish  it 
from  Annularia  radiata  Brongn.,  by  which  name  it  was  formerly  usually 
known.  No.  7839  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  from  Henry  County,  Missouri, 
identified  by  Lesquereux  as  Annularia  radiata,  appears  indistinguishable 
from  the  ordinary  leaves  of  this  species.  It  is  possible  that  other  species  of 
Annularies  represent  the  ultimate  branches  of  different  species  of  Calamites. 
Locality. — Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  54fi0. 

Annularia  stellata  (Schlotli.)  Wood. 

PI.  XXIV,  Fig.  3b. 

1699.  Apparinw  densius  foliatw  Lnidius,  Lithophyl.  Brit.,  p.  12,  ])!.  v,  fig.  201. 
1723.  Apparime  densius  foliatw  Scheuchzer,  Herb.  Diluv.,  p.  19,  pi.  iii,  fig.  3. 
1723.  Oaliuni  album  vulgare  Tourn.,  Scheuclizer,  Herb.  Diluv.,  p.  63,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  3. 
1771.  Galium  album  latifolium  Rupp.,  Walch,  Naturgesch.  Verst.,  vol.  iii,  p.  117,  pi.  &?, 

fig.  2. 

1804.  ■ Schlotheim,  Flora  d.  Vorw.,  pi.  i,  lig.  i. 

1804.  Equisetumf  Parkiuson,  Organic  Rem.,  p.  428,  pi.  v,  fig.  11. 

1809.  An  Phytolithus  stellatus  Martin,  Petrificata  Derb.,  pi.  xx,  fig.  4? 

1820.  Oasuarinites  stellatus  Schlotlieim,  Petrifacteukunde,  p.  397. 

1832.  Gasuarinites  stellatus  Schlotheim,  Merkwiirdige  Verst.,  p.  5,  pi.  i,  fig.  4. 

1823.  Annularia  spinidosa  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  1,  fasc.  2,  pp.  28,  32;  \>\.  xx,  fig.  4; 

tent.,  p.  xxxi. 
1826,  Bornia  stellata  Sternberg,  Versnch,  tent.,  p.  xxviii. 
1826.  Annularia  fertilis  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  i,  fasc.  4,  p.  43,  pi.  li,  Sg.  2;  tent., 

p.  xxxi. 
1837.  Annularia  fertilis  Stb.,  Bronn,  Lethaea  Geogn.,  p.  44,  p\.  viii,  fig.  8. 
1859.  Annularia  fertilis  Stb.,  Eichwald,  Letha?a  Eossica,  p.  187,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  9. 
1828.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  156. 
1845.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongn.,  Germar,  Verst.  Wettin  u.  Lobejiin,  p.  25,  pi.  ix, 

figs.  1-3. 
1852,  Annularia  longifolia  Brongn.,  Ettiugsliausen,  Steinkohlenfl.  Stradonitz,  p.  8,  pi.  i, 

fig.  4. 
1855.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongn.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  10,  pi.  xix, 

figs.  3-5. 
1866.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii.  Pal.,  j).  444. 
1869.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongn.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  348  (pars),  -pi.  xxii,  fig. 

5;  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  2,  3,  4. 

1869.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongn.,  von  Roehl,  Poss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens,  p.  28,  pi. 

iv,  fig.  6. 

1870.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongn.,  Unger,  Sitzb.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wien,  Math.-nat.  01., 

vol.  Ix,  1,  p.  783,  pi.  i,  fig.  8. 
1874.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongn.,  O.  Feistraantel,  Verst.  biihin.  Ablag.,  vol.  i,  p.  127, 
pi.  XV,  fig.  3;  pi.  xvi,  fig.  1. 


160  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

187G.  Annularla  longifoUa  Bronga.,  Feid.  Roeuier,  Lethaea  Geogu.,  vol.  i,  Atlas,  pi.  1, 

fig.  8;  text  (1880),  p.  150. 
1870.  Anmdaria  lonf/ifoUa  Brougu.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  51,  pi.  xix,  figs.  4,  5. 
1879.  Annularia  longifolia  Broiigu.,  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  2,  pi.  ii,  figs. 

1,  2,  2a;  text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  45. 

1881.  Annularia   longifolia    Brougu.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  ludiaua,  1879- 

80,  p.  153,  pi.  xi,  fig.  1. 

1882.  Annularia  longifolia  Brougn.,  Renault,  Gours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  126,  j)l.  xx, 

fig.  1. 

1883.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongu.,  Lesquereux,  13tli  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiaua,  pt.  2, 

J).  44,  ijl.  vii,  figs.  1,  2. 

1883.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongu.,  Scheuk,  in  Ricbthofen :  Gbiiia,  vol.  iv,  p.  232,  pi. 

xxxix. 

1884.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongu.,  Lacoe,  iu  Lesquereux:  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  706. 

1888.  Annularia  longifolia  Brougu.,  Toula,  Die  Steinkohlen,  p.  205,  pi.  v,  fig,  29. 

1889.  Annularia  longifolia  Brongu.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i,  p.  26, 

text  fig. 
1891.  Annularia  longifolia  Brougu.,  Raciborski,  Rozpraw.  Wydz.  mat.  przyrod.  Akad. 
Umiej.,  Krakow.,  vol.  xxi,  p.  359,  ]}\.  v,  figs.  17-19. 

1834.  Aster ophgll it ea  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brongu.,  Liudley  and  Hutton,  Foss.  FL, 

vol.  ii,  pi.  124. 

1835.  Equisetum  stellifolium  Harlan,  Traus.  Geol.  Soc.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i,  p.  260,  pi. 

xiv,  fig.  4. 

1836.  Asterophyllites  ?  Morton,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xxix,  p.  151,  pi.  ix,  fig.  30. 

1840.  AsterophyUites,  Jackson,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Rhode  Island,  1839,  p.  288,  pi.  vi. 

1841.  Annularia,  Hitchcock,  Final  Rept.  Geol.  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii,  p.  754,  fig.  266, 

pi.  xxii.  fig.  3;  pi.  xxiii,  fig.  1  (center). 
1860.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.,    Phila.-,  vol.   xii, 

p.  236. 
1878.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill..  Atlas,  pi.  clx., 

figs.  2,  3;  text  (1879),  p.  26. 

1886.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas, 

pi.  Ixi,  figs.  4-6;  text  (1888),  p.  398. 

1887.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Kldston,  Foss.  Fl.  Radstock  Ser.,  p.  343. 
1887.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Stur,  Calamar.  CarbouFl.,  p.  55,  pi.  xiiih, 

fig.  3. 

1890.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Renault,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Commentry,  vol.  ii, 

p.  398,  pi.  xlv,  figs.  1-7;  pi.  xlvi,  figs.  1-6. 

1891.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Raciborski,  Permokarb.  Fl.  Karmiowick. 

W^apieuia,  p.  7,  pi.  v,  figs.  17-19. 

1892.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Potonie,  Naturw.  Wochenschr.,  vol.  vii,  no. 

51,p.520,  figs.  1,2. 

1893.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Renault,  Fl.  Foss.  Autun  et  fipiuac,  vol.  ii. 

Atlas,  pi.  xxviii,  tigs.  1,  3,  .5-15;  text  ^1896),  j).  67. 
1893.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Potonie,  Fl.  Rothl.  Thiiringen,  p.  162,  pi. 

xxiv,  figs.  1-6. 
1893.  Atmularia  stellata [Suhloth.)  Wood,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  p.  25. 


EQUISETALES— OALAMARIE.E— ANNULAEIA.  161 

1896.  Annularia  stellata  (Schlotb.)  Wood,  Potonie,  Abh.  k.  Pr.  geol.  Landesanst.,  IST.  P., 

Hft.  21,  p.  37,  fig.  32. 

1897.  Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood,  Potonie,  Lehrb.  d.  Pflanzenpal.,  p.  200,  fie 

195. 

1898.  Annularia  stellata  (Scbloth.)  Wood,  Seward,  Foss.  PI.,  vol.  i,  p.  265,  fig.  58D; 

p.  339,  fig.  88. 
1868.  Asterophyllites  lonf/ifolius  (Stb.)  Brongn.,  Biuuey,  Obs.  Struct.  Foss.  PI.  Oarb., 

pt.  i,  p.  28,  pi.  vi,  flg.  3. 
1870.  Annularia  sp.  Ferd.  Eoemer,  Geol.  v.  Oberscblesien,  p.  117,  pi.  Ix,  flg.  9. 
1883.  Annularia  mucronata  Scbenk,  in  Ricbtbofen:  Gbina,  vol.  iv,  p    226    pi    xxx 

flg.  10.  ■        '      •     ■    ' 

1887.  Anmilaria  Geinitzii  Star,  Calaniar.  Scbatzlarer  Scb.,  p.  215,  pi.  xvift,  figs.  1,  2  3. 

1888.  Annularia  Geinitzii  Stur,  Toula,  Die  Steinkohlen,  p.  209,  pi.  v,  flg.  14. 

1887.  An  Annularia  icestphalica  Stur,  Calamar.  Scbatzlarer  Scb.,  p.  213,  pi.  xiii/>,  fig.  2? 
1887.  Asterophyllites  icestphalicus  Stur,  Calamar.  Scbatzlarer  Scb.,  p.  216,  pi,  i\h,  fig.  4. 

Feuctification. 

1826.  Brukmannia  tubereulata  Sternberg,  Versucb,  vol.  i,  fasc.  4,  tent.,  p.  xxix  (Pars?) 

pi.  xlv,  fig.  2. 
1882.  Bruckmannia  tubereulata  Stb.,  Eeuault,  Oours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  129  pi.  xxi 

figs.  1-6  bis. 
1828.  AsteropkyUites  tubereulata  (Stb.)  Brongnlart,  Prodrome,  p.  159. 

1876.  Annularia  longifoUa  Brongn.,  Ferd.  Eoemer,  Letbaea  Geogn.,  vol.  i.  Atlas  pi.  1 

flg.  9;  text  (1880),  p.  150, 

1877.  Annularia  longifoUa  Brongn.,  Grand  'Eury,  FI.  carb.  Loire,  p.  44,  pi.  vi,  fig.  4. 
1879.  Annularia  longifoUa  Brongn.,  Heer,  Urwelt  d.  Scbweiz,  p,  16,  fig.  22. 

1879.  Annularia  longifoUa  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  iii,  fig.  10  (non 
11, 12). 

1882.  Annularia  longifoUa  Brongn.,  Eenault,  Cours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  126,  pi.  xxi, 

figs.  1-7. 

1883.  Annularia  longifoUa  Brongu.,  Scbenk,  in  Eicbtbofen :  Cbina,  vol.  iv,  p.  232   pi, 

xxxiv,  figs.  4-7;  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  7;  pi.  xxxvi,  figs.  1-4;  pi.  xxxix;  pi.  xli,  fig.  6. 
1876.  Stachannularia  tubereulata  (Stb.)  Weiss,  Steinkoblen-Cal.,  vol.  i,  p.   17    pi.  i, 

figs.  2-4;  pi.  ii,  figs.  1-3;  pi.  iii,  figs.  3-10, 12. 
1879.  Asterophyllites  fruit,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  2,  pi.  iii,  flg.  10. 

1884.  Calamostachys  tuhereulata  (Stb.)  Weiss  (non  Lx.),  Steinkoblen-Cal.,  vol.  ii  p.  178. 
1886.  Anmilaria  stellata  (Scblotb.)  Wood,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bouill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas 

pi.  Ixi,  figs.  3, 3a;  text  (188S),  p.  398, 
1890.  Annularia  stellata  (Scbloth.)  Wood,  Eenault,  Fl.  foss.  bouill.  Commentry  vol.  ii, 

p.  398,  pi.  xlv,  figs.  1-3;  pi.  xlvi,  figs.  4-6. 
1893.  Annularia  stellata  (Scblotb.)  Wood,  Sterzel,  Fl.  Eotbl.  Plauenscb,  Grund  p.  99 

pi.  ix,  fig.  9. 
1899.  Annularia  stellata  (Scblotb.)  Wood,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Eept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv 

pt.  3,  p.  515  (pi.  Ixviii,  fig.  10?).  '  "' 

An  excellent  suite  of  specimens  from  Henry  County  represents  this 
species,  which  is  more  familiar  to  geoloj^-ists  as  A.  longifoUa.  A  somewhat 
extensive  summary  of  its  characters  was  given  in  my  report  on  the  Flora 

MON   XXXVII 11 


162  FLOKA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

of  the  Outlying  Carboniferous  Basins  of  Southwestern  Missouri/  In  the 
material  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton  is  a  rock  on  which  one  fine  verticil  of 
this  species  includes  as  many  as  twenty-seven  leaves.  iVnother  fragment, 
from  Hobbs's  bank,  contains  portions  of  a  plant  in  which  the  leaves  are 
nearly  5  cm.  in  length.  The  same  piece  of  shale  bears  a  small  Lamelli- 
branch,  but  the  valves  of  the  latter  are  unfortunately  crushed  too  much  to 
admit  of  its  determination.  Many  of  the  specimens,  especially  those  from 
Deepwater,  show  the  mucrons  clearly  developed  at  the  apices  of  the  sha- 
greened  leaves.  In  some  examples  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  is  well 
arched  upward,  the  midrib  being  so  faint  as  to  suggest  the  form  named 
A.  inflata  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  but  on  the  under  surface  of  these  leaves 
the  midrib  is  in  strong  relief  It  is  possible  the  rugose  or  shagreened  effect 
is  due  to  the  presence  of  very  short  hairs  similar  to  those  described  by  Dr. 
Potoni^.  I  have  not  yet  been  able  clearly  to  discern  the  transjjiration 
zones  noted  by  Potonid  on  each  side  of  the  central  nerve. 

In  many  of  the  Henry  County  specimens  the  leaves  present  a  lax, 
slightly  flexuous  liabit,  suggesting  the  phase  seen  in  the  earliest  precursors 
of  the  species  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Pottsville  series.  There  are  also 
.  present  a  number  of  strobili,  some  of  which  are  so  broken  as  to  show  the 
characters  of  the  axis,  the  sporangiophores,  attached  near  the  middle  of  the 
internode,  and  the  sporangia.  A  description  of  the  fruit,  whicli  agrees  with 
the  ^'' Aster ophyUites''''  figured  by  Lesquereux  in  fig.  10,  pi.  iii,  of  the  Atlas  to 
the  Coal  Flora,  may  be  found  in  the  above-mentioned  report  on  the  flora  of 
the  outlying  basins  of  this  State. 

The  svstematic  relation  oi  Annularia  stellata  has  been  referred  to  above 
in  my  remarks  on  the  genus  Annularia. 

ioca^i^ies.— Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5434,  6436,  5443; 
Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5444,  5537,  5586;  Owen's  coal  bank, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5433,  5445;  Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5442,  5446,  5538; 
Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6229. 

Annularia  steli.ata  (Schloth.)  Wood  var.  angustifolia  Lx.? 

18S4.  Annularia   Jongifolia  var.  amjusiifolia  Lesquereux,  Coal    Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  879 

[nomen  niifhnn). 
1890.  Anmdaria  angmtifoUa  (Lx.)  Hambach,  Bull.  Geol.  Surv.  Missouri,  No.  1,  p.  83. 


Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98, 1893,  p.  25. 


BQUISETALES— OALAMAEIE.E— ANNULARIA.  ]  63 

Several  specimens  appear  to  represent  a  variation,  perhaps  of  varietal 
rank,  which  is  presumably  that  designated  by  Lesquereux  in  the  list  of 
plants  from  Henry  County,  Missouri,^  as  Ammlaria  lonfjifolia  var.  angustifoUa. 
The  verticils,  which  have  the  diameter  of  the  normal  type,  seem  to  be 
rather  fewer  leaved,  the  leaves  being  more  slender  and  tapering  from  the 
middle  upward  to  an  acute  point.  The  midrib  is  quite  distinct.  In  form 
it  approaches  very  close  to  A.  radiata  Brongn.,  though  really  bound  by  its 
essential  characters  to  A.  stellata. 

At  first  I  was  disposed  to  reg-ard  this  form  as  a  case  of  inrolled  margins 
in  the  latter  species,  as  indeed  seems  to  be  the  condition  in  some  of  the 
specimens  labeled  with  the  name  of  this  variety  in  the  collections  of  the 
United  States  National  Museum;  but  a  more  careful  examination  leads  me 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  continuance  of  its  varietal  distinction  may  serve  a 
useful  purpose.  Though  somewhat  larger,  it  strongly  resembles  the  figures 
of  Annularia  elegans  given  by  Grand  'Eury  in  his  most  interesting  work  on 
the  flora  of  the  basin  of  Gard.^  •  The  plant  listed  by  Mr.  G.  Hambach^  as 
Annularia  angustifoUa  in  the  enumeration  of  the  Missouri  fossil  flora  is  prob- 
ably this  variety. 

Localities. — Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5448;  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  5447. 

Annularia  sphbnophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb. 

1699.  Rubeola  mineralis  Luidius,  Lithophyl.  Brit.,  j).  12,  no.  202. 

1771.  Ruhia  sylvestris  Volkmann,  Walcli,  Naturgesch.  Verst.,  vol.  iii,  p.  117,  pi.  &>,  flg.  1. 

1801.  Ruhia  sylvestris  Parkinsou,  Org.  Rem.,  p.  428,  pi.  v,  fig.  3. 

1828.  Annularia  hrevifolia  Broiigiiiart,  Prodrome,  p.  150. 

1849.  Annularia  hrevifolia  Brongulart,  Tableau,  p.  53. 

1853.  Annularia  brevifolia  Brongn.,  Newberry,  Annals  Science,  Cleveland,  vol.  1,  p.  97. 

1876.  Annularia  hrevifolia  Brongn.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  51,  pi.  xix,  figs.  6-9. 

1880.  Annularia  hrevifolia  Brongn.,  Ferd.  Roemer,  Lethaea  Geogn.,  vol.  1,  p.  150, 

flg.  7. 
1880.  Annularia  hrevifolia '&vongi\.,^c\\imT^ev,  in  Zittel:  Handbuch  Paliieont.,  vol.  ii, 

p.  167,  fig.  127. 
1883.  Anmdaria  hrevifolia  Brongn.,  Scbenk,  in  Richthofen :  China,  vol.  iv,  p.  233,  pi.  xl. 
1887.  Annularia  hrevifoli-a  Brongn.,  Stur,  Calamar.  Scbatzlar.  Scb.,  p.  223,  pi.  xviZ», 

figs.  3,  4. 
188S.  Annularia  hrevifolia  Brongn.,  Toula,  Die  Steinkoblen,  p.  204,  pi.  v,  fig.  14. 

1  Coal  Flora,  vol.  3,  p.  879. 

-  G(5ol.  pal.  baesin  houill.  Gard,  liS!)0,  p.  201,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  6. 

3  Bull.  Geol.  Surv.  Missouri,  No.  1,  1890,  p.  83. 


164  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

1833.  Galium  sphenophylloides  Zenker,  X.  Jahrb.  f.  Miii.,  p.  308,  pi.  v,  figs.  6-9. 
1837.  Annularia  splienophylJoides  (Zenk.)  Gutbier,  Isis  v.  Okeu.,  col.  436. 

1854.  Annularia  splienopliylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  Bost.  Journ.  N.  H.,  vol. 

vi,  J).  415. 

1855.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steinkohl.  Sachsen, 

p.  11,  pi.  xviii,  fig.  10. 
1858.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol. 

ii,  p.  852,  pi.  i,  tigs.  5,  5a. 
1860.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Roemer,  Pala^ontogr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  21, 

pi.  xl,  fig.  1. 

1869.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Schimper,  Trait(5,  vol.  i,  p.  .347,  pi.  xvii, 

figs.  12,  13. 

1870.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Unger,  Sitzb.  Acad.  Naturw.  Wien, 

Math.nat.  01.,  vol.  Ix,  pt.  i,  p.  783,  pi.  i,  fig.  8. 
1874.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Yerst.  bohm.  Ablag., 
vol.  i,  p.  129,  pi.  xvii,  figs.  5,  6. 

1878.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Zeiller,  Y^g.  foss.  terr.  liouiller.  Atlas, 

pi.  clx,  fig.  4;  text  (1879),  p.  25. 

1879.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  Coral  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  2, 

pi.  ii,  figs.  8,  9;  text  (1880),  vol.  i,  p.  48. 

1881.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  pi.  ix, 

fig.  47. 

1882.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,   Renault,    Cours   bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii, 

p.  133,  pi.  XX,  fig.  3. 

1882.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Sterzel,  Zeitschr.  d.  deutscb.  geol. 

Gesell.,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  685,  pi.  xxvii,  figs.  1-10. 

1883.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  13th  Ann.  Rept.  Geol. 

Surv.  Indiana,  pt.  2,  p.  45,  pi.  vii,  figs.  3,  4,  5. 
1886.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Yaleuciennes, 

Atlas,  pi.  Ix,  figs.  5,  6;  text  (1888),  p.  388. 
1888.  Anmilaria  sphenophylloides  (Zeuk.)  Gutb.,  Dawson,  Geol.  Hist.  PI.,  p.  122,  fig.  45/;. 

1888.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Renault,  PI.  foss.,  p.  193,  fig.  13. 

1889.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)   Gutb.,   Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania, 

vol.  i,  p.  28,  5  text  figs. 

1889.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Miller,  (ieol.  Pal.  N.  Amer.,  p.  106 

fig.  7. 

1890.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Giitb.,  Renault,  Fl.  foss.  liouill.  Commentry 

vol.  ii,  Atlas,  pi.  xlvi,  figs.  7-9. 
1893.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 

No.  98,  p.  30. 
1893.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Renault,  Fl.  Foss.  Autun  et  I5pinac, 

vol.  ii.  Atlas,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  2;  text  (1896),  p.  71. 

1898.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  Seward,  Foss.  Plants,  vol.  i,  p.  340 

figs.  89A,  B. 

1899.  Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb.,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol. 

Surv.,  pt.  3,  518, 


EQUISETALES— OALAMARIE.E— VOLKMANNIA.  165 

1860.  Annularia  microphylla  Ferd.  Roemer  (uou  Sauveur),  Palieontogr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  21, 

pi.  V,  fig.  1. 
1863.  Annularia  galioides  Dawsou  [non  (L.  and  H.)  Kidst.],  Can.  Nat.,  vol.  viii,  fig.  441. 
1866.  Annularia  galioides  Dawsou,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  Loud.,  vol.  xxii,  p.  152. 
1868.  Aimtdaria  galioidea  Dawsou,  Acad.  Geol.,  3d  ed.,  pp.  129,  149. 

1887.  Annularia  sarepontatia  Stur,  Oalamar.  d.  Carbou-Fl.,  p.  221,  pi.  xiiih,  fig.  1. 

Fructification. 

1882.  Annularia  sphenopJiyll aides  (Zenk.)   Gutb.,  Sterzel,  Zeitschr.  d.  deutsch.  geol- 
Gesell.,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  685,  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  1-4. 

1888.  Annularia  splienophylloides  Seward,  Foss.  Plants,  vol.  i,  p.  340,  figs.  89A,  B. 
1876.  An  Stachannularia  calnthifera  Weiss,  Steiukohlen-Cal.,  vol.  i,  p.  27,  pi.  iii,  fig.  11  ? 
1880.  Stachannularia  calathifera  Ferd.  Eoemer,  Lethaea  Geogn.,  vol.  i,  p.  157. 

1884.  Galamostaehys  cf.  Calathifera  Weiss,  Steinkohlen  Cal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  178. 

The  representatives,  rare  in  the  collections,  of  this  wrell-known  species 
are  fully  up  to  the  average  in  size,  very  clear,  and  slightly  mucronate.  A 
portion  of  a  fruiting  cone  from  the  same  locality  has,  so  far  as  can  be 
observed  from  its  external  characters,  the  same  size,  divisions,  bracts,  and 
arrangement  of  parts  as  the  Stachannularia  calathifera  of  Weiss,  shown  by 
SterzeP  to  be  the  fruit  oi  Annularia  sphenophyUoides. 

Localities. — Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5449,  5451;  Gilkersou's  Ford, 
Mus.  Reg.;  Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5450. 

VOLKMANNIA  Sternberg,  1825. 

Yersuch,  vol.  i,  teut.,  p.  xxix.    Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  18iS4,  p.  719. 

VOLKMANNIA   PR^LONGA   Lx. 

1880.  Galamostaehys  prcelongus  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  59. 

1884.   Volkmannia  prwlonga  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  720,  pi.  xc,  fig.  2. 

A  comparison  of  the  single  example  of  this  species  found  in  the  Mis- 
souri material  with  the  type  specimen  from  "Coal  C"  at  the  Ontario  Col- 
liery, near  Pittston,  Pennsylvania,  leaves  little  doubt  as  to  the  specific 
identity  of  these  peculiar  cones.  The  Missouri  specimen,  which  comprises 
about  15  cm.  from  the  upper  part  of  a  strobilus,  the  base  being  lost,  is  9 
to  10  mm.  in  width,  internodes  being  2.5  to  3  mm.  long.  Both  this  and 
the  type  seem  to  be  provided  with  short,  delicate,  narrow  bracts,  closely 
impressed  upon  the  verticils  of  sporangia  or  sporangium  groups.     Thouo-h 

'  Zeitschr.  d.  deutsh.  geol.  Gesell.,  toI.  xxxiv,  1882,  p.  685,  pi.  xxviii,  flgs.  1-4. 


166  FLORA  OP  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

tlie  axis  and  the  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  the  cone  are  not  visible,  the 
fossil  as  a  whole  strikingly  resembles  the  Macrostacliya  Hmicliecornei  of 
Weiss.^ 

Locality. — Hobbs's  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5452. 

CYCLOCLADIA  Lindley  and  HuttoD,  1834. 

1834.  Gycloclrdia  Lindley  and  Hutton,  Fossil  Flora  Gr.  Brit.,  vol.  ii,  p.  137,  pi.  csxx. 

1868.  Cyclocladia  L.  and  H.,  K.  Feistmautel,  Abhandl.  k.  bohm.  Gesell.,  (6)  vol.  ii,  no.  6, 

]}.  5,  pi.  i. 
1874.  Cyclocladia  L.  and  EL,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  bohm.  Koblen- Abl.,  vol.  i,  p.  95,  pi.  i, 

fig.  8. 
1855.  Equisetites  (iu  part)  of  authors,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steinkolilenform.  Sachseu,  p.  3, 

pi.  X,  iig.  5. 

1869.  Macrostacliya  Schimper,  Traite  paleont.  v^g.,  vol.  i,  p.  333  (pars). 
1876.  Calamitina  Weiss,  Steinkohlen-Calamarieii,  vol.  1,  p.  126. 

The  stems  referred  by  various  authors  to  Macrostacliya  or  Calamitina 
appear  to  furnish  an  excellent  illustration  of  the  similiarity  of  the  trunks  in 
several  Calamarian  types  as  compared  with  the  diversity  of  foliate  forms 
and  organs  of  reproduction.  A  comparison  of  the  figures  and  descriptions 
given  by  Bronn,  Stur,  Geinitz,  and  others  under  the  names  Eqiiisetum, 
Equisetites,  Cyclocladia,  Macrostacliya,  Calamitina,  and  Calamites,  in  some  of 
which  the  fertile  spikes  are  represented  as  found  still  in  association  Avith  the 
parent  stem,  shows  well  the  difficulty  in  distinguishing  from  the  superficial 
characters  of  the  trunks  the  numerous  species  founded  on  the  structure  or 
arrangement  of  the  parts  of  the  strobili,  and  vice  versa.  It  is  hard  to  avoid 
the  conclusion  either  that  the  number  of  species  founded  on  the  spikes  is  too 
greatly  multiplied  or  that  it  is  practically  impossible  in  many  cases,  except 
from  abundant  material,  to  distinguish  species  of  this  genus  by  means  of 
the  superficial  aspect  of  fragments  of  the  stems. 

It  is  perhaps  better  to  follow  the  practice  of  some  authors  in  this  group, 
and  of  many  authors  in  other  groups,  of  employing  different  generic  names 
for  stems  and  for  cones  than  to  countenance  so  often  the  probability  of  both 
members  of  the  same  plant  resting  under  different  specific  names  in  the 
same  genus,  or,  what  is  no  better,  the  inclusion  of  the  stem  of  one  plant 
with  the  cone  of  another  species  under  the  same  specific  name.  Accord- 
ingly it  maybe  advantageous  to  use  the  terms  Macrostacliya  and  Huttoiiia  in 
the  sense  in  which  they  were  employed  by  Bronn,  Brongniart,  and  Germar 

'  Steinkohlen-Ca]amarien,  vol.  ii,  1884,  p.  176,  pi.  xix,  figs.  4-4(i. 


EQUISETALES— CAL  AMAKIE.E— CYCLOCLADI  A.  1 67 

as  applying  to  the  fruiting  spikes,  while  some  other  name,  confonniiig  to  the 
prevailing  rules  of  nomenclature,  is  used  for  the  stem,  especially  when  the 
particular  form  of  spike  exclusively  produced  on  that  stem  is  not  yet  known. 

Tlie  genus  Macrostacliya  was  founded  by  Schimper^  on  the  Equisetum 
infundihuliforme  Bronn,^two  of  whose  figures  (representing  cone  fragments), 
previously  given  by  Brongniart'  as  " Equisetum,'^  are  again  copied  by 
Brongniart  in  his  "Histoire."*  Recognizing  the  relations  pointed  out  by 
Geinitz,  in  1855,^  of  these  strobili  to  stems  of  the  Calamites  verticillatus  type, 
Schimper,  in  1869,  included  the  stems  in  his  diagnosis  of  the  new  genus 
Macrostacliya  with  two  figures  of  stem  fragments,^  the  better  one  of  which 
was  copied  fi-om  Geinitz.  But  most  of  the  plant  remains  to  which  Schim- 
per's  name  has  been  given  by  various  authors  are  fragmeiits  of  spikes, 
man}'  of  the  stems  continuing  to  be  referred  to  Calamites  or  Calamitina. 

The  name  Cycloclaclia,  which,  it  seems  to  me,  should  be  adopted  if  any 
separate  designation  is  used  for  this  group  of  Calamarian  stems,  was  given 
by  Lindley  and  Hutton  in  1834'  to  a  stem  of  this  type,  Cyclocladia  major 
L.  and  H.,  from  the  Jarrow  colliery;  and  this  name,  as  we  learn  from  both 
Kidston  and  Howse,  seems  to  have  been  applied  by  the  authors  originally 
and  exclusively  to  the  same  type.  Geinitz  introduces  the  figure  given  by 
the  English  authors  into  his  discussion  of  Equisetites,  making  C.  major 
L.  and  H.  doubtfull}^  a  synonym  of  E.  infimdihuliforme.^  In  1868  Karl 
FeistmanteP  illustrated  Lindley  and  Button's  species  and  discussed  the 
characters  and  application  of  the  genus.  The  younger  Feistmantel,  in 
1874,  further  elaborated  the  genus  and  gave  additional  illustrations.'"  Thus 
it  will  be  seen  that  Cyclocladia  has  distinct  priority  in  its  application  to  the 
Calamarian  stems  to  which  the  Macrostacliya  cones  belong. 

1  Traito,  vol.  1,  1869,  p.  333. 

2  Bisclioff,  Kryptogiimische  Gewilchse,  1828,  vol.  i,  p.  52,  pi.  vi,  figs.  4,  9, 10. 
^  Cl.issilicatiou  vog.  foss.,  1822,  p.  90,  pi.  iv,  fig.  4. 

■•  Histoire  des  vc-gotaus  fossiles,  vol.  i,  p.  119,  pi.  xii,  figs.  14-16. 

'■  Verst.  Steinkolileiiform.  Sacbsen,  p.  3. 

•i  Traits  paleont.  vcg.,  vol.  i,  p.  333,  pi.  xxiii,  figs.  13,  14.  These  fragments  seem  to  agree  with 
the  figures  given  by  Lesquereux  iu  Coal  Flora,  pi.  iii,  fig.  14,  and  the  13th  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana, 
1883,  pt.  2,  pi.  V,  fig.  7. 

'Fo83.  Fl.  Gr.  Brit.,  vol.  ii,  p.  137,  pi.  cxxx. 

8  Verst.  Steiiukohlenform.  Sachsen,  p.  3. 

9 Abh.  k.  bohni.  Gesell.,  (6)  vol.  ii,  no.  6,  p.  5,  pi.  i. 

'"  "  Genus  Cyclocladia  Lindley  and  Hutton.  Caulia  arliculatns,  corticeglahro  rarius  sciisim  striata; 
in  articiilationibus  onmibjis  titbcrciilis  oblongis  {cicatricitlw  foliorum),  saejthis  adhuc  cum  foliisiiisidetitibtis  ; 
ill  articuliitionibits  singulis  tuberculis  rel  cicatricibus majoribns  {oicatrices  ramoriim) ."  Verst.  biihm.  Ablag., 
vol.  1,  p.  95,  pi.  i,  fig.  8. 


168  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

However,  a  new  generic  appellation  was  given  in  1876  by  Weiss^  to 
this  group,  the  principal  characters  of  the  genus  Calainitina  being  the  same 
as  those  already  published  for  Cyclodadia.  Just  as  other  paleobotanists  had 
referred  to  the  latter  genus  as  a  synonym  of  EqwiseUtes  or  MacrostacJiya,  so 
Weiss  quotes  it  in  the  discussion  of  his  new  genus,  and  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  Kidston,  who  iises  Weiss's  name  for  the  Macrostachian  stems,  in 
his  valuable  report  containing  the  results  of  his  examination  of  the  Paleozt/ic 
types  published  by  Lindley  and  Hutton  in  the  "Fossil  Flora,"  identifies^  the 
type  of  Cyclodadia  major  Jj.  and  H.  as  "probably  Calamitina  varians,  Sternb. 
sp.,  var.  inconstans,  Weiss."  But  in  a  footnote  Mr.  Kidston  states  that  while 
Cydodadia  "is  the  oldest  name  for  these  fossils,"  the  type  is  so  imperfect  that 
from  it  satisfactory  generic  charactei's  can  not  be  obtained."  This,  together 
with  the  fact  that  the  name  was  independently  applied  to  an  altogether 
different  class  of  plants  by  Goldenberg,  led  him  to  conclude  that  "under 
the  circumstances  it  is  perhaps  better  not  to  resuscitate  the  genus  Cydo- 
dadia." Still,  although  the  same  name  was  used  by  Goldenberg,^  I  know 
of  no  case  in  which  a  paleobotanist  has  referred  the  figure  in  the  Fossil 
Flora  to  any  other  group  of  stems  than  those  included  in  Macrostacliya  and 
Calamitina.  Mr.  Richard  Howse,  in  his  Catalogue  of  the  Fossil  Plants 
from  the  Hutton  Collection,*  in  which  Cydodadia  major,  Macrostadiya 
infimdihidiforme,  Calamites  verticillatus,  and  others  are  combined  with  II12)- 
purites  gigantea  L.  and  H.,  describes  five  stems  labeled  as  Cydodadia  major, 
of  which  the  four  specimens  not  figured  are  clearly  of  the  Macrostachian 
stem  type,  all  of  tlie  five  being  generically  identical,  though  the  one  figured 
is  very  poor. 

From  the  foregoing  review  it  appears  (1)  that  Cydodadia  was  the  first 
name  to  be  applied  by  its  authors  originally  and  exclusively  to  this  type  of 
Calamarian  remains,  and  that  its  generic  identit}^  as  such  has  since  been 
generally  recognized  by  paleontologists;  also  (2)  that  prior  to  the  founda- 
tion of  either  Macrostacliya  or  Calamitina  its  characters  had  been  described 
and  illustrated,  and  its  generic  value  as  representmg  the  Macrostachian 
group  of  stems  had  been  developed. 


'  Steinkohleu-Calamarien,  vol.  i,  p.  126. 

^Xotes  on  the  Paheozoio  species  mentioned  in  Lindley  and  Hutton'.s  "Fossil  Flora:"     Proc. 
Eoy.  Phys.  Soc.  Ediub.,  vol.  x,  1891,  p.  371. 

^  Flora  saraepontana  fossilis,  pt.  i,  1855,  p.  19. 
^  1888,  p.  17. 


EQUISBTALBS— OALAM  AEIE^— C  YCLOCL  ADI  A.  1 69 

Under  these  conditions,  according-  to  the  rules  of  nomenclature  now 
generally  obtaining  in  both  botany  and  paleontology,  Cydodadia  should 
have  priority  over  Calamitina  or  any  otlier  name  projDosed  since  1834  as  a 
designation  for  the  stems  of  this  group.  It  is  unfortunatel)-  true  that  con- 
venience, usage,  appropriateness  of  etymology,  or  even  personality,  have 
had  as  inuch  influence  on  nomenclature  in  paleobotany  as  in  any  other 
allied  science. 

For  the  use  of  a  dual  nomenclature,  such  as  the  employment  of  Cydo- 
dadia for  the  stems  of  the  Macrostachian  or  Calamites  verticillatus  type  and 
Macrostachya  or  Hutfonia  for  the  fruiting  si^ikes,  there  is  abundant  precedent 
in  paleobotany,  even  within  the  Calamarian  family  itself. 

GYCLOCLADIA    BRITTSII    11.    sp. 

PI.  XLIX,  Fig.  1. 
1897.  Cydodadia  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  viii,  p.  297. 

Stems  attaining  a  width  of  10  cm.  or  moi"e,  divided  into  short  inter- 
nodes,  of  which  about  one  in  eight  is  occupied  exclusively  by  large  scars ; 
fructification  or  rameal  verticils  2.5  to  3.5  cm.  distant  from  border  to  border, 
consisting  of  a  transverse  compact  row  of  rounded  or  oval  disk-like  depres- 
sions, each  1.5  to  2  cm.  in  longitudinal  diameter  and  about  1.75  cm.  trans- 
versely, provided  with  an  inner  cicatrice  about  5  mm.  in  diameter;  foliate 
nodes  7  to  9  in  number  between  two  nodes  with  large  cicatrices,  10  to  3 
mm.  distant,  the  internodes  becoming  uniformly  shorter  in  passing  upward, 
and  marked  by  narrow  transverse  bands  containing  the  leaf  scars ;  internodal 
surface  finely  lineate  longitudinally;  leaf  scars  transversely  oval,  not  con- 
tiguous, 1.5  to  2  mm.  in  greater  diameter,  1  mm.  in  longitudinal  diameter, 
and  about  4  mm.  from  center  to  center,  the  central  points  being  punctate  or 
slightly  mammillate. 

The  general  characters  of  this  species,  of  which  I  have  seen  but  a  few 
fragments,  can  better  be  learned  from  the  figure,  PL  XLIX,  Fig.  1,  than 
from  a  description.  Both  the  figured  specimen  and  another  example  are 
slightly  distorted  by  pressure.  The  back  of  the  larger  fragment,  which 
shows  a  23ortion  of  a  verticil  of  large  scars  at  the  top,  preserves  the  other 
side  of  the  stem.     This  back  portion  has  still  a  third  verticil  of  large  scars, 


170  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

the  entire  interval  and  character  of  the  intervening  nodes  with  leaf  scars 
being  the  same  as  on  the  front  of  the  rock. 

The  aspect  of  the  fossils  is  much  like  that  of  the  figures  given  by 
Greinitz/  Schimper,^  and  Lesquereux^  as  stems  of  Equisetites  or  Macrostachya 
infundibuliformis,  though  the  leaf  internodes  are  shorter  and  closer.  All 
the  cicatrices  in  the  verticils  of  large  scars  are  of  the  same  size.  In  the 
nodal  system  the  specimens  are  more  comparable  to  the  Calamites  Goepperti 
Ett.*  {Calamitina  Goepperti  (Ett.)  Weiss"),  while  the  relation  to  Calamitina 
Solmsii  of  Weiss  ^  (^Macrostachya  Solmsii  (Weiss)  Schimper'^)  is  even  more 
striking.  But  the  leaf  scars  in  our  specimens  are  not  so  nearly  contiguous 
as  in  C.  Solmsii  or  the  M.  infundibuliformis  of  various  authors,  being,  in 
part,  disposed  like  those  shown  in  some  examples  identified  as  C.  varians, 
or  the  CyclocJadia  major  figured  by  O.  Feistmantel.* 

The  carbonaceous  covering  is  rather  thick  and  finely  striated  longi- 
tudinally, though  no  distinct  traces  of  ribs  are  present.  Eight  or  nine  very 
short  foliate  nodes  occur  between  two  verticils  of  large  scars.  Distinct  leaf 
traces  can  be  seen  in  portions  of  the  specimens,  where  they  are  found  to  be 
transversely  oval,  the  longer  diameter  being  aboiit  1.5  mm.,  while  the  punc- 
tate or  slightly  mammillate  centers  are  nearly  4  mm.  apart. 

In  all  the  verticils  of  large  scars,  three  consecutive  rows  of  which  may 
be  seen  on  one  specimen,  the  cicatrices  are  uniform  in  size,  and  it  therefore 
appears  that  either  all  the  large  scars  for  three  consecutive  rameal,  or 
strobilar,  verticils  are  of  tlie  same  kind,  or  that  the  rameal  and  cone  scars, 
if  both  present,  are  alike  and  of  the  same  size.  With  respect  to  the  dis- 
tance  between  the  leaves  in  the  same  verticil  and  the  aspect  of  the  large 
scars,  our  example  resembles  the  Ccdamites  Germarianus  Goepp.  figured  by 
Stur." 

Cyclociadia  Brittsii  is  distinguishable  from  other  species  by  the  very 
broad  and  rather  distant  leaf  scars  and  the  short  foliar  internodes,  7  to  9 


1  Verst.  Steinkohlenform.  Saohsen,  1855,  p.  3,  pi.  x,  fig.  5. 

-  Traite  paleont.  v6g.,  vol.  i,  p.  333,  pi.  xxiii,  figs.  13, 14. 

^  Coal  Flora,  pi.  iii,  tig.  14. 

•>  Ettingshausen,  Steinkohlenfl.  v.  Radnitz,  1855,  p.  27,  pi.  i,  fig.  34. 

6  Steinkohlen-Calamar.,  vol.  i,  1876,  p.  127. 

«0p.cit.,]).129. 

'  Zittel,  Handbuch  Pala-ont.,  vol.  ii,  p.  172. 

>•  Verst.  biihm.  Ablag.,  vol.  i,  pi.  ii,  figs.  1,  2. 

"Calaiiiarien  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  176,  pi.  xiv6,  fig.  5. 


EQUISBTALES— CALAMARIE^— MACROSTACHYA.  171 

of  which  intervene  between  two  verticils  of  the  large  cicatrices,  all  of  the 
latter  being,  so  far  as  known,  large  and  equal. 

Localities. — Owen's  bank;  also  one  froni  the  same  locality  loaned  by 
Dr.  Britts ;  still  another  from  Henry  County,  Missouri,  without  precise 
locahty,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5466. 

MACROSTACHYA  Schiniper,  1869. 
Traite  paleont.  veg.,  vol.  i,  p.  333  (pars). 

MACROSTACHYA   LONGIFOLIA   Lx.    MSS. 

A  good  specimen  in  the  recent  collections  appears  to  belong  to  a  new 
species  with  the  above  name  represented  in  the  manuscript  material  of  Pro- 
fessor Lesquereux,  now  in  my  hands  for  preparation  for  pviblication. 

Not  wishing  to  anticipate  its  publication,  along  with  many  other  inter- 
esting forms  included  in  the  unpublished  work  of  the  distinguished  paleo- 
botanist,  I  give  here  the  nomen  nudum  merely  as  a  matter  of  geological 
and  geographical  record. 

It  is  possible  that  the  stems  from  the  same  locality  referred  to  Cyclo- 
cladia  may  belong  to  the  same  plant. 

Locality. — Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5467. 

IlSrOERTJE    SEDIS. 
RADICITES  Potonie,  1893. 

1825.  Hydatica  Artis,  Autediluvlau  Phytology,  pi.  i  (pars),  pi.  v. 

1834,  Pinnularia  Lindley  and  Huttoii  (uon  Ehreiib.),  Fossil  Flora  Gt.  Brit.,  vol,  ii,  p. 

81,  pi.  iii. 
1847.  Ehizolithes  Brauu,  Flora,  N.  R.,  vol.  v.  No.  G,  p.  86  (pars!). 
1893.  Eadicites  Potonie,  Flora  Rothl.  Thiiringen,  p,  260, 

In  noting  the  occurrence  of  rootlets  of  the  type  commonly  known  as 
Pinnularia  in  the  outlying  coal  basins  of  southwestern  Missouri,^  I  took 
occasion  to  point  out  the  fact  that  Lindley  and  Button's  name  is  objection- 
able, having  been  preoccupied  by  Ehrenberg  for  a  genus  oi  diatoms,  many 
species  of  which  have  been  found  fossil.  Among  the  names  previously 
employed  to  designate  such  remains,  Hydatica  and  MyriophyUites  of  Artis 
appear  to  be  either  too  comprehensive  in  their  scope  or  too  uncertain  in 

'  Bull.  II.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98, 1893,  p.  43. 


172  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

their  application,  unless  we  iuclude  all  forms  of  sniall  ramose  roots  in  the 
same  genns. 

It  is  possible  that  RhizoUthes,  used  by  Braun/  linger,^  and  Lesque- 
reux,^  might  be  available  for  this  type  of  rootlets,  though,  while  there  is  no 
doubt  as  to  the  generic  identity  in  Lesquereux's  plant,  the  application  of  the 
name  proposed  by  Brauii  is  at  present  equivocal,  while  Unger's  figure  of 
the  specimen  from  the  Dyas  leaves  us  still  in  uncertainty. 

The  name  Badicites  is  proposed  by  Potonie  explicitly  for  this  type  of 
roots,  and,  for  the  present  at  least,  answers  well  the  purpose. 

Radicites  oapillacea  (L.  and  H.)  Pot. 

1834.  Pinnularia  capillacea  Liudley  and  Button,  Fossil  Flora,  vol.  ii,  pi.  cxi. 

1858.  Pinnularia  capillacea  L.  and  H.,  Lesquereux,  in  Rogers:  Geol.  Pennsylvania, 

vol.  ii,  p.  878,  pi.  xvii,  tig.  22. 
1869.  Pinnularia  capillacea  L.  and  H.,  von  Roehl,  Poss.  Fl.  Steiukobl.  Westphalens, 

p.  27,  pi.  i,  fig.  Ih;  pi.  ii,  flg.  5a;  pi.  iv,  figs.  1, 11. 
1874.  Pinnularia  capillacea  L.  and  H.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Steink.  Perm.  Abl.  n.-w.  Prag., 

p.  72  (pi.  i,  flg.  2!). 
1874.  Pinnularia  capillacea  L.  and  H.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  bohm.  Koblen-Abl.,  vol.  i, 

p.  137,  pi.  xix,  figs.  8  (7!). 
1877.  Pinnularia  capillacea  L.  and  H.,  Lebour,  Illustrations,  pis.  lix  (Ix?). 
1889.  Pinnularia  capillacea  L.  and  H.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  647, 

text  fig. 
1840.  Fucoides  filiformis  Steiniuger,  Geogn.  Beschr.  Land  zw.  Saar  u.  Rheine,  p.  36, 

flg.l.   " 
1893.  Radicites  capillacea  (L.  and  H.)  Potonie,  Fl.  Rotbl.  Thiiringen,  p.  261,  pi.  xxxiv, 
flg.  2. 

There  appears  to  be  some  lack  of  agreement  as  to  what  shall  be 
included  under  the  specific  name  in  this  group.  Many  authors  seem  dis- 
posed to  construe  the  species  named  1)}'  I^indley  and  Hutton  in  a  broad 
sense,  considering  it  as  inseparable  from  Hydatica  columnaris  Artis.  Pinnu- 
laria columi/aris  (Artis)  Zeiller  seems  to  be  much  more  robust  than  Radicites 
capillacea  (L.  and  H.)  Pot.,  with  striated  divisions  more  densely  provided 
with  rootlets.  I  follow  the  example  of  Kidston  and  Potonid  in  restricting 
the  species  to  the  type  of  Pinnularia  capillacea  L.  and  H. 

Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5585. 


1  Flora,  1847,  vol.  i,  p.  86. 

-  Ueber  z wei  dyadische  Pflanzen,  N.  Jahrb.  f.  Mlu.,  1863,  p.  528,  pi.  vii. 

■'  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Arkansas,  vol.  ii,  1862,  p.  313,  pi.  v,  fig.  9. 


SPHENOPHYLLALES— THE  GENUS  SPHENOPHYLLUM.     173 

RADICITES    PALMATIFIDA    (Lx.). 

1860.  BMzolithes  imlmatifidHS  Lesquereux,  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Arkausas,  vol.  ii,  p.  313, 
pi.  V,  fig.  9. 

1879.  RMzoUthes  pahnatijidus  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  16,  pi.  Ixxv,  fig.  9; 

text,  vol.  i  (1880),  p.  518. 

1880.  Pinnnlaria  lyalmatifida  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  518. 
1889.  Pinnularia  palmatifida  Lx.,  Miller,  Geol.  Pal.  N.  Amer.,  p.  126. 

The  specimens  referred  to  this  species  are  rather  larger  than  that 
originally  illustrated  from  the  coals  of  Arkansas.  The  rootlets  are  thin  in 
texture  and  apparently  flaccid.  They  are  larger  and  more  lax  than  those 
referred  to  Radicites  capiUacea. 

Locality. — Owen's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5587. 

SPHENOPHYLLALES. 

SPHE]SrOPHYLLE.E. 

SPHENOPHYLLUM  Broiigniart,  1828. 

1822.  8ph(enophylUtes  Brongniart,  Mem.  luus.  hist,  nat.,-  vol.  viii,  p.  209. 

1822.  SphenophylUtes  Brongniart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  nat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  234. 

1823.  Rotularia  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  i,  fasc.  2,  jj.  33;  tent.,  1825,  p.  xxxii. 
1828.  SphenopkyU uni  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  65. 

Fructification. 

1871.  Bowmanttes  Binuey,  Obs.  Struct.  Foss.  PI.  Carb.  Str.,  pt.  ii,  p.  59. 
1898.  Sphenopliyllostachys  Seward,  Foss.  PL,  vol.  i,  p.  402. 

The  systematic  affinities  of  the  genus  Splieno-phyllum  are  now  some- 
what definitely  known  through  the  study  of  the  anatomical  characters  of 
the  various  organs  of  the  plant.  Most  important  among  the  recent  correla- 
tions is  the  recognition  on  the  part  of  Professor  Zeiller  of  Bowmannites,  so 
thoroughly  analyzed  by  the  late  Professor  Williamson,  as  the  fruiting  spike 
of  Splienopliyllum.  In  Bowmannites  Baivsoni  (Will.)  Zeiller  found  the  details 
obscurely  revealed  to  him  in  his  study  of  the  »S'.  cuneifolium  (Stb.)  Zeill., 
from  the  Valenciennes  Basin,  to  which  I  have  previously  made  reference.' 
As  now  demonstrated,^  the  ovoid  or  oval  sporangia  are  pluriseriate  in  each 

'  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  p.  39. 

-  R.  Zeiller,  Sur  la  coustitution  des  ^pis  de  fructification  du  Sphenophyllum  cuneifolium :  Comp- 
tes  Rendus,  vol.  cxv,  1892,  pp.  141-144.  fitude  sur  la  constitution  de  I'appareil  fructilicateur  des 
Sphenophyllum:  Mi^m.  Soc.  G^ol.  Fr.,  Pal^ont.,  vol.  iv,  m^m.  11,  1893,  pp.  1-39,  pis.  i-iil. 


174  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

verticil,  each  sporangium  being  supported  at  the  upper  end  by  a  pedicel 
arising  from  the  ventral  surface  of  the  bract  and  curving  outward,  upward, 
and  finally  inward  to  the  point  of  union  to  the  sporangium.  Each  pedicel 
is  traversed  by  a  vascular  bundle,  which  is  regarded  by  M.  Zeiller  as  a  ven- 
tral lobe  of  the  bract,  presenting  an  arrangement  analogous  to  the  fertile 
fronds  of  the  MarsileacecB  or  the  OpMoglossacefB.  A  similar  arrangement  is 
described  by  the  same  author  in  Splienopliyllum  ohlongifoHum  and  *S'.  gracilis. 

Taking  into  account,  then,  the  structure  of  the  cones,  Professor  Zeiller 
would  make  the  Splienophyllece  constitute  a  distinct  class  among  the  vascular 
cryptogams,  comparable  to  the  Marsileacece  and  Ophioglossacece. 

It  would  seem  as  though  the  fertile  specimens  of  SphenophyUum  trichoma- 
tosum  Stur  described  and  illustrated  by  Mr.  Kidston^  might  differ  in  structure 
from  S.  cmieifolium  only  by  the  single  circle  of  sporangia,  attached,  perhaps, 
though  not  necessarily,  by  the  base  to  a  short  pedicel,  the  position  on  the 
inner  surface  of  the  bracts  being  the  same. 

In  an  earlier  reference  to  the  nature  of  the  genus  SphenophyUum.,  I 
have  expressed  an  inclination  to  regard  it  as  belonging  to  the  Calamarian 
family.^     This  view  now  seems  untenable. 

With  reference  to  the  systematic  position  of  the  genus,  I  may  add  that 
Dr.  Potonie,  after  discussing  the  details  collated  by  Zeiller,  reaches  the  con- 
clusion^ that  the  SphenophyUum  should  be  ranked  in  the  group  Pteridales  of 
Prantl,  near  the  Salvinece.  In  the  genera  SphenophyUum,  Trizygia,  Salvinia, 
and  AzoUa,  Dr.  Potoni^  would  detect  a  genetic  as  well  as  a  geologic  sequence. 

Sphbnophyllum  ouneipolium  (Stb.)  Zeill. 

1823,  Botulnria  asplemoides  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  i,  fasc.  2,  p.  30,  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  4a-6. 
1823.  Uotularia  cuneijolia  Sternberg,  Versucb,  vol.  i,  fasc.  2,  i),  33,  pi.  xxvi,  tigs.  4rt--6. 
1826.  Botularia  pusilla  Sternberg,  Versucb,  vol.  i,  fasc.  4,  tent.,  p.  xxxii. 
1826.  Botularia  polyphylla  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  i,  fasc.  4,  p.  42;  tent.,  p.  xxxii, 

pi.  1,  tig.  4. 
1828.  Botularia  dicliotoma  Germar  and  Kaulfuss,  Nova  Acta  Acad.,  O.  L.  G.  nat.  cur., 

vol.  XV,  pt.  2,  p.  226,  pi.  Ixvi,  tig.  4. 
1828.  SphenophyUum  fimbriatuin  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  68. 
1828.  SphenophyUum  dentatum  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  68. 
1850,  SphenophyUum  dentatum  Brougn,,  Unger,  Gen.  et  Sjjecies,  p,  70. 

'On  the  Fructification  of  Sphenoplnilliim  trichomatosiim  Stur,  from  the  Yorkshire  Coal  Field: 
Proc.  Roy.  I'hys.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xi,  1892,  pp.  56-62,  pi.  i. 

=  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  1893,  p.  36. 

^Ueber  die  Stelluug  der  Spheiiophyllaceen  im  System:  Ber.  d.  Deutsch.  bot.  Gesell.,  vol.  xii, 
1894,  Hft.  4,  pp.  97-100. 


SPHENOPHYLLALES— SPHENOPHYLLUM.  1 75 

1855.  Sphenophyllum  dentatum  Brongu.,  Phillips,  Manual  Geol.,  p.  234,  fig.  110. 
1831.  Sphenoi)hyUum  erosnm  Lindley  and  Hutton.  Foss.  Flora,  vol.  i,  pi.  xiii. 

1847.  Sphetiophyllum  erosuni  L.  and  H.,  Bunbury,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  See,  vol.  iii,  p.  430, 

pi.  xxiii,  figs.  3a,  36. 
1864.  SphenophyJlum   erosum  L.  and  H.,  Coemans  and  Kickx,  Monogr.  Spben.,  p.  149, 

pi.  i,  tigs.  5a-c. 
1869.  Sphenophyllum  erosmn  L.  and  H.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  341. 
18C9.  Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H.,Von  Roebl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphaleos,  p.  30, 

pi.  iv.  flg.  19. 
1869.  Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H.,  Dawson,  Acad.  Geol.,  3d  ed.,  p.  444,  fig.  165e. 

1880.  Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  j).  55. 

1881.  Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  pi.  x,  figs.  57,  57«, 
1888.  Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  IL,  Dawson,  Geol.  Hist.  PL,  p.  122,  flg.  45c. 
1891.  Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H.,  Newberry,  Jour.  Ciucinnati  Sec.  ]S.  H.,  p.  215, 

pi.  xix,  figs.  1-4. 
1836.  llotulivrin  erosa  (L.  and  H.)  Goeppert,  Foss.  Farrnkr.,  yt.  431. 

1848.  Sphenophyllum  pusillum  (Stb.)  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pi.  Ixiv, 

flg.  4. 
1848.  Sphenophyllum  saxifragcefoUum  (Stb.)  Goeppert,  in  Bronu:  Index  Pal.,  vol.  i, 
p.  ]  166. 

1854.  Sphenophyllum  saxifragcefoUum  (Stb.)  Goepp,  Geinitz,  Fl.  Hain.-Ebersdorf.,  p.  37, 

pi.  xiv,  flgs.  7-10. 
1869.  Sphenophyllum  saxifragevfoUum  (Stb.)  Goepp.,  von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  West- 

phalens,  p.  31,  pi.  iv,  fig.  17. 
1878.  Sphenophyllum  saxifragcefoUum  (Stb.)  Goepp.,  Zeiller,  Vi'g.  foss.  terr.  houill.,  pi. 

clxi,  flgs.  4,  5;  text  (1879),  p.  31  (pars). 
1848.  Sphenophyllum  multifidum  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pi.  Ixiv,  flgs.  1,  2. 
1852.  Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn.  var.  /i  dentatum  (Brongn.)  et  var.  ^  erosum 

(L.  &  H.)  Bttingshauseu,  Steiukohlenfl.  Stradonitz,  p.  0,  pi.  vi,  flg.  6. 

1855.  Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn.  var.  fi  dentatum  (Brongn.)  et  var.  C  erosum 

(L  and  H.)  Ettiugshausen,  Steinkohlenfl.  Radnitz,  p.  30,  pl.  xi,  figs.  1-3. 

1854.  Sphenophyllum  trifoUatum  Lesquereux,  Boston  Jouru.  N.  H.,  vol.  vi,  no.  4,  p.  415. 
1858.  Sphenophyllum  trifoUatum  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  8.53,  pl.  i, 

flg.  7. 

1855.  Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn.,  Geinitz,  Verst.   Steink.   Sachsen,  pl.  xx, 

fig.  0. 

1873.  Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn.,  O.  Feistinantel,  Zeitschr.  d.  deutsch.  geol, 

Gesell.,  vol.  xxv,  p.  594,  pl.  xviii,  flg.  13. 
1864.  Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H.  var.  saxifragafolium  (Stb.)  Goemaus  and  Kickx, 

Monogr.  Splien.,  p.  151,  pl.  i,  flgs.  (ia-d. 
1869.  Sphenopliyllu m  erosum  L.  and  H.  var.  saxifragcefoUum  (Stb.)  G.  and  K.,  Schimper, 

Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  342,  pl.  xxv,  figs.  10,  11-14. 
1880.  Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H.  var.  saxifragafolium  (Stb.)  C.  and  K.,  Schimper 

in  Zittel:  Handb.  Paliioiit.,  vol.  ii,  p.  179,  flg.  135,  ,  j, 

1874.  Sphenophyllum  emarcjinatum  Brongn.,  O.  Feistniantel,  Verst.  bohni.  Ablag.,  vol.  i, 

p.  134,  pl.  xviii,  flgs.  2  (5,  6  ?). 
1874.  Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn.  var.  saxifragafolium  (Stb.)  O.  Feistmantel, 
Verst.  bohni.  Ablag.,  vol.  i,  )).  i;>4,  pl.  xviii,  flg.  4. 


176  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

1877.  Sphaiophyllum  (lichotomum  (Germ,  and  Kaulf.)  Ung.,  Stur,  Culm-Flora,  vol.  ii, 

p.  119  (225). 

1887.  Sphenophylhim  dicliotomum  (Germ,  and  Kaulf.)  Ung.,  Stur,  Calamar.  d.  Oarbon- 

Fl.,  p.  233,  fig.  43,  pi.  XV,  ligs.  oa,  &,  c;  pi.  xiift,  fig.  2. 

1888.  Sphenophylhim  dichotoimim  (Germ,  and  Kauf.)  Ung.,  Toula,  Die  Steinkoblen,  p. 

204,  pi.  V,  figs.  16,  21. 

1878.  Sphenophyllum  cuneifoUum  (Stb.)  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.,  pi.  clxi,  fig.  1; 

text  (1879),  p.  30  (pars). 
1882.  Sphenophyllmn  eimeifolium  (Stb.)  Zeill.,  Renault,  Cours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  87, 

pi.  xiii,  fig.  10. 
1886.  Sphenophylhim  cuneifoUum  (Stb.)  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas, 

pi.  Ixiii,  figs.  1-3,  6,  7  (3,  4,  5,  10,  fruit);  text  (1888),  p.  413. 
1893.  Sphenophyllum  cuneifoUum  (Stb.)  Zeill.,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol,  Surv.,  No. 

98,  p.  36. 

1893.  Sphenophyllum  cuneifoUum  (Stb.)  Zeiller,  Mem.  Soc.  g6ol.  Fr.,  Pal.,  vol.  iv.  No. 

11,  p.  12,  1)1.  1;  pi.  ii,  figs.  1-3;  pi.  iii,  figs.  1-2. 

1894.  Sphenophyllum  cuneifoUum  (Stb.)  Zeill.,  Potonie,  Ber.  d.  deutsch.  bot.  Gesell., 

vol.  xii,  4,  p.  99,  figs.  3a-b  (fig.  1  fruit). 

1896.  Sphenophyllum  cuneifoUum  (Stb.)  Zeill.,  Potoni^,  N.  Jahrb.  f.  Min.,  2d  Abth., 

p.  142,  fig.  1;  p.  143,  figs.  2a-b;  p.  152,  fig.  8. 

1897.  Sphenophylhim  cuneifoUum  (Stb.)  Zeill.,  Potonie,  Lehrb.  d.  Pflanzenpal.,  p.  176, 

fig.  171 ;  p.  179,  fig.  177. 
1886.  Sphenophyllum    cuneifoUum    (Stb.)    Zeill.  var.  saxifragafolium  (Stb.)  Zeiller,  Fl. 

foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi.  Ixii,  fig.  1;  pi.  Ixiii,  figs.  4,  5,  9,  10;  text 

(1888),  p.  413. 
1893.  Sphenophyllum   cuneifoUum  (Stb.)    Zeill.  var.  saxifragcefoUtmi  (Stb.)   Zeill.,  D. 

White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  p.  37. 
1888.  Galamites  Sachsei  Stur,  Toula,  Die  Steiukohlen,  p.  205,  pi.  v,  fig.  22. 
1888.  An  Sphenophyllum  (Galamites)  Sachsei  Stur,  Toula,  Die  Steinkohlen,  p.  204,  pi. 

V,  fig.  20? 

1898.  Sphenophyllostachys  Dawsoni  (WiU.)  Seward,  Foss.  PL,  vol.  i,  p.  400,  figs.  107A,  G ; 

p.  402,  fig.  108. 

This  species,  rejjresented  by  the  normal  form  with  narrow,  concave- 
sided,  cuneate  leaves  and  sharp  teeth,  appears  to  be  well  represented  in  the 
collections,  though  the  specimens  are  rather  more  robust  and  rigid  than  in 
examples  from  other  regions.  Besides  the  more  common  form,  there  are 
certain  specimens  with  leaves  a  little  broader,  spreading  more,  the  teeth 
seeming  not  quite  so  acute,  which  I  have  doubtfully  referred  to  S.  emargi- 
natum  Brongn. 

As  usual  in  this  species,  the  tips  of  the  leaves  are  generally  buried  in 
the  matrix,  a  circumstance  which  probably  gives  rise  to  tlie  inclusion  ol 
Sphenopliyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn.  in  Professor  Lesquereux's  list  of  the 
Henry  County,  Missouri,  plants. 


SPHENOPHYLLALES— SPHEiSrOPHYLLUM.  177 

Specimens  with  entire  or  dissected  leaves  are  frequently  found  mingled, 
the  dissection  often  reaching  to  near  the  base  of  the  leaves,  approaching 
S.  hifurcatum  Lx.  in  appearance,  though  this  latter  species,  found  in  the 
"conglomerate"  or  " subconglomerate "  coals,  I  have  not  seen  in  any 
material  from  Missouri.  Obscure  fragments  of  cones,  probably  belonging 
to  this  species,  are  found  mingled  with  the  specimens  of  stems  and  leaves. 

To  Sphenophyllum  cuneifoUum  doubtless  belongs  the  specimen  from 
Clinton  recorded  in  the  Coal  Flora'  as  5'.  fiUcidme  Lx.  In  this  specimen, 
which  was  collected  by  Dr.  Britts  and  was  formerly  in  Professor  Lesquereux's 
private  collection,  and  which  is  now  No.  8679  of  the  Lacoe  collection  in 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  it  is  clear  that  the  cleavage  of  the  shale  has 
broken  away  the  ends  of  all  except  the  highest  leaves  in  the  verticil,  so  that 
the  broken  edges  are  all  within  a  single  curve,  the  line  of  fracture  being 
distinctly  oblique  to  the  venation  of  the  leaves.  There  is  no  evidence  of 
any  inequality  in  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  other  than  is  common  in 
S.  cuneifoUum,  while,  at  the  same  time,  there  is  no  pairing  of  the  four  outer 
leaves  or  separation  of  the  two  middle  ones. 

The  principal  characters  of  the  fruit  of  this  species,  so  well  worked  out 
by  Professor  Zeiller,  are  stated  in  the  discussion  of  the  genus. 

Localities. — Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5454,  5456,  5475?; 
Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5455;  also  found  at  Gilkerson's  Ford. 

Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongn. 

PL  LIX,  Fig.  Id. 

1822.  Sphenophillites  emarginatus  Brongniart,  Classif.  v6g.  foss.,  p.  234,  pi.  ii,  figs.  8, 

Sa-b. 
1822.  Rotularia  marsilewfolia  Sternberg,  Versach,  vol.  1,  fasc.  2,  p.  33  (pars). 
1825.  Rotularia  mar silem folia  Sternberg,  Versuch,  vol.  1,  tent.,  p.  xsxii  (pars). 
1828.  Rotularia  marsilecvfolia  Sternberg,  Bronn,  in  Bischoff:  Kryptogiim.  Gewachse, 

p.  89,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  la-b. 
1838.  Rotularia  mnrsilece/olia  Sternberg,  Presl,  Verb.  Gesell.  Mus.  Bohmen,  p.  29,  pi. 

ii,  figs.  2-4. 
1828.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  68. 
1835.  Sphenophijllum  emarginatum  Brongn.,  Bronn,  Letli.  Geogn.,  vol.  i,  p.  32,  pi.  vii, 

fig.  10. 
1855.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongn.,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steinkohl.  Sacbsen,  p.  12, 

pi.  xs,  figs.  1-4  (5-7!),  (pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  4  ?). 

'Vol.  1,  p.  59. 
MON   XXXVII 12 


178  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

1864.  Sphenopliyllum  emat ginatum  Broiigu.,  Coemans  and  Kickx,  Monogr.  geu.  Sphen., 

p.  144,  pi.  i,  fig.  2;  (pi.  ii  figs.  1-3?). 
1869.  Sphenopliyllum  einariiinatum  Biongn.,  von  Roelil,  Foss,  Fl.  Steinkoblenf.  West- 

phalens,  p.  30  (pars),  (pi.  iv,  fig.  12?). 
1869.  Sphenophyllum  cmarginatum  Brougu.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  i,  p.  339,  (pi.  xxv, 

fig.  IS?). 
1874.  Sphenophyllum  emaryinatum  Brongn.,  O.  Feistinaiitel,  Verst.  bohui.  Ablag.,  vol.  i, 

p.  134  (pars),  pi.  xviii,  fig.  5!  (uoa  fig.  3). 
1876.  Sphenophyllum  einarginatum  Brougn.,  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Helv.,  p.  53,  pi.  xix,  fig.  15. 

1879.  An  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brougn.,  Heer,  Urwelt  d.  Schweiz.,  2d  ed.,  pi.  i, 

fig.  10? 

1880.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brougn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  53. 
1880.  SphenophylUim  emarginatum  Brougn.,  Schimper,  in  Zittel:  Handb.  Paliiont.,  vol. 

ii,  p.  179,  fig.  135, ,. 

1880.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongu.,  Ferd.  Roemer,  Leth.  Geogn.,  Pal ,  p.  153, 

pi.  1,  fig.  6. 

1881.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brougn.,  Saporta  aud  Marion,  fivol.  reg.  veg.,  crj'pt., 

p.  198,flg.  82,  A'  (o,  c'i). 
1881.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brougn.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  \)\.  x,  fig.  58. 
1880.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongn.,  Sterzel,   Fl.  Rotbl.  u.-w.  Sachsens,  p.  23 

(pars),  pp.  26,  27,  figs.  18  (19?);  (pi.  xxiii,  figs.  2-.T?). 
1886.  Sphenophyllum  emarginntum  Brongn.,  Zeiller,  Fl.foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas, 

pi.  Ixiv,  figs.  3-5;  text  (1888),  p.  409. 
1891.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongn.,  Raciborski,  Permokarb.  FL,  p.  26  (378) 

(pars). 
1893.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brougn.,  Zeiller,  Mem.  Soc.  geol.  Fr.,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

no.  11,  p.  24,  pi.  ii  (iv),  figs.  4,  4a. 
1898.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongn.,  Seward,  Foss.  Plants,  vol.  i,  p.  407,  fig.  109. 
1832.  Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brougn.,  Lindley  aud  Hutton,  Foss.  FL,  vol.  i,  pi. 

xxvii,  figs.  1-2. 
1848.  S2)h('nophyllHm  Schlotheimii  Brongn.,   Sauveur,  V6g.  foss.  terr.  bouill.  Belg.,  pi, 

Ixiv,  fig.  3. 
1876.  Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brougn.,  Ferd.  Roemer.  Leth.  Geogn.,  vol.  i.  Atlas, 

pi.  I,  fig.  6. 

1880.  Sphenophylhan  ,SWi7o«/ie»»i»  Brougn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  52  (pars). 

1881.  Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geol.   Surv.    Indiana, 

1879-80,  p.  374,  pi.  xliii,  fig.  2. 
1890.  Sphenophyllum   Schlotheimii  Brougu.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  iii, 

p.  980,  text  fig. 
1841.  Spha-nophyllum  Hitchcock,  Geol.  Massachusetts,  vol.  ii,  p.  542,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  2. 
1860.  Sphenophyllum  Osnabrugense  F.  A.  Roemer,  Beitr.  z.  Kenutu.  n.-w.  Harzgeb.,  p.  21, 

pi.  V,  figs.  2a-h. 
1864.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum   Brongn.  var.   /i   Brongniartianum   Coemans    aud 

Kickx,  Monogr.  gen.  Sphen.,  p.  144,  pi.  i,  fig.  3. 
1869.  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongn.  var.  /i  Brongniartianum  C.and  K,,  Schimper, 

Traite,  voL  i,  p.  340,  pi.  xxv,  figs.  15,  16, 17. 


SPHBNOPHYLL  ALBS— SPHENOPHYLLUM,  1 79 

1869.  Sphenophylhim  emarginafum  Tivongn.va.r.  /i Brongniartianum  G.?indK., you  Roehl, 
Foss.  Fl.  Steiukolilenf.  Westphalens,  p.  30,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  2;  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  6A. 

1879.  SphenophyUum  cuneifolmm  (Stb.)  Zeill.,  V(:^g.  foss.  terr.  houill.,  p.  3  (pars). 

1882.  Au  Sphenophylhim  truncatum  Brougn.,  Renault,  Oours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  87, 
pi.  xiii,  figs.  8,  9"? 

I  have  referred,  though  in  part  provisionally,  to  Sphenophyllum  emargi- 
natum,  a  number  of  specimens  in  which  the  large  broad  leaves,  the  slightly 
rounded  or  even  faintly  cordate  apex,  the  nerva(tion,  and  the  blunt  teeth 
seen  in  some  cases  seem  to  be  characteristic  of  the  species,  American  repre- 
sentatives of  which  were  first  published  by  Brongniart^  from  Wilkesbarre, 
Pennsylvania.  Some  of  these  specimens,  in  which  the  "teeth  are  broken 
away  or  buried,  probably  constituted  the  basis  for  the  identification  and 
enumeration  of  S.  Schlotheimii  Brongn.  in  the  list  of  plants  from  Missouri. 
But  notwithstanding  the  identification  of  the  common  form  in  Pennsylvania 
by  Brongniart,  the  species  is  badly  confused  in  our  American  material. 
The  examination  of  a  large  number  of  examples  in  different  collections 
shows  that  in  most  cases,  including  the  specimens  from  Missouri  in  the 
Lacoe  collection,  and  the  other  collections  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  the 
fossils  labeled  S.  SchlotJieiniii  by  Lesquereux  ^  have  the  characters  of  S. 
emarginatum. 

Plants  referable  to  the  Palmacites  verticillatus  of  Schlotheim,^  the  specific 
name  of  which  Kidston  has  justly  restored,  are  extremely  rare  in  the  Ameri- 
can Carboniferous  flora,  so  far  as  it  has  yet  been  made  known.  This  species 
differs  greatly  from  the  true  5*.  emarginatum  by  the  rounded,  not  cordate, 
summit,  which,  as  I  interpret  the  figures,  is  smooth  or  slightly  crenulate, 
often  giving  the  leaf  a  narrowly  obovate  form,  while  the  nerves,  15  to  20  in 
number,  dichotomize  several  times  from  a  single  original  nerve.  The  com- 
mon form  in  Missouri  has,  on  the  contrary,  usually  but  7  to  15  nervils  to  the 
leaf,  which  is  not  rounded,  but,  like  most  of  the  common  representatives  of 
the  species  from  other  localities  in  this  country,  seems  to  belong  to  the 
variety  Brongniartiamim  as  figured  by  Coemans   and  Kickx^  and  others. 

'  Prodrome  1828,  p.  172. 

^  The  specimen  figured  by  tMs  distinguished  and  justly  honored  paleobotanist  in  the  Rept.  Geol. 
Surv.  Indiana,  1880,  p.  374,  pi.  xllii,  fig.  2  (copied  by  Lesley  in  Diet.  Foss.  Peun.sylvauia,  vol.  iii,  p.  980),  as 
S.  Schlotheimii  belongs  with  others  to  the  S.  emarginatum,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  fig.  3  of  the  same 
plate  (Lesley,  op.  cit.,  p.  978)  belongs  very  prob.ably  to  the  group  represented  by  S.filicithiie  Lx. 

'Flora  d.  Vorwelt,  1804,  pi.  ii,  fig.  2i.^SphenophijJhim  Schlotheimii  Brongn. 

■•Monogr.  d.  genre  Sphenophyllum  d'Europe:  Bull.  Acad.  Roy.  Belgique,  (2)  vol.  xviii,  1864,  p.  139, 
pi.  i,  fig.  3. 


180  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Some  of  the  larger  specimens,  especially  those  from  the  anthracite  region, 
are  difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  form  figured  by  Stur^'as  Sphenoplujllum 
Crep'mi.  ^l?(Xij  of  the  large  dissected  leaves  haA^e  the  aspect  of  those  figured 
by  0.  Feistmantel.- 

The  structure  of  the  fertile  spike  of  SpJienophyllum  emarginatum  has 
been  partly  worked  out  by  Zeiller,^  who  finds  the  bracts,  united  at  the  base 
for  a  short  distance,  bearing  several  verticils  of  sporangia,  the  latter  prob- 
ably pedicellate  and  agreeing  in  essential  details  with  the  better-known 
species  S.  cimeifoUum  (Stb.)  Zeill.  The  cones  of  S.  emarginatum  illustrated 
by  Zeiller  are  somewhat  larger  than  those  of  the  former  species,  and  do  not 
in  their  supei-ficial  aspect  appear  very  unlike  the  more  imperfect  specimens 
fio-ured  by  PresP  in  1838  as  Botidaria  marsilecefoUa  Stb. 

Although  it  is  a  species  of  long  duration,  SphenophyUum  emarginatum 
seems  to  have  been  consideralily  modified  in  time.  And  while  the  earlier 
forms  in  America  are  generally  smaller,  the  species  soon  becomes  of  the  size 
and  characters  of  the  variety  Brongniarfianum,  the  still  later  forms  being 
much  more  lax,  proportionately  less  distinct  at  the  base,  and  more  irregular 
or  rounded  at  the  top.  A  separation  of  these  later  forms  as  varieties,  if  not 
as  species,  would,  I  believe,  serve  a  useful  purpose  in  correlative  work,  and 
therefore  be  desirable.  Many  of  the  forms  figured  by  Sterzel  and  Raci- 
borski^  appear  closely  related  to  the  S.  Fontaineanum  Mill.  (S.  latifolium 
F.  and  W.,  nee  Wood,  necque  Ren.) 

Localities.— 0\yer^ii  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5457;  Pitcher's  coal 
bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  G137. 

Sphenophyllum  majus  Broiin. 

PI.  L,  Figs.  5,  &a;  PI.  LI,  Fig.  a;  PI.  LXXIII,  Fig.  3. 

1828.  Rotularia  major  Broun,  in  Bischoff :  Kryptogam.  Gewacbse,  vol.  ii,  p.  89,  pi.  xiii, 

figs.  2ar-b. 
1835.  Sphenophyllum  majus  Brouu,  Leth.  Geogn.,  vol.  i,  p.  32,  pi.  viii,  figs.  9a,  9b. 
1886.  Sphenophyllum  majus  Brouu,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  liouill.  Valeucieunes,  Atlas,  pi. 

Ixiv,  figs.  1,  1ft,  2,  2a;  text  (1888),  p.  420. 


>  Calamar.  d.  Carbon-Fl.,  p.  232,  pi.  xv6,  fig.  4. 
^Verst.  buhm.  Ablag.,  vol.  i,  1874,  p.  134,  pi.  xviii,  figs.  3,  5. 

3F1.  foss.  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  410,  pi.  Ixiv,  fig.  5.     Etude  s.  1.  constitution  d.  I'apparell  fruct.  d. 
Sphenophyllum :  Mem.  Soc.  ge'ol.  Fr.,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  no.  11, 1893,  pi.  ii,  figs.  4,  4a. 
» Verb.  d.  Vaterl.  Mus.  BOhmen,  1838,  p.  29,  pi.  ii,  figs.  2-4. 
">  Permokarb.  Fl.,  p.  26,  pi.  v,  figs.  20-30;  pi.  vii,  fig.  23. 


SPHENOPHYLLALBS— SPHENOPHYLLUM.  181 

1893.  Sphenophyllum  majus  Bronn,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  p.  40. 
1848.  Sphenophyllum  nmltifidum  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  ten.  liouill.  Belgique,  pi.  Ixiv, 

figs.  1,  2. 
1855.  Splienophylhtm  longifolium  (Germ.)  Geiu.  et  Gutb.  (uou  Sauveur),  Geinitz,  Yerst. 

Steiuk.  Sacliseu,  p.  13,  pi.  xx,  figs.  1.5,  10,  17. 
18(59.  Bphenopliyllum  Jongifolium  (Germ.)  Geiu.  et  Gutb.,  Schimper,  Traite,  vol..  i,  p. 

340,  pi.  XXV,  flg.  22  (non  23). 
1880.  Siihenophylhim  loHyifoUum  (Germ.)  Gein.  et  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol. 

i,  p.  53. 

1883.  SphenophyUum  longifolium  (Germ.)  Gein.  et  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  13tli  Rept.  Geol. 

Surv.  Indiana,  2,  p.  46,  pi.  vii,  figs.  10,  11. 

1884.  Sphenophyllnm  longifolium  (Germ.)  Geiu.  et  Gutb.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol. 

ill,  p.  726,  pi.  xcl,  lig.  6. 
1855.  SphenopMjlhim  saxifragcefolium,  (Germ.)  Gein.  et  Gutb.,  Geinitz,  Yerst.  Steiuk. 

Sachsen,  p.  13.  pi.  xx,  figs.  8,  (9?). 
1866.  An  SpheHophyllum  laUfolimn  Wood  (nee  Font,  et  White,  necque  Een.  et  Zeill.). 

Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  347,  pi.  viii,  tig.  3? 

In  the  discussion  of  this  species  from  the  outlying-  basins  in  soiitli- 
western  Missouri^  I  have  stated  at  length  my  reasons  for  accepting  Bronn's 
name  as  the  proper  designation  of  this  form,  in  preference  to  the  name  given 
to  the  larger  form  by  Germar.  The  material  in  the  present  collections  pre- 
sents a  number  of  fine  examples,  which  I  refer  to  this  species,  although 
they  show  rather  less  tendency  to  dissection  than  appeared  in  the  others. 
The  photographs  seen  in  PI.  L,  Fig.  5  and  Fig.  6,  an  enlargement  of  which 
is  o-iven  in  PI.  LI,  Fig.  fl,  show  undersized  specimens  of  this  beautiful  spe- 
cies. As  was  remarked  in  the  report  above  mentioned,  the  form,  not  rare 
in  America,  is  quite  different  from  that  with  long  leaves  and  with  nerves 
not  confluent  at  the  base  and  sparsely  forking,  figured  by  Schimper,^ 
Coemans  and  Kickx,^  Weiss,^  von  Roehl,'  Renault,"  and  Renault  and 
Zeiller,''  while  I  have  seen  but  a  single  specimen,  from  Ohio,  representing 
the  type  of  Germar.*  The  plant  illustrated  by  Raciborski"  under  this 
name  would  seem  to  be  more  closely  related  to  the  8.  Fontaineanum  Miller. 

Sphenoplujllum  majus  is  represented  in  the  Lacoe  collection  in  the  U.  S. 


1  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  p.  41. 

^Tralte,  vol.  i,  1869,  pi.  xxv,  fig.  23  (copied  from  Germar),  p.  340. 

^Mouogr.  (1.  genre  Sphenopbylluin,  Bull.  Acad.  Roy.  Belg.,  (2)  vol.  xviii,  1864,  p.  147,  pi.  i,  fig.  4. 

••Aus  der  Flora  d.  .Stciukohlenformation,  1881,  pi.  x,  fig.  60. 

6 Foss.  Fl.  Steiuk. -Form.  Westpbaleus,  1869,  p.  31,  pi.  iv,  fig.  14. 

6  Cours  bot.  foss,  vol.  11, 1882,  p.  88,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  18  (from  Coemaus  and  Kickx). 

'Fl.  foss.  bassin  bouill.  Commentry,  vol.  ii,  Atlas,  pi.  1,  figs.  12-17. 

sjsis,  1837,  col.  426,  pi.  ii,  fig.  2.     Verst.  Koblenf.,  p.  17,  pi.  vii,  fig.  2. 

spermokarboniska  Fl.,  1891,  p.  29  (381),  pi.  v,  figs.  14, 15. 


182  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

National  Mi;seum  by  a  number  of  specimens  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton, 
Missouri,  labeled  S.  Jow/ifolium  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  This  type,  as 
seen  in  PI.  L,  Fig.  5,  closelv  resembles  the  leaves  found  on  the  robust 
branches  of  5".  emarginatum,  while,  when  dissected,  the  leaves  are  quite 
suggestive  of  S.  Ufurcatum.  The  nervation  of  this  specimen,  studied  by 
Lesquereux,  is  shown  in  the  photographic  enlargement,  PI.  LI. 

The  presence  of  two  undescribed  species  with  very  large  leaves  in  the 
Pocono  and  the  Middle  Pottsville  gives  to  the  large,  wide-leafed  group  a 
much  greater  antiquity  than  has  been  supposed. 

iom/iiies.— Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  5462,  5671,  5679, 
5680;  Deep  water,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5465;  Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  5463;  Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5461. 

SpHENOPHTLLUM  LESCUEIANrM  11.  sp. 
PI.  L,  Fig.  6&;  PL  LI,  Fig.  h;  PL  XXIV,  3c. 
1897.  Sphenophyllum  sp.,  D.  Wbite,  BulL  GeoL  Soc.  Amer.,  voL  viii,  p.  297. 

Stems  slender,  delicate,  branching  freely;  internodes  long  in  propor- 
tion to  the  width  of  the  axis,  the  ribs  being  naiTow,  distinct,  and  angular ; 
nodes  but  slightly  enlarged ;  leaves  six  to  the  verticil,  of  equal  length,  the 
middle  pair  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  stem,  the  upper  and  lower  pairs 
open  and  at  equal  angles  to  the  stem,  narrowly  obcuneate,  3  to  5  mm. 
long,  1  to  1.75  mm.  wide  near  the  top,  of  rather  thin  texture,  very  small 
at  the  point  of  attachment,  the  lateral  margins  slightly  convex,  generally 
divided  by  a  shallow  angular  or  rounded  sinus  into  two  obtuse  or  obtusely 
pointed  teeth,  but  sometimes,  in  the  lower  portions  of  the  plant,  divided 
into  three  or  four  teeth  of  the  same  type;  nervation  consisting  of  one 
slender  nerve,  simple  to  one-third  or  one-half  the  way  up,  then  forking  at 
a  moderate  angle,  each  of  the  two  branches  entering  a  tooth,  or,  where 
more  than  two  teeth  are  present,  one  or  both  nerves  forking  again  near  the 
top  of  the  leaf;  fructification  unknown. 

Among  the  specimens  in  the  Lacoe  collection  labeled  SphenophyUum 
amiustifolium  Grerm.  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  one  example.  No.  8711,  from 
the  vicinity  of  Clinton,  Missouri,  is  so  diiferent  not  only  from  all  the 
remaining  specimens  under  that  name,  but  also  from  the  figures  of  foreign 
specimens  described  as  characteristic  of  that  type,  that  I  have  felt  con- 
strained to  exclude  it  from  that  species  and  place  it  under  another  name, 


SPHENOPHYLLALBS— SPHENOPHYLLUM.  183 

after  searching  in  vain  for  a  satisfactory  place  for  it  among  the  many  exist- 
ing species. 

The  phxnt  is  of  a  dehcate  type,  the  bi-anches  slender  and  graceful,  the 
internodes  relatively  long,  the  ribs  narrow,  angular,  while  the  segment  of 
a  larger  stem  at  the  left  in  Fig  6«,  PI.  L,  is  distinctly  lineate.  While  in 
its  general  aspect  and  especially  in  the  outhnes  of  the  leaves  our  form, 
which  is  photographed  twice  the  natural  size  in  PL  LI,  resembles  the  Spheno- 
X^jlUtes  angiistifolius  of  Germar,'  the  difference  in  the  minor  characters,  par- 
ticularly the  details  of  the  nervation,  as  shown  in  the  description  and  figures 
of  S.  angustifolium  (Germ.)  Goepp.  given  by  Coemans  and  Kickx,^  Renault,^ 
and  Weiss,*  or  of  the  var.  hifidum  Gr.  'Eury  by  Renault,  =^  in  all  of  which  we 
find  long,  slender,  acute-pointed  pinnules  more  deeply  dissected  and  with 
the  nerves  separate  and  distinct  from  the  base  in  the  bidentate  forms,  is  too 
great  to  permit  its  union  under  the  same  name.  In  fact,  the  essential  char- 
acters are  probably  nearer  -S'.  ohlongifoUnm,  especially  as  that  species  is 
figured  by  the  same  authors,"  tliough  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  their 
attitude  in  the  verticil  it  is  quite  difi'erent  from  that  species. 

Sphenopliyllum  Lescurianum  is  not  easily  confused  with  the  younger 
species,  S.  filiculme  Lx.,  5'.  tmuifoUmn  F.  and  W.,  or  S.  densifolium  F.  and 
W.,  all  of  which  differ  by  the  disposition  of  the  leaves  in  the  verticil,  by 
the  nervation,  and  by  the  margins. 

Locality.— ^ em-  Clinton,  Henry  County,  Missouri,  precise  locahty  not 
known;  Lacoe  collection.  No.  8711,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

SPHENOPHYLLUM   (ASTEEOPHYLLITES?)   FASOIOULA.TUM    (Lx). 

P1..L,  Fiffs.  1-4. 

1879.  AsterophylUtes  fasciculatus  Lesquereux,  Ooal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  2,  pi.  iii,  flgs.  1-4, 
4a;  text,  vol.  1  (1880),  p.  41. 
Stems  1  to  7  nun.  wide,  branching  freely,  dichotomously,  or  oppositely 
(?),  with  about  3  to  6  rounded,  obscurely  lineate-rugose,  hardly  striate,  non- 
alternating  ribs  dilated  at  the  nodes;  branches  irregular,  flexuous,  forking 

'  Verst.  Steink.  Wettiu  u.  Lobejiiu,  p.  18,  pi.  vli,  figs.  4-7.  Schimper,  Traitd,  vol.  i,  pi.  xx,  figs.  1-4. 
Von  Roebl,  Foss.  Fl.  StemkoUleuf.  Westphalens,  pi.  iv,  fig.  18. 

^  Bull.  Soc.  Roy.  Belg.,  (2)  vol.  xviii,  1864,  pi.  i,  tigs.  la-c. 

'Cours  bot.  foss  ,  vol.  ii,  1882,  pi.  siii,  tigs.  19,  20,  21. 

■I  Aus  (1.  Flora  tl.  Steinkohl.,  1881,  pi.  x,  fig.  61. 

■'■Fl.  foss.  bassin  bouill.  Commentry,  vol.  ii,  p.  485,  pi.  1,  tigs.  6,  7. 

fi  Coemans  and  Kickx,  loc.  cit.,  tigs.  8fl-c.  ScUimper,  op.  cit.,  1,  p.  343,  pi.  xxv,  tigs.  5-9.  Renault,  op. 
cit.,  vol.  ii,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  IS,  16, 17.  Weiss,  op',  cit.,  pi.  x,  tig.  39. 


184  FLORA  OF  LOWER  CO^L  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

equally  or  unequally  at  a  naiTow  angle,  leafy,  tapering  plumose  to  the  tufted 
apex;  nodes  prominent,  generally  ver}'  short,  1  to  6  mm.  distant,  frequently 
crowded  near  the  base  of  the  branch,  each  pro\'ided  with  a  verticil  of 
leave?;  leaves  6  to  12  in  the  verticil,  united  usually  in  six  pairs  in  the  smaller 
twigs,  the  members  of  each  pair  being  joined  for  a  distance  from  the  base  by 
their  laminse,  or  even  the  pairs  joined  to  one  another  for  a,  short  distance  when 
young,  and  separating  with  the  increased  growth  of  the  axis,  lanceolate, 
2.5  to  8  mm.  long,  tapering  from  near  the  base  to  the  acute  apex,  slightly 
carinate,  not  regularly  alternate  from  node  to  node,  minutely  rugose,  oblique, 
or  erect  when  young,  at  the  point  of  attachment,  then  curving  outward,  often 
more  or  less  reflexed  according  to  age  and  position,  then  turning .  upward 
and  sometimes  slight! }'  inward,  approaching  a  semi-uncinate  form,  some- 
what thickened  at  the  slightly  constricted  base,  nearly  smooth  or  obtusely 
carinate  on  the  arching  dorsal  surface  ;  median  nerves  of  each  pair  of  leaves 
simple  at  the  base,  or  distinct  and  separate,  converging  to  contiguous  points 
of  origin,  relatively  broad,  dorsally  lineate-rugose  under  the  lens;  strobili 
borne  on  the  branches,  6  to  25  mm.  long,  5  to  7  mm.  wide,  divided  into 
nodes  about  2  mm.  apart,  the  axis  being  1.25  mm.  wide,  ribbed  like  the 
branch,  each  node  bearing  a  verticil  of  bracts  slightly  longer  than  the  pre- 
ceding leaves,  somewhat  strongly  reflexed,  then  curving  upward  at  the 
middle  and  finally  turned  inward;  sporangia  slightly  oval,  the  greater 
diameter  being  a  little  less  than  1  mm. 

A  number  of  typical  specimens,  some  of  which  are  from  the  type 
locality,  bring  to  our  attention  new  features  in  this  unique  and  interesting 
species. 

The  common  aspect  of  the  plant  is  indicated  in  pi.  iii,  fig.  1,  of  the 
Coal  Flora  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  though  the  habit  of  the  leaves  is  not 
there  shown  so  well  as  in  our  PI.  L.,  Figs.  2  and  3.  On  my  first  examina- 
tion of  the  species  I  was  disposed  to  regard  the  dichotomovis  fasciculate 
specimens  as  specifically  distinct  from  the  form  illustrated  in  fig.  2  of  the 
Coal  Flora  plate.  I  have  seen  no  other  specimen  from  this  region  with 
such  an  aspect  of  I'igidity,  which  is  exaggerated  in  the  figure,  and  with  the 
appearance  of  opposite  branching,  except  the  oi'iginal  of  that  figure,  now 
No.  8292  of  the  Lacoe  collection  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 
This  original  diff'ers,  furthermore,  from  the  figure  by  the  much  more  falcate 
character  of  the  leaves,  which   are  more  open  at  the  liase,  then  curving 


SPHENOPHYLLALES— SPHENOPHYLLUM.  185 

gradually  upward  and  slightl}"  inward,  while  each  joint  of  the  main  stem 
is  provided  with  a  verticil  of  leaves  within  which  the  branches  have  their 
origin.  But,  although  by  this  character  of  the  main  stem,  the  internodes 
of  which  are  much  longer  in  proportion  to  their  width  than  in  other  speci- 
mens, and  b)'  the  angle  and  habit  of  the  branches  this  individual  specimen 
is  so  different  from  all  others  examined,  being  in  effect  very  similar  to 
Asteropliyllites  gracilis  Lx.,  still  the  characters  of  the  leaves  and  branches  are 
so  concordant  with  those  in  the  dichotomous  form  that  I  am  not  at  present 
prepared  to  establish  any  separation  of  the  two,  especially  in  the  absence 
of  additional  details  as  to  the  internal  organization  or  fruit  of  the  latter. 

The  following  remarks,  however,  pertain  entirely  to  the  remaining 
suite  of  specimens,  all  of  which  are  more  or  less  distinctly  of  the  type  of 
fig.  1  of  the  plate  in  the  Coal  Flora. 

The  stems  of  the  common  (dichotomous  or  fasciculate)  type,  some  of 
which  ai'e  nearly  1  cm.  in  diameter,  are  usually  more  or  less  flexuous, 
especially  the  smaller  ones,  while  the  delicate  twigs  are  often  sinuous  and 
plumose,  the  branching  being  irregular  and  not  in  the  same  plane.  In  fact, 
the  general  aspect  of  the  plant  and  the  more  obvious  characters  of  the 
stems  of  all  ranks  are  so  strongly  similar  to  those  of  the  stems  and 
branches  of  common  Sphenophylla,  such  as  Sphenophyllum  emarginatum 
Brongn.,  that  it  is  only  after  a  glance  at  the  leaves  that  one  pauses  to  inquire 
whether  it  belongs  to  some  other  group.  The  ribs  are  few,  broad,  broadly 
rounded  or  flattened,  and  separated  in  the  larger  segments  by  a  rounded 
furrow.  Toward  the  upper  end  of  the  internode  each  rib  is  somewhat 
swollen.  Confluent  with  the  upper  ends  of  these  ribs  are  the  slightly 
thickened  bases  of  the  leaves,  which  are  inclined  upward  as  is  common  in 
SphenopliyUmn,  so  that  just  above  the  node,  or  within  the  verticil,  the  stem  is 
reduced  in  size.     These  features  may  be  indistinctly  seen  in  PI.  L,  Fig.  3. 

In  the  larger  and  older  stems  the  leaf  traces  show  indistinctly  as  roundish 
or  transversely  oval  scars  more  or  less  distinctly  paired  according  to  the  size 
of  the  stem.  In  such  advanced  stems  the  leaves  are  so  open  that  they  are 
seldom  seen  except  in  profile.  However,  in  the  younger  portions,  and 
particularly  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  leaves  may  often  be  seen  at 
a  right  angle  to  their  planes,  in  which  cases  they  are  found  to  be  united, 
two  by  two,  for  a  distance  (sometimes  nearly  one-third  of  their  length), 
while  in  still  other  cases  the  pairs  are  more  narrowly  united  into  what  is 


186  FLORA  OF  LOWER  GOAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

perhaps  essentially  a  sheath,  as  shown  fragmentai-ily  in  Fig.  1,  PL  L,  which 
represents  a  portion  of  No.  8296  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  from  Henry 
County,  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  This  character  of  the  pairing, 
which  constitutes  bifurcation  of  the  leaves  in  effect,  and  which  is  also 
illustrated  in  PI.  L,  Figs.  2  and  4,  and  in  the  enlarged  details,  accentuating 
the  Sphenophylloid  nature  of  the  plant,  is  further  accompanied,  in  some 
cases  at  least,  by  a  corresponding  bifurcation  of  the  single  basal  nerve,  one 
of  whose  divisions  passes  to  each  lobe.^  From  the  preservation  of  the  older 
portions  of  the  stems  it  would  seem  that  these  bifurcated  (or  paired)  leaves 
gradually  part  and  become  distinct  in  the  older  stems,  as  Potoni^  has 
noticed  occasionally  in  the  leaves  of  Equisetites  zeceformis  (Schloth.)  Andra, 
and  that  both  forked  and  simple  leaves  may  occvir  on  the  same  stem.  In 
some  cases  there  appear  to  be  but  three  leaf  pairs  on  the  young  twigs,  but 
this  incomplete  observation  ma)^  be  erroneous.  The  young  twigs  with 
bifurcated  leaves  are  frequently  united  with  the  larger  stems,  in  which,  so 
far  as  I  am  able  to  discover,  the  leaves  are  separate  quite  to  the  base. 

Among  several  fertile  spikes  attached  to  the  branches  of  this  species  I 
have  not  yet  seen  any  with  the  structure  illustrated  in  the  Coal  Flora, 
though  the  original  of  pi.  iii,  fig.  3,  of  that  work  lies  before  me.  All  the 
specimens  are  too  poorly  preserved  to  enable  me  to  discover  the  mode  of 
attachment  or  even  the  normal  place  of  the  sporangia  between  the  verticils. 
The  bi'acts  are  more  slender  and  rather  longer  than  the  leaves  below,  and 
are  more  strongly  reflexed  before  curving  outward,  upward,  and,  finally, 
slightly  inward.  The  sporangia,  a  number  of  which  are  scattered  irregularly 
among  tlie  verticils  in  some  of  the  specimens,  are  slightly  oval  and  nearly 
1  mm.  in  greater  diameter. 

As  a  species  of  Asterophyllites  this  form  is  unique.  In  its  general 
composition  and  make-up  it  is  a  SphenophyUum.  Its  habit,  the  broadly  ribbed 
stems,  the  inflated  joints,  the  verticils,  which  appear  to  be  confluent  with  the 
upper  ends  of  the  ribs,  giving  the  leaves  a  decurrent  effect,  the  bifurcated 
character  of  the  leaves,  at  least  in  the  younger  stages,  all  combine  to  make 
us  question  whether  we  are  not  in  reality  dealing-  with  a  type  more  nearly 
related  to  SphenophyUum,  in  which  most  of  the  nerves  are  simple  to  the  base 
of  the  leaf,  so  as  to  allow  the  lobes  to  grow  apart  with  the  enlargement  of 

'  In  most  cases,  howevor,  both  the  leaves  and  the  nerves  appear  to  be  simple,  especially  iu  the 
lowrr  portions  of  the  stems  or  branches. 


LYOOPODIALES— LEPIDODEXDRE.E— LEPIDODEJSTDEOK         1 87 

the  axis.  Owing  to  the  unfortunate  lack  of  material  so  preserved  as  to  show 
the  internal  structure  of  the  stems,  we  are  left  to  search  for  fruiting-  cones 
in  which  the  arrangement  of  the  sporangia  will  be  discernible.  I  anticipate 
that  the  cones  will  be  found  to  show  the  characters  of  Splienophyllum,  and 
I  have  very  little  hesitation  in  imequivocally  referring  it  to  that  genus. 
Should  additional  material  substantiate  such  a  reference  it  is  probable  that  the 
type  of  fig.  2  of  pi.  iii  of  Coal  Flora  will  be  placed  in  or  near  Asterophjllites 
gracilis  Lx.,  or  A.  (jrandis  Stb.,  with  which  in  many  respects  it  agrees. 

I  am  not  sure  whether  or  not  a  specimen  of  Asterophyllites  fascicitlatus 
was  the  basis  of  the  identification  by  Lesquereux  of  Sphenophyllum  furcatum 
Lx.  in  the  Missouri  flora,  but  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  ein-ollment 
of  the  latter  species  in  the  list  from  Henry  County  was  based  by  him  on 
fragments  of  S.  emarginatum  Brongn.,  in  which  the  leaves  are  sometimes 
dissected  nearl}?-  to  the  base.  The  true  S.  hifttrcatiiiii,  as  described  from  the 
"coal-bearing  shales"  of  Washington  County,  Arkansas,  is  quite  difi"erent 
from  anything  I  have  yet  seen  from  the  Missouri  Coal  Measures,  and  appar- 
ently constitutes  a  good  species  of  some  stratigraphic  value. 

Localities.— Owen's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5539,  5542,  5622,  5637, 
6639,  5675;  Deepwater,   U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5540,  5658;    Gilkerson's   Ford,  , 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5541 ;  Hobbs's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5543. 

LYCOPODIALES. 

LEPIDODElSrjJR,E.E. 

LEPIDODENDRON  Sternberg,  1820. 

1820.  Lepidodendron  Sternberg,  Fl.  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  i,  fasc.  1,  p.  25;  teiit.  (1825),  p.  x. 
1822.  Sagenaria  Brongniart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  uat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  239. 

Of  the  five  species  of  this  genus  occurring  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures 
in  the  region  of  Henry  County,  Missouri,  two,  Lepidodendron  Brittsii  Lx. 
and  L.  lanceolatum  Lx.,  belong  to  older  types  of  the  genus,  the  former  hav- 
ing been  probably  derived  from  L.  Volkmannianum  of  the  culm  or  some 
related  species,  while  the  latter  is  most  intimately  connected  with  the  L. 
Sternbergii  as  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  from  the  Pottsville  series. 

The  study  of  the  internal  structure  of  a  large  number  of  the  species  of 
this  genus  shows  a  very  great  diversity  of  organization,  especially  with  ref- 
erence to  secondary  or  exogenous  growth,  some  of  the  stems  or  branches 
presenting  only  the  primary  growth,  while  others  contain  a  very  elaborate 


188  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEI. 

and  complicated  secondary  or  exogenous  development.^  The  examination 
of  the  structure  of  certain  dolomitized  bolsters  of  Lepidophloios  by  Dr. 
Potonid^  shows  that  the  two  lateral  appendages  below  the  leaf  scar  in  Lepi- 
dodendron  and  Lepidophlolos  are  the  aerial  terminations,  beneath  greatly 
thinned  bolster  walls,  of  strands  of  thin-walled  parenchyma  cells,  apparently 
with  intercellular  spaces.  These  strands  or  ducts,  whose  function  is 
regarded  b}'  Potonie  as  transpiratory,  pass  through  the  leaf  scar  by  way  of 
the  lateral  cicatricules  and  correspond  with  the  two  similar  tracts  found  by 
Felix ^  in  the  cross  section  of  the  leaf  oi  Lepidodendron  selaginoides.  Potonid 
follows  Stur''  in  designating  the  trace  on  the  bolster  above  the  leaf  scar  in 
the  Lepidodendrece  as  the  "ligular  pit,"  on  account  of  its  supposed  homol- 
ogy with  the  ligule  of  the  recent  SelagineUa.  The  propriety-  of  this  corre- 
lation has,  however,  been  doubted  by  a  number  of  paleobotanists,  among 
whom  is  Mr.  Kidston.^ 

Lepidodendron  Brittsii  Lx. 

PI.  LII,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  LIII,  Fig.  1;  PL  LIV,  Figs.  1,  2. 

1879.  Lepidodendron  Brittsii  Lesqnereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  11,  pi.  Ixiii,  tigs.  1,  2; 

text,  vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  368. 
1883.  Lepidodendron  Brittsii  Lesquereux,  ISth  Eept.  Geol.  Sarv.  Indiana,  2,  pi.  xvii, 

figs.  ■!,  4i. 
1889.  Lepidodendron   Brittsii  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Peuusylvauia,  vol.  i,  p.  313,  2 

text  flg.s. 

Stems  of  considerable  size,  slightly  rigid,  freely  branching  at  a  rather 
naiTow  angle  in  both  equal  and  unequal  dichotomies,  the  branches  becom- 
ing slender,  tapering  slowly,  flexuous,  and  plumose;  bolsters  contiguous, 
rhomboidal-oval,  acute  both  above  and  below,  sometimes  nearly  one-half  as 
broad  as  long  in  the  old  stems,  but  generally  fusiform,  very  slender,  the 

'Detailed  descriptions  of  the  structure  of  a  number  of  species  may  be  found  in  the  series  of 
memoirs  published  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society,  by  the  late  Prof.  W.  C. 
Williamson,  or  in  the  painstaking  studies  of  Professors  Renault  and  Bertrand.  A  very  short  rdsum^ 
relating  to  the  development  of  the  Lepidodendroid  stem  Tvas  given  by  the  author  in  Science,  1896,  vol. 
iii,  pp.  754-759. 

^Anatomie  der  beideu  "Male"  auf  dem  unteren  Wangenpaar  uud  der  beiden  Seitenniirbchen 
der  Blattnarbe  des  Lepidodendreeu-Blattpolsters:  Ber.  d.  deutsch.  bot.  Gesell.,  vol.  xi,  1893,  Hft.  5, 
pp.  319-326,  pi.  xiv. 

'  Untersnchungen  iiber  den  inneren  Bau  Westfiilischer  Carbou-Pflanzen  :  Abh.  d.  li.  Preuss.  Geol. 
Laudesanst.,  vol.  vii,  1886,  Hft.  3,  pi.  ii,  fig.  3. 

■•Die  Culm-Flora  d.  Ostrauer  u.  Waldenburger  Schichten :  Abh.  d.  k.-k.  Geol.  Reichanst.,  vol. 
viil,  1877,  Hft.  2,  p.  327  (231;,  pi.  xxsvl  (xix),  fig.  1. 

^Trans.  Royal  Society  of  Edinb.,  vol.  xxxvii,  pt.  iii,  1893,  p.  537. 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRE.E— LEPIDODENDEON.  189 

length  being  more  than  ten  times  the  breadth,  tapering  to  very  slender,  flexuous 
tips  in  moderate  relief,  convex,  the  lower  half  and  the  upper  portion  above 
the  foliar  cicatrice  distinctly  marked  by  irregular,  rather  coarse  transverse 
corrugations ;  leaf  cicatrices  a  short  distance  above  the  middle  of  the 
bolsters,  moderately  protuberant,  broad,  crescentic,  very  narrow  vertically, 
concave-convex  upward  in  plan,  the  upper  margin  round-convex,  slightly 
mucronate  at  the  top  in  correspondence  with  the  base  of  the  midrib,  the 
lower  margin  concave,  forming  an  imperfect  arc  of  from  130°  to  160°; 
ligular  trace  obsciu-e,  mammillate,  close  above  the  leaf  cicatrice ;  append- 
ages oblong,  close  on  either  side  of  the  base  of  the  midrib,  and  inclined 
somewhat  outward ;  leaves  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  from  near  the 
broad  base,- which  is  nearly  the  whole  width  of  the  bolster,  to  the  slender 
acuminate  apex,  10  to  60  mm.  or  more  in  length,  thin,  ventrally  concave 
at  the  base,  which  is  open,  or  often  reflexed,  then  outward  curved,  generally 
turning  upward,  giving  a  plumose  aspect  to  the  slender  twigs,  and  often 
adhering  to  stems  of  considerable  size ;  midi-ib  distinct,  rather  naiTow, 
dorsally  round,  diminishing  gradually  to  the  apex. 

This  well-marked  representative  of  an  ancient  group  is  excellently  rep- 
resented among  the  abundant  material  collected  Ijy  Mr.  Van  Ingen  from 
Hobbs's  mine,  where  it  is  especially  common.  This  is  perhaps  the  type 
locality.  The  mine  from  which  the  originals  described  by  Professor  Les- 
quereux  were  obtained  is  not  stated.  It  is  certain  that  all  the  specimens 
came  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton.  The  distinct,  irregular,  transverse 
wrinkles,  which  ornament  the  rounded  surface  of  the  bolster  both  below 
and  above  the  leaf,  and  which  constitute  the  most  conspicuous  specific  char- 
acter, as  will  be  seen  in  PL  LII,  Fig.  3,  are  present  and  observable  in  even 
the  small  twigs.  The  bolsters  are  usually  very  slender  and  actiminate, 
though  often  broadened  somewhat,  approaching  nearer  the  L.  Volkmannianum 
in  the  older  stems.  In  the  form  of  the  leaf  scar,  also,  it  shows  its  relation 
to  the  latter  species,  for,  instead  of  being  "transversely  oval"  as  originally 
described  and  figured,^  they  are  more  or  less  regularly  crescentic,  the  horns 
of  the  crescent  reaching  nearly  to  the  sides  a  little  above  the  middle  of  the 
bolsters.  The  upper  convex  border  of  the  scar  generally  forms  a  sweeping 
curve  of  about  160°,  with  a  slight  inteiTuption  of  the  line  over  the  vascular 
scar.     The  latter  often  forms  a  narrow  keel,  especially  in  the  older  branches, 

I  Lesqnereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  368,  \i\.  Ixiii,  tij;s.  1,  Id.  \h,  2. 


190  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

or  where  the  bases  of  the  leaves  are  reflexed  or  compressed  downward. 
Sometimes,  however,  it  is  nearly  even,  or  appears  rarely  slightly  emarginate, 
in  which  case  the  profile  of  the  vascular  trace  stands  out  more  strongly  in 
the  arch  of  the  inward  curve  that  marks  the  attachment  of  the  lower  side 
of  the  leaf.  Frequently,  where  the  leaf  bases  were  directed  upward,  the 
compressed  specimens  show  both  edges  of  the  scar  as  fairly  even  curves. 
The  latter  are  always  very  close,  so  that  the  broken  epidermis  of  the  upper 
and  lower  surface  of  the  leaf  appears  as  a  single  line  on  the  outer  sides 
beyond  the  appendages.  Even  in  the  central  portion  of  the  scar  I  have  not 
been  able  to  find  more  than  a  very  small  transversely  rhomboidal  trace,  such 
as  is  seen  in  PI.  LIII,  Fig.  la,  the  vertical  diameter  of  which  seems  to  be 
no  more  than  that  of  the  midi'ib  of  the  leaf.  In  all  the  specimens  of  this 
easily  distinguished  species,  including  the  types  and  other  specimens  from 
Henry  County,  Missouri,  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  and  now  in 
the  Lacoe  collection,  the  leaf  scar  is  of  the  same  form.  The  examination 
of  the  original  of  fig.  1 ,  pi.  Ixiii  of  the  Coal  Flora,  shows  clearly  the  cres-  ■ 
centic  line,  which  describes  a  rather  larger  arc  than  is  indicated  in  fig.  Irt. 
The  latter  figure,  too,  conveys  a  better  idea  of  the  transverse  corrugations 
which  diminish  and  vanish  some  distance  below  the  leaf  scar.  Although  in 
portions  of  the  originals  and  in  many  of  the  specimens  collected  later  the 
epidermis  of  the  bolster  is  excellently  preserved,  I  have  not  been  able  to 
discover  in  a  single  bolster  a  line  of  separation  or  epidermal  fracture  which 
can  be  construed  as  marking  a  lower  border  of  the  leaf  scar.  The  somewhat 
indefinite  lines  marked  in  portions  of  fig.  2,  loc.  cit.,  are  merely  convention- 
alized and  extended  from  the  uppermost,  short,  faint,  corrugations  of  the 
lower  field.  Here,  too,  a  similar  liberty  is  taken  in  introducing  a  central 
point  in  several  of  the  supposed  leaf  scars,  though  generall}'  only  the  two 
subcicatricial  appendages  are  shown.  The  appendages  are  made  to  come 
within  the  scar  by  the  false  lower  boundary  of  the  latter.  These  features 
are  not  introduced  in  figs.  1 ,  la,  and  Ih,  of  the  Coal  Flora,  unless  the  singular 
curved  line  in  fig.  lb  may  be  so  interpreted.  On  the  other  hand,  in  most  of 
the  fragments,  including  some  of  considerable  size,  in  which  the  leaves  are 
preserved  still  in  union  with  the  bolsters,  the  union  of  the  lower  surface  of 
the  leaf  to  the  bolster  is  clearly  seen  to  be  along  the  upward-arching  line 
described  above.  The  tnie  position  and  attitude  of  the  oval  or  oblong 
respiratory  appendages  are  shown  in  the  lowest  bolster  in  fig.  la. 


LYCOPODIALES— LBPIDODENDRB.E— LEPIDODENDEON.         191 

Usually  when  the  base  of  the  leaf  is  not  inclmed  somewhat  downward 
in  the  fossil  state,  the  base  of  the  midrib  is  expressed  as  a  low,  rounded 
ridge  vanishing  quickly  in  passing  a  short  distance  downward  from  the 
base  of  the  leaf  scar.  This  feature,  which  is  indicated  in  fig.  Ih,  loc.  cit.,  is 
well  shown  in  our  Fig.  2,  PI.  LII,  or  Fig.  la,  PI.  LIV.  The  respiratory 
appendages  generally  lie  rather  close  to  the  vascular  scar  and  have  been 
drawn  conventionally  in  the  Coal  Flora  as  the  lateral  mammillae  of  the  leaf 
scar.  In  none  of  the  specimens,  including  those  studied  by  Professor 
Lesquereux,  have  I  been  able  to  discover  these  lateral  traces  within  the 
leaf  scar.  This  is  probably  on  account  of  the  very  close  proxiniity  of  the 
broken  carbonized  upper  and  lower  boundaries  of  the  leaf  cicatrix. 

The  "  ligular  scar"  is  not  generally  apparent  in  the  average  specimens, 
but  may  frequently  be  found  by  a  careful  searcli  of  the  bolsters  on  which  the 
epidermis  is  well  preserved.  In  No.  5489  of  the  Lacoe  collection,^  in  which 
the  bolsters  were  drawn  downward  in  the  process  of  fossilization,  the  leaf 
scars  being  consequently  somewhat  straightened,  we  find  it  clearly  preserved 
a  little  over  .5  mm.  above  the  leaf  scar  as  a  minute  mammilla  in  a  slight  depres- 
sion. Any  other  appendicular  markings  or  generic  characters  are  either 
wanting  or  they  are  obscured  by  the  transverse  wrinkles  in  the  upper  field. 

An  example  of  the  smaller  and  more  slender  leafy  twigs  is  shown  in 
PI.  LII,  Fig.  1,  while  a  fragment  of  a  more  robust  branchlet  is  illustrated 
in  PI.  LIV,  Fig.,1.  Branches  of  this  size  strongly  resemble  in  their  gen- 
eral aspect  the  corresponding  portions  of  Lepidodendron  Haidingeri  Ett. 
or  L.  lanceolatum  Lx.  The  leaves  are  thin,  concave  beneath  at  the  base, 
near  which  they  are  usually  bent  backward  more  or  less  before  curving 
outward  or  upward.  Frequently  in  the  larger  branches,  like  that  photo- 
graphed in  PL  LIII,  Kg.  1,  the  slender  tapering  tips  are  hardly  so  high  as 
the  bases.  Occasionally  they  are  found  adhering  to  stems  of  considerable 
size,  such  as  that  shown  in  fig.  2,  pi.  Ixiii,  of  the  Coal  Flora. 

It  would  be  very  interesting  to  know  the  strobili  of  this  species.  It 
is  possible  that  Lepido])hillum  or  Lepidostrohus  Jenneyi,  which  is  not  rare  in 
these  beds,  ma}'  belong  to  the  branches  in  hand.  The  facts  that  each  is  the 
most  abundant  representative  of  its  respective  genus  here,  and  that  neither 
has,  so  far  as  I  know  definitely,  been  found  elsewhere,  warrant  a  suspicion 
that  they  may  be  portions  of  the  same  tree. 

'  Identjified  and  labeled  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  from  "Clinton,  Missouri." 


192  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Lepidodendron  Brittsn  is  easily  distinguished  from  all  other  species  of 
this  genus,  except  L.  Wortheni  and  L.  Volkinaunianuni,  by  its  generally 
elongated,  fusiform  bolsters,  which  are  rounded  and  transversely  corru- 
gated, and  by  its  thin  crescentic  leaf  scars.  The  narrow  form  of  its  leaf 
scars  and  its  more  acute  bolsters  sejDarate  it  from  the  older  species.  The 
chief  distinctions  between  it  and  L.  Wortheni,  as  figured  by  Lesquereux,^ 
seem  to  lie  in  the  much  broader,  more  oval  leaf  scars  of  the  latter,  and  the 
continuation  of  the  distinct  corrugation  up  to  the  base  of  the  leaf  Unfortu- 
nately I  have  seen  no  really  good  representative  of  the  Illinois  sjiecies  for 
comparison.  Professor  Zeiller  has,  however,  figured  two  specimens  from  the 
Valenciennes  Basin,-  in  which  the  details  as  well  as  the  genei'al  appearance 
are  strikingly  similar  to  L.  Brittsn.  In  fact,  whatever  may  be  its  relation 
to  L.  Wortheni,  the  branch  on  the  right  in  fig.  1,  pi.  Ixxi,  of  the  Valenciennes 
Flora  is  perhaps  nearer  in  its  characters  to  that  of  L.  Brittsii,  shown  in  our 
PI.  LIII,  Fig.  1,  than  many  of  the  fragments  referred  by  various  authors  to 
the  same  species.  While  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  very  close  relation 
of  the  two  plants,  the  more  truncate  bolsters  in  the  latter  species,  the  higher 
place  of  the  leaf  scar  in  the  bolster,  the  less  conspicuous  nerve  scar,  and  the 
apparently  longer  leaves,  seem  to  funiish  characters  ample  for  a  differentia- 
tion of  varietal  if  not  specific  rank.  From  L.  CJiftonense  Dn.'our  species 
may  at  once  be  distinguished  by  the  distinctly  diamond-shaped  leaf  scars 
of  the  former,  whose  twigs  are  larger,  the  leaves  being  several  times  as  long. 

Loccdities. — Pitcher's  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5640,  6042;  Deepwater 
mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6040;  Hobbs's  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6039. 

Lepidodendron  lanceolatum  Lx. 
PI,  LIII,  Fig.  2. 

1879.  Lepidodendron  lanceolatum  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  11,  pi.  Ixiii,  figs. 

3-5,  5a;  text,  vol.  ii  (18S0),  p.  369. 
1887.  Lepidodendron  lanceolalum  Lesquereux,  Kidston,  Foss.  Fl.  Radstock  Ser.,  p.  394, 

pi.  xxvii,  flg.  5;  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  3,  4. 
1884.  Lepidodendron  {Bergeria)  marginatum  Presl,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii, 

p.  784  (pars) ;  pi.  evil,  flg.  3. 

'  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  1866,  pi.  slix,  figs.  4,  .5,  p.  452.  Copied  in  Atlas  to  Coal  Flora,  1879, 
pi.  Ixiv,  figs.  8,  9,  p.  388. 

^Fl.  foss.  bassin  liouill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  1886,  pi.  Ixxi,  figs.  1,  2,  p.  467. 
^BuU.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  ii,  1890,  p.  533,  pi.  xsii,  figs.  5-8;  pl.  xxi,  flg.  4. 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRB.E— LEPIDODENDKON,         193 

Trunks  of  moderate  size;  branches  somewhat  rigid,  forking  rather 
infrequentljr;-  leaves  slender,  erect  at  the  point  of  attachment,  curved  out- 
ward near  the  base,  very  open,  straight  or  turned  slightly  upward  toward 
the  tips,  narrow,  tapering  gradually  to  the  very  slender  point;  bolsters 
rhomboidal  or  rhomboidal-oval,  acuminate  at  the  ends,  nearly  symmetrical, 
the  lower  portion  from  the  leaf  downward  consisting-  of  a  diamond-shaped  or 
rhomboidal-clypeate  surface,  the  upper  borders  nearly  straight, .  the  lateral 
angles  usually  well  marked,  the  lower  margins  generallv  ver}-  slightl}'  con- 
cave, the  longer  axis  traversed  throughout  by  a  low,  narrow  keel,  high  at 
the  upper  end  where  it  joins  the  midrib,  very  distinct  throughout,  and  rising 
slightly  toward  its  union  in  the  somewhat  protruding  angle  at  the  base  of 
the  leaf;  foliar  cicatrices  more  than  halfway  from  the  middle  to  the  top 
of  the  bolster,  extremely  narrow  vertically,  angular,  small,  apparentl}'  nar- 
rowly triangular  in  the  vertical  sense,  and  usually  obscure;  respiratory 
appendages  close  to  the  midrib,  oblong,  and  usually  obscure. 

Among  the  collections  in  hand  there  is  but  a  single  good  fragment  of 
this  rare  species,  which  is  hardly  known  from  any  other  locality  in  tlie 
United  States.  The  specimen,  PI.  LIII,  Fig.  2,  from  Dr.  Britts's  collection 
agrees  in  all  its  details  with  others  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux  in 
the  Lacoe  collection,  differing  only  in  the  better  preservation  of  its  bolsters. 
The  latter,  as  is  shown  in  Fig.  2«,  are  of  the  type  more  familiar  in  Lepido- 
dendron  Sternhergii  or  L.  lijcopodioides.  The  general  form  of  the  bolsters  is 
rhombic,  acute,  and  nearly  bilaterally  symmetrical.  The  conspicuous  fea- 
ture is,  however,  the  diamond-shaped,  slightly  raised  dorsal  shield,  which 
stands  slightly  in  relief,  especiall}^  at  the  slightly  outward-curved  upper  end. 
As  a  Avhole  the  aspect  of  the  shield  is  suggestive  of  L.  opJiiurus,  although 
the  lateral  angles  are  more  pronounced  than  in  that  species,  while  the  nearly 
straight  upper  margins  converge  to  an  acute  point  which  seems  to  invest  the 
lower  boundary  of  the  narrow  leaf  scar.  In  most  cases  the  apex  of  this 
shield  is  broken,  and  the  effect  is  a  somewhat  irregular,  usually  concave 
fracture,  like  that  seen  in  tig.  5  on  pi.  Ixiii  of  the  Coal  Flora.  Where  pre- 
served, however,  it  usually  shows  little  evidence  of  a  leaf  scar  except  a  very 
small  deltoid  area  of  broken  carbonaceous  matter  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
keel,  with  short  lateral  lines  which  are  continuous  with  the  upper  margins 
of  the  shield.  Fig.  5a,  in  the  above-mentioned  plate,  shows  the  scar  extend- 
ing downward,  erroneously  in  my  judgment.  The  midrib  of  the  leaf, 
MON  xxxvii 13 


194  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

which  seems  continuous  with  the  keel  of  the  bolster,  is  sometimes  slightly 
compressed  at  the  jjoint  of  attachment,  so  as  to  convey  the  idea  of  a  small, 
flat,  triangular  area  somewhat  like  that  figured,  but  I  have  not  yet  seen  any 
distinct  cicatricial  evidence  connected  with  it.  Usually,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  keel  passes  to  the  point,  as  seen  in  our  figure,  so  that  the  vertical  width 
of  the  scar  is  not  much  greater  than  in  Lepidodendron  lycopodioides.  It 
differs  from  the  latter,  however,  by  the  straight  or  nearly  straight  sides 
forming  an  angle.  The  surface  of  the  shield  is  divided  from  apex  to  base 
by  the  medial  narrow  keel,  which  is  distinct,  though  low.  The  lower  lateral 
margins  of  the  bolster  are  slightly  raised  and  separated  from  the  nearest 
field  of  the  next  bolster  by  a  narrow  zone  in  which  is  occasionally  seen  the 
narrow,  faintly  depressed  line  of  the  suture  of  the  bolsters. 

The  two  halves  of  each  shield  are  generally  slightly  concave,  perhaps 
on  account  of  the  constantly  raised  upper  end  of  the  keel.  The  latter  in 
the  decorticated  or  abraded  specimens  is  marked  by  a  rovmded  ajDex,  in  the 
center  of  which  is  a  pore  corresponding  to  the  passage  of  the  vascular 
strand.  This  condition  1  find  in  Nos.  5461-5464  of  the  Lacoe  collection, 
which  come  from  the  same  locality  and  were  labeled  as  Lepidodendron  {Ber- 
geria)  marginatum  Presl  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  I  fail  to  find  the  slightest 
reason  for  separatiiig  from  Lepidodendron  lanceolatmn  either  these  specimens 
or  No.  5460  from  the  same  vicinity,  which  is  illustrated  in  fig.  3  on  pi.  cvii  of 
the  Coal  Flora.  Apparently  the  last-mentioned  specimen  is  but  the  Bergeria 
condition  of  the  species  with  which  we  are  engaged. 

All  the  examples  labeled  as  the  former  species  are  older  and  larger 
stems  with  larger  bolsters.  Most  of  the  fragments  refeiTed  to  the  latter 
species  are  smaller  branches  and  twigs.  The  leaves  in  all  the  fragments 
before  me  are  slender  and  taper  from  near  the  base  to  an  acute  point.  At 
the  base  they  are  directed  upward,  but  a  little  higher  they  are  flexed  out- 
ward at  a  very  open  angle,  from  which  they  pass  with  a  slight  upward 
turn,  or  often  straight,  to  the  apex.  Most  of  them  are  at  an  angle  of  70° 
or  more  to  the  axis  of  the  branch  or  twig.  The  central  zone  is  frequently 
concave  on  the  ventral  surface,  while  the  margins  are  slightly  turned  back- 
ward. The  slender  midrib  usually  forms  a  very  narrow,  low,  round  keel 
on  the  dorsal  surface,  and  meets  the  apex  of  the  keel  on  the  shield  of  the 
bolster.  The  oblong  respiratory  appendages,  which  are  occasionally  seen, 
lie  close  to  the  apex  of  the  keel  and  are  but  slightly  outward  inclined. 


LYGOPODIALES— LEPIDODBNDEB^— LEPIDODENDEON.    195 

111  liis  admirable  memoir  on  the  flora  of  the  Radstock  series  Mr. 
Kidston  figures^  and  describes  stem,  twig,  and  cone  fragments  which  he 
regards  as  belonging  to  L.  lanceolatum.  The  aspect  of  the  larger  fragment 
and  its  bolsters,  shown  in  fig.  3,  pi.  xxviii,  of  his  memoir,  is  very  close  to 
that  of  our  species,  and  perhaps  really  represents  it,  though  from  his  figure 
it  would  appear  that  the  shields  are  rather  less  distinctly  diamond  shaped. 
As  in  the  American  specimens,  the  leaf  scars  are  obscure.  The  larger 
twigs,  fig.  4,  which  he  refers  to  the  same  species,  have  much  shorter  and 
blunter  subfalcate  leaves,  while  the  leaves  of  the  cone-bearing  branchlet, 
represented  in  fig.  5  of  pi.  xxvii,  are  very  small,  crowded,  and  upward 
curved.  These  twigs  seem  to  sustain  a  much  closer  relation  to  a  form 
known  in  Professor  Lesquereux's  works  as  Lepidodendron  Sternbergii.  In 
fact,  to  judge  by  the  figures  on  Kidston's  pi.  xxviii,  it  seems  to  me  probable 
that  the  Radstock  plant  would  have  been  labeled  by  Lesquereux  under  the 
latter  name.  The  small  twig  on  Kidston's  pi.  xxvii  would  also  seem  to 
deserve  comparison  with  the  Lepidodendron  Sternbergii  of  Lesquereux  or  the 
L.  lycopodioides  of  Europe.  However,  the  recognized  danger  of  identifying 
species  of  this  genus  from  figures  and  too  brief  descriptions  becomes  doubly 
great  when  the  characters  of  the  leaf  scar  are  so  little  known. 

Lepidodendron  lanceolatum  is  not  difficult  of  distinction  from  the  other 
species  of  the  flora  from  the  Henry  County  region.  It  is  easily  separated 
from  L.  Brittsii  Lx.  by  the  smooth  carinate  shield  below  the  leaf  scars  and 
the  more  slender  leaves.  L.  scutatimi  Lx.  has  well-developed  leaf  scars 
placed  lower  in  the  shorter  bolsters,  which  have  fretted  keels,  while  the  leaves 
of  the  latter  species  are  shorter,  closer,  more  rigid,  and  are  curved  outward 
and  upward.  Lepidodendron  Sternbergii  (as  interjDreted  by  Lesquereux), 
to  some  of  whose  forms  L.  lanceolatum  is  most  closely  related  and  from 
which  our  plant  is  probably  derived,  has  its  bolsters  less  angular  at  the 
sides,  the  leaves  being  shorter,  tapering  less,  and  distinctly  more  or  less 
subfalcate. 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  mine.  No.  377  of  Dr.  Britts's  private  collec- 
tion. The  specimens  Nos.  5580-5583  of  the  Lacoe  collection  come  from 
the  same  place  or  vicinity  from  which  apparently  come  Nos.  5460-5465, 
Lacoe  collection,  labeled  L.  marginatum  Presl. 

'  Trans.  Koy.  Soo.  Edinl).,  vol.  xxxiii,  1887,  p.  394,  pi.  xxvii,  flg.  5;  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  3,  4. 


196  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

Lepidodendbon  rimosum  Stb. 

1820.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Sternberg,  Versucb,  vol.  i,  fasc.  1,  pp.  21,  23,  pi.  x.  &g  1 ; 

tent.  (1826),  pi.  xl. 
lh4S.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Sauveur,  V^g.  foss.  terr.  bouili.  Belg.,  pi.  Ixii,  fig.  1. 
1866.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Dawson,  Quart.  Jour.  Gaol.  Soc.,  Lond.,  vol.  xxii, 

pi.  ix,  tig.  42. 

1869.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens,  p.  132, 

pi.  vlli,  fig.  1. 

1870.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Sebimper,  Traite.  vol.  ii,  p.  33,  pi.  Ix,  fig.  8. 

1879.  Lepidodendron  rimosum-  Stb.,  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  12,  pl.  Ixiv,  tig. 
11;  text,  vol.  il  (1880),  p.  392. 

1881.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  p.  7,  pl.  iv,  fig.  2S. 

1882.  Lepidodendron  rimosum   Stb.,   Renault,   Gours  bot.  foss.,  vol.   ii,  p.  15,  pl.  v, 

figs.  6,  7. 

1883.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Lesquereux,  13tli  Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana, 

2,  pl.  xvii,  fig.  3. 
1881.  An  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Kidston,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (5)  vol.  xiv, 

p.  115,  pl.  V,  fig.  5  ? 
1886.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bassin  Louill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas, 

pl.  Ixvii,  figs.  4,  5,  5«;  text  (1888),  p.  449. 
1889.  Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i,  p.  321, 

text  fig. 
1838.  Sagenaria  rimosa  (Stb.)  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Versuch,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  7  and  8,  p. 

180,  pl.  Ixviii,  fig.  15. 
1855.  Sagenaria  rimosa  (Stb.)  Presl,  Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  Sachsen,  p.  35,  pl.iii,  fig.  13 

(non  pl.  ii,  figs.  1,  3,  4;  pl.  iii,  fig.  15;  pl.  x,  fig.  2). 

1859.  Sagenaria  rimosa  (Stb.)  Presl,  Eicliwald,  Lethj^a  Ross.,  vol.  i,  Atlas,  p.  1,  pl.  vii, 

fig.  7;  text  (18G0),  p.  125. 
1875.  Sagenaria  rimosa  (Stb.)  Presl,  O.  Feistraantel,  Verst.  bohin.  Koblen.-Ablag.,  vol. 

ii,  p.  36  (pars),  pl.  xix,  flg.  1.  ■ 

1848.  Lepidodendron  dissitum  Sauvear,  Veg.  foss.  terr.   bouili.  Belg.,  pl.  Ixi,  fig.  6  (pl. 

lix,  flg.  3  ?). 

1860.  An  Jjepidodendron  dicrocheilus  Wood,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  xii,  p.  239, 

pl.  vi,  fig.  1? 
1866.  Lepidodendron  dicrocheilum  Wood,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  xiii,  p.  346,  pl. 
ix,  figs.  6,  6a. 

Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.  rktocgrticatum,  nov.  var. 
Pl.  LIV,  Figs.  3,  4. 

Among  the  numerous  fragments  of  Lepidodendron  recently  collected 
one  clearly  belongs  to  this  well-marked  type.  This  specimen,  as  will  be 
seen  in  Pl.  LIV,  Fig.  3,  represents  the  impression  of  the  cortex  of  a  stem 
that  seems  to  be  in  a  Ulodendroid  condition.  The  bolsters,  the  details  of 
which  are  shown  in  Pl.  LIV,  Fig.  3«,  are,  even  for  this  species,  very  slender, 


LYCOPODIALE8— LEPIDODENDRE^— LEPIDODENDRON.    197 

tapering  into  long,  slender,  filamentous  tips  that  are  lost  in  the  meshes  of  the 
cortex.  The  leaf  scars  situated  just  above  the  middle  of  the  bolsters  are 
about  one-half  of  the  width  of  the  bolsters,  rhomboidal,  the  vertical  and 
lateral  diagonals  being  nearly  equal.  The  upper  margins,  which  are  a  little 
longer  than  the  lower,  are  sometimes  slightly  concave,  the  upper,  slightly 
acute  angle,  being  round  or  obscurely  and  narrowly  emarginate,  while  the 
lower  margins  are  nearly  at  a  right  angle,  the  lateral  and  lower  angles 
being  slightly  rounded.  A  little  above  the  leaf  scar  the  ligular  scar  can 
sometimes  be  seen  The  three  cicatricules  within  the  leaf  scar  lie  at  the 
same  level,  distinctly  below  the  middle  of  the  scar,  the  vascular  cicatrix 
being  punctiform  or  slightly  V-shaped,  while  the  respiratory  traces  are 
round-oval  or  oval,  the  lower  ends  inclined  slightly  inward.  Traces  of 
respiratory  appendages  are  not  seen. 

A  prominent  feature  of  the  fragment  of  stem,  which  seems  wide  in 
proportion  to  the  size  of  the  bolsters,  is  the  loosely  and  irregularly  meshed 
surface  lines  traversing  the  broad  border.  These  lines,  which  are  irregular 
in  interval  and  uneven  in  direction,  mark  the  impressions  of  the  bark  as 
sharp,  nearly  longitudinal,  ridges.  Although  at  first  glance  they  appear  to 
lie  in  a  general  direction  of  jjarallelism  to  the  borders  of  the  bolsters,  they 
may  readily  be  seen  to  consist  of  two  oblique  systems  of  ridges  crossing  at 
a  very  acute  angle.  Thus,  many  of  those  from  the  upper  margins  of  each 
bolster  appear  to  pass  obliquely  to  the  lower  margins  of  the  proximate 
bolsters,  higher  on  either  side  as  is  seen  in  Fig.  3a.  The  irregularity  of  the 
size  of  the  meshes  is  largely  due  to  the  vari^-tion  in  the  distance  between  the 
ridges  and  the  somewhat  irregular  lines,  combined  with  tlie  interruptions 
caused  by  the  very  long  apices  of  the  bolsters. 

Another  specimen,  said  to  have  come  from  Clinton,  Missouri,  is  illus- 
trated in  PI.  LTV,  Fig.  4.  This  fragment,  No.  5280  of  the  Lacoe  collection, 
was  identified  as  Lepidoclendron  rimosum  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  This 
impi'ession  in  sandstone  shows  well  the  aspect  of  the  bolsters  and  meshes  of 
the  cortex,  and  the  low  keels  in  the  lower  and  upper  fields.  No  transverse 
lines  mark  the  cauda.  The  photograph  leaves  nothing  to  add  as  to  the  leaf 
scars,  which  are  im2)erfect  and  without  satisfactory  details. 

The  form  represented  by  these  two  specimens  appears  to  merit  a 
varietal  differentiation.  The  new  variety  retocorticatum  may  therefore  be 
distinguished  by  the  narrow  bolsters,  tlie  proportionately  greater  altitude 


198  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

of  the  leaf  scars,  the  low  position  of  the  interior  cicatrices,  the  absence  of 
transverse  ridges  in  the  cauda,  and  especially  by  the  netted  surface  of  the 
broad  border.  The  habit  of  the  two  oblique  systeins  of  cortical  ridges  is 
suggestive  of  SigUlaria  camptotmiia  Wood.  The  normal  species  is  generally 
represented  as  having  the  margin  striated  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  bolsters, 
the  apices  of  the  bolsters  less  attenuated,  the  foliar  cicatrices  proportionately 
broader  and  more  obtuse  at  the  base. 

Localities. — The  smaller  specimen  is  probably  from  Owen's  mine,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  6043;  the  other,  No.  5280  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  is  said  to  have  come  from  the  same  vicinity. 

LBPIDODENDRON   SCUTATUM'  Lx. 
PLXLV,Fig.4;  PI.  LIV,  Fig.o;  PI.  LV,  Figs.  1, 2;  PI.  LXXII,  Fig.  4. 

1879.  Lepidodendron  scutatum  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  11,  pi.  Ixiii,  figs.  6, 

6b-c;  text,  vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  269. 

1880.  Lepidodendron  setifoUum  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  370. 

But  little  that  is  definite  is  known  of  this  species,  the  types  of  which 
were  communicated  to  Professor  Lesquereux  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts.  The 
largest  of  the  types  shown  by  Lesquereux,  in  fig.  6,  pi.  Ixiii,  of  the  Coal  Flora, 
is  now  No.  5448  of  the  Lacoe  collection.  The  original  figure  shows  the 
general  form  of  the  bolsters,  the  position  of  the  leaf  scar,  and  the  aspect  of 
the  vanishing  cauda  with  its  slight  transverse  grooves.  It  also  gives  a  cor- 
rect impression  of  the  aspect  of  the  cicatricial  portion  in  many  of  the 
bolsters.  While,  however,  the  bolster  shows  in  most  instances  an  irregular 
conchoid,  roundish,  mutilated  or  torn  spot  in  place  of  the  leaf  scar,  as  seen 
in  the  illustration,  there  are  a  number  of  cushions  in  which  the  lower  and 
lateral  angles  of  what  appear  to  be  transversely  rhomboidal  leaf  scars  are 
seen.  Traces  of  oval  appendages  are  also  visible  at  a  little  distance  on 
either  side  of  the  lower  i-ounded  angle.  On  the  other  hand,  I  have  observed 
no  distinct  supracortical  evidence  to  wai'rant  the  detail  delineated  in  fig-.  Go- 
of the  same  plate.  The  same  fragment  of  shale  shows  another  section  of 
stem,  agreeing  in  every  detail  of  size  and  character,  and  apparently,  from 
its  position  and  proximity,  constituting  the  other  branch  in  an  equal 
dichotomy.     The  counterpart  of  this  is  No.  5600  of  the  Lacoe  collection. 

The  present  repository  of  the  original  of  the  two  smaller  figures  given, 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDREvE— LEPIDODENDRON.  199 

without  details,  by  Professor  Lesquereux  is  not  known  to  me.  My  identi- 
fication, therefore,  of  the  more  recently  collected  material  with  Lepidoden- 
dron  scutatum  is  not  without  doubt,  since  it  is  based  much  more  on  the  high 
degree  of  agreement  i^f  the  newer  specimens  with  those  two  figures  than 
on  the  characters  of  the  type  of  fig.  6.  In  fact,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
specimens  in  the  later  collections  can  hardly  be  of  the  same  species  as  the 
latter  type.  Yet,  being  far  from  certain  that  they  are  not  specifically 
identical  with  the  figs.  66  and  6c  in  the  Coal  Flora,  I  have  assumed  that 
Professor  Lesquereux  may  have  included  two  distinct  plants  in  L.  scutatum, 
and  that  the  material  in  hand  Ijelongs  with  figs.  Qh  and  6c,  on  pi.  Ixiii,  of 
his  great  work.  It  may  in  fact  have  come  from  the  same  locality.  Never- 
theless, while  I  refer  all  the  stems  and  branches  to  the  same  specific  division, 
I  trust  that  the  figures  and  following  description  of  the  recently  collected 
material  will  be  sufficient  both  to  enable  geologists  to  recognize  the  plant 
on  meeting  it,  and  also  to  serve  as  a  line  of  differentiation,  if  it  is  ultimately 
found  desirable  to  divide  the  material  23laced  at  present  under  the  above 
name. 

The  description  of  the  later  collected  material  is,  briefly,  as  follows: 

Stems  rather  small,  branching  freely  at  a  narrow  angle;  branches  and  branchlets 
generally  straight,  rigid,  and  robust,  the  smaller  ones  rather  thickly  set  with  leaves; 
bolsters  small,  close,  rhomboidal  or  rhomboidal-oval,  4  to  12  times  as  long  as  wide,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  eud,  sometimes  foreshortened  by  pressure,  the  lateral  angles  well 
rounded,  marked  by  a  low,  narrow  carinate  and  generally  inconspicuous  cauda,  which 
extends  from  the  lower  angle  nearly  up  to  the  leaf  scar,  and  a  few  quite  obscure,  short, 
transverse  frets  in  the  lower  portion ;  foliar  cicatrices  in  the  upper  part  of  the  bolsters, 
placed  so  that  the  lower  angle  frequently  reaches  the  middle  of  the  bolster,  rather 
more  than  one-half  the  width  of  the  latter,  slightly  protruding,  transversely  rhom- 
boidal, the  upper  margins  usually  a  very  little  longer  than  the  lower  and  very  slightly 
concave,  the  lower  borders  nearly  straight,  the  upper  angle  rounded,  the  lateral  acute 
angles  blunt  or  slightly  rounded  in  the  twigs,  the  lower  angle  well  rounded;  trans- 
piratory  vents,  a  short  distance  on  either  side  of  the  median  line,  oval  and  generally 
quite  obscure;  vascular  trace  punctiform,  situated  a  little  way  below  the  middle  of  the 
scar;  lateral  cicatricules  rather  close,  punctiform  or  vertically  oval  and  small;  ligular 
scar  punctiform  in  a  V-shaped  depression  a  short  distance  above  the  apex  of  the  leaf 
scar;  leaves  close,  12  to  35  mm.  long,  open  at  the  base,  arching  outward  and  curving 
upward,  very  narrow,  tapering  to  an  acuminate,  nearly  erect  tip,  somewhat  angular 
on  the  dorsal  surface,  often  markedly  so;  midrib  threadlike,  in  rounded  relief  on  the 
dorsal  surface;  lateral  grooves  usually  slightly  marked  on  the  dorsal  surface. 

The  fragment  of  stem  shown  on  PI.  LV,  Fig.  2,  with  the  detail  (PI. 
LIV,  Fig.  5),  is  a  good  example  of  the  larger  portions  of  stem  seen,  while  the 


200  FLORA  OF  LOWER  GOAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

leafy  braucli  shown  in  PI.  LXXII,  Fig.  4,  is  rather  more  slender  and  sparsely 
leaved  than  the  average  specimen.  The  good  suite  of  fragments  is  very  uni- 
form in  the  specific  characters,  there  being  hardly  any  variations  except  in 
the  ends  of  the  bolsters,  which  are  sometimes  deformed  or  foreshortened  by 
pressure,  or  the  slight  inward  or  outward  curve  of  the  borders  of  the  leaf 
scar.  Prevailingly,  however,  the  upper  borders  are  very  slightly  concave, 
while  the  lower  are  nearly  straight  or  very  slightly  convex.  The  ligulai- 
mammilla  is  in  a  small  triangular  depression  on  the  imperfectly  developed 
keel  in  the  upper  field,  while  still  higher  in  a  few  specimens  may  be  seen 
another  small  deltoid  area.  The  largest  of  the  fragments  present  is  not  more 
than  6  cm.  in  diameter.  The  ramose  habit  of  the  species  is  shown  in 
PI.  LV,  Fig.  1. 

The  specimens  described  above  bear  the  closest  relation  in  the  details 
of  the  bolsters  and  leaf  scars  to  certain  material  from  the  Appalachian 
region  referred  by  Professor  Lesquereux  to  Lejndodendrou  dichotonmm  Stb. 
It  even  seems  probable  that  they  should  be  combined  under  the  same  name, 
as  may  eventually  be  done.  But  since  the  specimens  included  under  the 
latter  name  appear  to  represent  branches  of  several  species  involving  the 
thorough  revision  of  that  and  several  other  related  species,  time  and  space 
necessitate  the  postponement  of  this  difficult  task  to  a  future  work.  As  has 
been  noted  above,  the  reference  of  the  material  to  L.  scidatum  rests  on  the 
apparent  agreement  with  the  meager  description  and  figures  of  the  two 
small  branch  fragments  given  by  Professor  Lesquereux.  I  am  inclined  to 
regard  it  as  specifically  distinct  from  the  larger  fragment  illustrated  in  the 
Coal  Flora,  to  which  the  name  Lepidodendron  scutatum  should  probably 
adhere.  Eventually  the  systematic  relation  and  nomenclature  of  the  form 
before  us  should  be  treated  in  connection  with  the  revision  of  the  American 
material  now  resting  under  Lepidodendron  dichofonmm  Stb. 

The  species  described  above  is  easily  separated  from  the  other  species 
of  Lepidodendron  found  in  the  Henry  County  region  by  the  shorter  bolsters, 
the  imperfect,  transversely  marked  cauda,  the  well-developed  tripimctate 
leaf  scars,  much  broader  vertically  than  in  the  species  previously  discussed, 
and  the  still  more  slender,  often  carinate  leaves. 

Localities. — Owen's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6045,  6046;  Pitcher's 
mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6044,  6074;  Gilkerson's  Ford,  Township  of  Clinton, 
IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6117. 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODBNDRE^E— LEPIDODENDRON.         201 

Lbpidodendron  clypeatum  Lx. 

1854.  Lepidodendron  clypeatum  Lesquereux,  Jour,  Bost.  Soc.  jS'at.  Hist.,  vol.  vi,  p.  429. 
1858.  Lepidodendron   clypeatum   Lesquereux,  iu  H.  D.  Rogers:  Geol.  Pennsylvania, 

vol.  ii,  2,  p.  875,  pi.  xv,  tig.  5;  pi.  xvi,  fig.  7. 
1879.  Lepidodendron  clypeatum  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  12,  pi.  Ixiv,  figs,  16, 

16  a-b  (non  figs.  17,  18);  text,  vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  380. 
1889.  Lepidodendron  clypeatum  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania.,  vol.  i,  p.  315, 

text  fig. 
1895.  Lepidodendron  clypeatum  Lx.,  Dana,  Man.  G-eol.,  4th  ed.,  \\.  668,  fig.  1034. 

The  single  specimen  representing-  a  mold  in  sandstone,  which  I  refer  to 
this  species,  is,  bv  the  characters  of  the  bolster  and  the  form  of  the  very 
large  leaf  scar,  nearer  the  fossils  from  the  Boston  mine,  near  Pittston,  Penn- 
sylvania, which  were  labeled  by  Professor  Lesquereux  under  the  above 
name,  than  to  any  other  Lepidodendron  known  to  me.  In  fact,  it  differs  from 
the  Pittston  fossils  only  by  the  rather  less  acute  lateral  angles  of  the  leaf 
scars  and  the  often  higher  position  of  the  interior  traces.  The  specimens 
from  the  Boston  mine  are  probably  varietally  different  from  the  original 
types  figured  in  the  Gleology  of  Pennsylvania,^  in  which  the  leaf  scars  are 
proportionately  much  smaller.  That  type  appears  from  the  figure  to  be 
closer  to  the  specimens  from  Cannelton  in  western  Pennsylvania,  recorded 
under  this  name,  which  are  undoubtedlj-  distinct  from  the  form  in  hand. 

In  his  memoir  on  the  plants  from  the  Ayrshire  coal  fields,  Mr.  Kidston^ 
records  Lepidodendron  clypeahwt  Lx.  in  the  synonymy  of  L.  ohovatum  Stb., 
and,'  in  addition,  remarks  on  the  specific  identity  of  specimens,  presumably 
from  Pittston,  communicated  to  him  by  Mr.  Lacoe.  While  I  confess  I 
should  hardly  have  identified  the  specimens  from  the  Boston  mine  with  the- 
European  figures  by  which  alone  L.  ohovatum  is  known  to  me,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  note  that  our  specimens  from  that  mine  are  very  different  fi-om  the 
American  specimens  referred  by  Professor  Lesquereux  to  the  last-named 
species.  Compared  with  other  material  from  this  country,  the  form  from 
the  Boston  mine  is  most  intimately  related  to  a  form  in  the  upper  part  of, 
and  somewhat  characteristic  of,  the  Pottsville  series,  generally  recorded  in 
our  literature  as  L.  VeUheimii  Stb.  It  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  the 
L.  Rhodeanum  figured  by  Stur  in  the  Ostrau-Waldenburg  Flora. 

Locality. — Four  miles  south  of  Clinton,  Missouri,  from  a  liorizon  aliout 
60  feet  above  the  Jordan  coal.     Collected  by  Dr.  Britts. 

I  Vol.  ii,  pt.  2, 1858,  pi.  xv,  fig.  5. 

^  Ou  the  fossil  plants  of  the  Kilmarnock,  Galstou,  and  Kilwinning  coal  tields,  Ayrshire:  Trans. 
Koy.  Soc.  Ediubr,  vol.  xxxvii,  2, 1893,  No.  16,  p.  336. 


202  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

LEPIDOPHLOIOS  Sternberg,  1825. 

1825.  Lepidophloios  Sternberg,  Flora  d.  Yorwelt,  vol.  1,  tent.,  p.  xiii. 

1833.  Halonia  Lindley  and  Hiitton,  Foss.  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  14. 

1836.  Pachyphloeus  Goeppert,  Foss.  Farrukr.,  p.  468  (pars). 

1838.  Zamites  Presl,  in  Sternberg:  Flora  d.  Vorwelt,  vol.  ii,  fasc.  7-8,  p.  195  (pars). 

1855.  Gyclocladla  Goldenberg  (nou  L.  and  H.),  Fl.  Sarsep.  Foss.,  vol.  i,  p.  19. 

1867.  Lomatophloios  Corda,  Flora  d.  Vorwelt,  p.  17. 

Arborescent  lycopods  with  dichotomous  ramification.  Stems  and 
branches  bearing-  much  developed  scalehke  leaf  cushions,  at  or  near  whose 
summit  is  placed  the  leaf  cicatrice.  Leaf  cushions  imbricated,  pedicel-like, 
upright  or  deflexed;  exposed  portion  with  straight  sides  or  rhomboidal  in 
outline,  smooth  or  carinate;  sometimes  provided  with  a  small  tubercle 
immediately  beneath  the  leaf  cicatrice.  Leaf  cicatrices  transversely  oval, 
rhomboidal  or  rhomboidal-elongate,  lateral  angles  rounded  or  acute,  upper 
and  lower  angles  generally  rounded,  sometimes  pointed;  within  leaf  cicatrice 
are  three  punctiform  cicatricules,  of  which  the  central  is  largest  and  some- 
times subtriangular  in  form.  Fructification  consisting  of  cones,  stalked  (?  or 
sessile),  borne  on  specialized  branches  which  show,  when  decorticated,  spi- 
rally arranged  protuberances  (Halonici) ;  in  corticated  condition  the  H^lonial 
scars  rise  little  above  or  are  on  a  level  with  the  bark,  and  are  represented 
by  a  rosette  of  deflected  leaf  cushions.  Medulla  of  delicate  cells  surrounded 
by  a  primaiy  vascular  axis  composed  of  scalariform  vessels  which  diminish 
in  size  from  within  outward,  exogenous  vascular  zone  only  developed  in 
specimens  advanced  in  age ;  bark  consisting  of  three  zones — the  innei'most 
of  small  cells,  the  middle  of  larger  and  irregular  dense  cells,  and  the  outer 
composed  of  narrow,  dense,  prosenchymatous  tissue. 

In  his  admirable  memoir,  ^  from  which  the  above  generic  diagnosis  is 
quoted,  Mr.  Kidston,  after  reviewing  in  a  most  painstaking  manner  both  the 
literature  and  many  of  the  specimens  of  the  previous  authors,  enters  into  a 
detailed  examination  of  the  Bi'itish  material  for  the  purpose  of  definitely 
determining  the  relations  of  LejndojMoios,  Lomatophloios,  and  Halonia.  As  a 
result  of  this  invaluable  study  we  learn  (1)  that  the  Sternbergia  pith, 
originally  described  as  proper  to  Lomatophloios,  is  not  organically  united  to 
the  cortex  described  under  the  latter  name ;   (2)  that  Lepidophloios  and  Loma- 

'  On  Lepidophloios  and  on  the  BritiBh  species  of  the  genus :  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edinb.,  vol.  xsxvii, 
pt.  iii,  No.  25, 1893,  pp.  529-563,  pis.  i,  ii. 


LTCOPODI ALES— THE  GENUS  LEPIDOPHLOIOS.  203 

tophloios,  which,  though  united  by  many  paleobotanists,  have  been  kept 
separate  by  others  on  the  ground  that  the  leaf  scar  in  the  latter  is  at  the  top 
of  the  bolster  instead  of  at  the  base,  as  in  the  former,  are  really  identical, 
since  the  bolsters  may  be  inclined  (and  so  compressed)  upward,  especially 
in  the  smaller  branches  of  certain  species,  or  downward,  according-  to  the 
species,  or  even  to  the  part  of  the  tree,  the  leaf  being  situated,  morphologi- 
cally, at  the  apex  and  always  rising  upward;  (3)  that  the  tuberculate 
branches  described  as  Halonia  and  regarded  as  a  distinct  g-enus  of  trees,  as 
roots  or  rhizomes  of  Lepklodendron,  as  branches  of  Ulodendron,  and  (espe- 
cially more  recently)  as  branches  of  Lepidophloios,  are  unquestionably  merely 
the  fructiferous  branches  of  the  last-named  geims,  since  they  have  the  same 
bolsters  and  are  found  in  actual  union;  (4)  that  the  fruit  is  in  the  form  of 
cones,  originating,  whether  sessile  or  pedicellate,  from  the  Halouial  tubercles. 

The  identity  of  Lepidophloios  and  Halonia  was  independently  and  almost 
simultaneously  demonstrated  by  Potonit^.^  The  latter  author  also  discovered, 
while  studying  the  organization  of  some  dolomitized  bolsters  of  Lepido- 
phloios from  Langendreer,  that  the  two  lateral  cicatricules  in  the  leaf  scar 
were  cross  sections  of  cavernose  tracts  of  thin-walled  parenchyma.  These 
tracts  pass  downward  within  the  bolster  and  coincide  with  the  appendages 
on  the  bolster  at  the  base  of  the  leaf,  the  walls  of  the  bolster  being  very 
much  thinned  at  those  points.  There  appears  little  room  for  doubting 
Potoni^'s  conclusions  that  the  tracts  of  thin-walled  parenchyma  are  tran- 
spiratory  ducts,  while  the  appendages  in  the  bolsters  of  Lepidodendron  and 
Lepidophloios  are  " transpiratory  openings."^  Potoni^  follow^  Sturin  regard- 
ing the  vertical  trace  above  the  leaf  on  the  bolster  in  the  Lepidodendra  as 
the  "ligular  pit." 

Although  the  genus  Lepidophloios  is  relatively  rare  in  our  American 
Coal  Measures,  the  species  described  thei-ein  offer  a  complex  of  unique  fea- 
tures that  promise  an  interesting  if  small  field  to  the  monographer.  The 
only  species  yet  found  in  the  Missouri  flora  that  unquestionably  belongs  to 
this  genus  is  described  below  as  L.  Van  Ingeni.  The  supei-ficial  cortical 
features  of  the  trunk  of  this  tree  are  usually  well  presented  in  numerous 

'Die  Zugehorigkeit  vou  Halonia:  Ber. d.  dentsch.  bot.  Gesell.,  1893,  vol.  xi,  Hft.  8,  pp.  484-193, 
pi.  xxiii. 

-Anatomie  der  beiden  "Male"  auf  dem  uutereu  Wangenpaar  und  der  beiden  Seitennurbsehen 
der  Blattnarbe  des  Lepidodeiidreeu-Blattpolsters:  Ber.  d.  deutsch.  bot.  Gesell.,  1893,  vol.  xi,  Hft.  5,  pp. 
319-326  pi.  xiv. 


204  FLORA  OF  LOWER  GOAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSODRL 

specimens,  supplemented  by  a  large  number  of  detached  and  only  partially 
compressed  bolsters.  Associated  with  this  species  are  also  certain  leaves 
which,  to  judge  by  circumstantial  evidence,  are  not  likely  to  have  grown 
on  any  other  type  of  cortex. 

As  fructifications  of  this  genus  fragments  of  cortex,  cones,  scales,  or 
sporocysts,  and  Cordaianthus-like  racemes,  have  been  described  by  various 
authors.  Of  these  su^jposed  fruits  I  have  seen  only  certain  Lepidocystes  or 
Polysporia,  and  the  singular  remains  figured  by  Lesquereux^  as  belong- 
ing to  L.  dilatatus,  a  species  very  closely  related  to  L.  Van  Ingeni.  The 
originals  of  the  figures  of  the  supposed  fruits,  now  in  the  Lacoe  collection 
in  the  United  States  National  Museum,  are  certainly  both  problematical 
and  interesting ;  but  Avhile  they  no  doubt  represent  a  single  type  by  them- 
selves, there  hardly  seems  to  be  sufficient  reason  for  considering  them  as 
pertaining  to  Lepidophloios,  and  I  shall  not  therefore  further  discuss  their 
structiu'e  or  relation  in  this  place. 

The  fragments  of  cone  described  by  Goldenberg^  and  Von  RoehP 
probably  belong  to  some  large  species  of  Lepidophyllum,  such  as  L.  ma  jus. 
The  similarity  of  the  bracts  of  these  cone  fragments  to  the  leaves  on  the 
branch  of  the  Lepidophloios  acerosus  L.  and  H.,  illustrated  by  Kidston,*  is 
at  least  very  suggestive.  In  another  j^lace  I  have  described  as  LepidophyUmn 
(Lepidostrobus^  missouriensis,  a  species  frequently  found  associated  with 
fragments  of  the  LepidopMoios.  The  fragment,  PI.  LX,  Fig.  1,  apparently 
representing  a  cone  of  this  species,  which  I  am  inclined  to  consider  as 
referable  to  the  Lepidophloios,  merits  a  comparison  with  the  bracts  or  leaves 
figured  by  Goldenberg  and  Kidston.  It  is  perhaps  a  significant  fact  that 
generally  in  the  American  Coal  Measures  some  large  Lepidophyllum  is 
reported  from  the  same  locality  as  one  of  these  species  of  Lepidophloios. 
Examples  are  Lepidophloios  dilatatus  and  Lepidophylhtm  Mansfieldi  from 
Cannelton,  Pennsylvania,  Lepidophloios  auriculatus  and  Lepidophyllum  auric- 
■ulatum  from  Morris,  Illinois.  Caution,  however,  must  always  be  used  in 
considering  the  argument  of  coincidental  occuiTcnce. 

Quite  unlike   any  described   Paleozoic  Lycopodineous  fruit  are  the 

>  Atlas  to  Coal  Flora,  pi.  Ixviii,  figs.  6,  7;  text,  vol.  Hi,  p.  781,  pi.  cv,  fig.  1. 
2F1.  Sariep.  Foss.,  vol.  i,  1855,  pi.  iii,  figs.  13«,  136,  p.  21;  vol.  iii,  pi.  xv,  fig.  5,  pp.  33,  34. 
'Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphaleus.,  pi.  xiii,  figs,  lo,  16,  p.  149.     A  portion  of  fig.  la  is  copied  by 
Lesquereux  in  f!oal  Flora,  pi.  ixviii,  tig.  1. 
*0p.  cit.,  pi.  i,  fig.  1. 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDEE.5^.— LEPIDOPHLOIOS.  205 

Cordaiauthus-like,  racemose  fructifications  springing  from  rosettes  among 
the  leaf  bases  of  a  short  subtrimcate-conical  steni  figured  by  Grand  'Eur)'.' 

Judging  from  the  figure,  it  seems  to  the  writer  that  the  fossil  in  M. 
Grrand  'Eury's  hands  may  rather  be  the  trunk  of  some  Gymnosperm  related 
to  the  Cycads.  The  irregular  and  sometimes  intercalated  areolation,  which 
seems  to  circumscribe  by  rigid,  prominent  walls  the  deeply  sunken  leaf 
bases  or  bolsters,  is  quite  like  that  about  the  lesif  bases  in  the  CycadeoidefP 
group,  while  the  racemose  organs  of  fructification,  resembling  CordaianfJm.'^, 
will  at  once  reinforce  this  idea  by  the  suggestion  of  Bennettites.  The 
presence  of  well-preserved  Cycadaceous  fronds  described  as  belonging  to 
the  Mesozoic  genera  PteropliyUum  and  Zainites,  in  the  Upper  Coal  Measures 
in  several  of  the  European  basins,  seems  to  fully  warrant  an  inquir}-  as  to 
whether  Grand  'Eury's  specimen  which  has  so  great  superficial  resem- 
blance, even  in  the  smaller  areolation  about  the  inflorescence  pedicels,  to 
the  Cycadeoidean  group  represented  by  Cycadeoidea,  is  not  Cycadaceous  in 
its  affinities.  Unfortunately  the  author  gives  no  information,  either  b}* 
description  or  enlarg-ed  detail,  as  to  the  characters  of  the  sunken  leaf  bases. 

The  internal  structure  of  Lepidophloios  described  by  Williamson  and 
others  as  bearing  the  closest  relation  and  similarity  to  that  of  Lepidodendron 
favors  a  predisposition  to  search  for  the  fruit  of  the  former,  manifested  in 
some  form  comparable  if  not  identical  with  Lepidostrobus. 

Lepidophloios  Van  Ingkni  n.  sp. 

PI.  LVI,  Figs.  1-8;  PL  LVII;  PI.  LVIII,  Fig.l?;  PI.  LXI,  Fig.  Ic;  PI.  LXII,  Fig./,- 

PL  LXIII,  Fig.  5. 

Trunks  of  large  size,  showing,  when  decorticated  and  compressed,  the 
outlines  of  the  diagonal  rows  of  bolsters  marked  by  rather  long  incision- 
like longitudinal  pits,  the  lower  ends  of  which  correspond  to  the  ventral 
traces  on  the  bolsters;  bolsters  transversely  rhomboidal,  nearly  twice  as 
broad  as  long,  the  lateral  angles  well  rounded,  the  proximal  or  lower  sides 
more  or  less  concave  and  apparently  forming  a  well-rounded  angle  at  the 
base,  the  lower  margins  being  nearly  straight,  or  slightly  concave  near  the 
middle,  including  an  angle  of  about  135°,  not  carinate,  protruding  modei-- 
atel)',  imbricated  so  that  each  bolster  overlaps  somewhat  on  the  one  next 
below,  the  leaf  scar  being  at  or  close  to  the  lower  border  of  the  exposed 

I  G6ol.  et  pal.  bassiii  houill.  Gard,  1890,  p.  234,  pi.  vi,  fig.  17. 


206  PLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

surface,  and  therefore  directed  downward;  exjjosed  surface  of  the  bolsters 
on  the  compressed  specimens  rather  narrowly  transversely  rhomboidal, 
verv  acute  at  the  sides,  the  lateral  angles  very  slender  and  often  curving 
slightly  downward  in  passing  around  the  median  arch  of  the  next  bolster 
below  and  to  the  left,  the  four  sides  being  nearly  straight,  though  really 
sinuate,  and  unsymmetrical  on  the  upper  border  by  reason  of  the  phyllo- 
taxy;  lower  borders  of  the  exposed  surfaces  generally  slightly  concave, 
though  very  nearly  straight  except  when  passing  around  the  median  arch  of 
the  preceding  bolster  in  the  next  spiral  to  the  left;  leaf  scar  usually  in  the 
lower  angle  of  the  compressed  bolster,  transversely  rhomboidal,  the  lateral 
angles  very  slender  and  acute;  lower  borders  of  the  scar  slightly  concave 
near  the  lateral  angles,  nearly  straight  in  the  middle,  at  an  angle  of  about 
135°"J*and  rounded  at  the  base  of  the  scar;  upper  borders  of  the  scar  some- 
what concave  and  rounded  near  the  median  line  to  a  flat  or  sometimes  dis- 
tinctly emarginate  upper  angle;  inside  cicatricules  below  the  middle  of 
the  leaf  scar;  vascular  trace  always  below  the  middle  of  the  leaf  scar, 
round  or  slightly  elongated  horizontally,  the  lateral  cicatricules  being  A'ery 
small,  punctiform,  rather  distant  from  the  center  and  situated  very  close  to 
the  lower  margin  of  the  scar;  ventral  trace  very  close  to  the  leaf  scar, 
small,  broadl}'  triangular,  and  situated  at  the  distal  end  of  a  low-rouuded, 
vanishing  longitudinal  ridge. 

On  entering  upon  the  study  of  the  specimens  of  Le2)idopMoios  from 
Missouri  described  above,  it  seemed  probable  that  among  the  material, 
which  fortunately  had  been  collected  in  good  quantity,  would  be  found 
some  representatives  of  LepidopMoios  dilatatus  Lx.,  a  number  of  the  origi- 
nals of  which  are  said  to  have  come  from  the  same  beds  in  the  same  region. 
But  although  the  discovery  in  the  Lacoe  collection  of  several  fragments 
from  the  vicinit}'^  of  Clinton  labeled  with  the  latter  name  by  Lesquereux 
made  it  seem  certain,  especially  since  they  are  specifically  identical  with 
those  before  me,  that  this  anticipation  would  be  realized,  very  careful 
examination  and  comparison  of  all  the  Missouri  specimens  to  which  1  have 
had  access  with  the  description  and  figures  given  by  Professor  Lesquereux^ 
have  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that  the  figured  originals,  all  of  which  are 
said  to  have  come  from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania,  are  specifically  distinct 
from  the  examples  from  Missouri,  even  those  labeled  by  the  author. 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  781,  pi.  cv,  figs.  1-4. 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRB^E— LEPIDOPHLOIOS.  207 

In  PI.  LVII,  and  PI.  LVI,  Figs.  1  and  2,  I  have  shown  several  specimens 
which  illustrate  the  general  characters  of  the  compressed  stems  of  the  species 
before  me.  As  seen  in  the  enlargements,  PI.  LVI,  Fig.  2a,  2h,  and  PI.  LVII, 
Fig.  la,  the  exposed  surface  is  rhomboidal,  the  sides  being  fairly  straight, 
the  lateral  wings  very  acute  and  often  prolonged  and  sinuate.  The  lower 
angle  is  rounded  at  the  median  line,  while  the  borders  on  either  side  are 
usually  slightly  concave,  though  sometimes  very  nearly  straight.  The  leaf 
scar,  as  described  above,  is  remarkable  for  the  prolongation  of  the  lateral  angle, 
its  great  width  as  compared  with  its  altitude,  the  rather  broadly  rounded  base, 
and  the  generally  flat  or  often  distinctly  emarginate  upper  angle. 

In  the  form  of  the  compressed  cushions  and  of  the  leaf  scars,  our  speci- 
mens agree  so  closely  with  fig.  2,  pi.  cv,  of  the  Coal  Flora  as  to  suggest  that 
both  fragments  might  have  been  found  in  the  same  locality.  Furthermore, 
this  suggestion  is  emphasized  by  the  fact  that  in  No.  5943  of  the  Lacoe  col- 
lection, which  was  marked  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  the  original  of  fig.  2 
in  the  Coal  Flora,  and  which  came  unquestionably  from  Cannelton,  as  was 
originally  stated,  the  lower  borders  of  the  bolsters  are  generally  very  much 
more  rounded  than  is  shown  in  the  figure.  A  comparison,  however,  of  the 
cicatricules  and  ventral  trace  shows  that  in  the  specimens  from  Missouri 
the  central  cicatricule  or  vascular  scar  is  generally  distinctly  below  the 
middle  of  the  leaf  scar,  the  lateral  cicatricules  being  Very  close  to  the  basal 
margin,  and  the  ventral  trace  close  to  the  upper  border  of  the  scar,  while  in 
the  figure  in  the  Coal  Flora  the  vascular  trace  is  close  to  the  upper  margin 
of  the  scar,  the  lateral  traces  being  situated  about  midway  in  the  altitude 
of  the  scar,  while  the  ventral  trace  is  generally  nearer  the  borders  of  tlie 
bolster  next  above.  In  bolsters  of  about  the  same  size  the  ventral  trace  is 
seen  to  be  only  about  one-half  as  far  above  the  leaf  scar  as  in  the  type 
from  Cannelton.  Moreover,  while  the  cicatricules  on  the  type  of  fig.  2  are 
often  obscure,  there  seems  to  be  good  reason  for  representing  them  as  is 
done  in  the  figure.  Finally,  the  real  form  of  the  uncovered  bolster  in  the 
original  from  Cannelton  shows  a  very  much  rounder  type,  its  form  being 
nearly  intermediate  between  L.  Van  Ingeni  and  L.  auriculatus  Lx.  Hence, 
notwithstanding  the  close  resemblance  in  the  form  of  the  exposed  part  of 
the  bolster  and  leaf  scar  in  the  type  of  fig.  2  and  in  the  Missouri  tree,  I 
feel  constrained  to  regard  them  as  belonging  to  diff'erent  species.  For  the 
Cannelton  type  of  bark  the  name  Lepidophloios  dilatatus  may  be  retained, 


208  FLORA  OP  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

especially  since  there  is  doubt  as  to  the  generic  identity  of  the  supposed 
fructifications  also  described  under  that  name.  It  seems  doubtful  whether 
the  latter  represent  any  portion  of  a  ti'ee  of  Lepidophloios.  To  the  Cannel- 
ton  species  probably  belongs  also  the  original,  which  I  have  not  seen,  of 
fig.  4  in  the  Coal  Flora.  The  points  of  resemblance  and  difference  in  the 
exposed  portion  of  the  compressed  bolsters  may  be  noted  by  a  comparison 
of  Fig.  2,  PI.  LVI,  representing  No.  5944  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  or 
PI.  LVII,  which  is  more  compressed,  with  fig.  4  in  the  Coal  Flora.  So, 
too,  fig.  2  of  the  Coal  Flora  may  with  interest  be  compared  with  the  photo- 
graph given  in  PI.  LVII  of  a  small  portion  from  a  lai-ge  trunk.  This 
fragment,  42  cm.  long,  28  cm.  wide,  compressed  to  a  thickness  of  2  cm., 
fails  to  give  an  adequate  idea  of  the  probably  great  diameter  of  the  trunk, 
since  neither  lateral  margin  is  shown.  Before  leaving  the  discussion  of 
the  compressed  stems  we  may  note  that  the  gash-like  impressions  on  the 
decorticated  surface  of  the  trunk  appear  to  nearly  correspond  in  ]iosition  to 
the  ventral  trace.  The  lower  vanishing  ends  of  the  furrows  hardly  reach 
the  profile  of  the  upper  border  of  the  foliar  scars  in  the  compressed  speci- 
mens, while  the  middle  part  is  slightly  below  the  line  of  the  ventral  traces. 
An  interestinar  feature  of  the  more  recent  collections  from  Missouri  is 
the  occurrence  of  isolated  or  small  groups  of  detached  bolsters  found  in 
relatively  large  numbers,  especially  at  Gilkerson's  Ford.  Several  of  these 
are  shown  in  their  association  with  other  plants  in  Fig.  \c,  PI.  LXI;  Fig./, 
PI  LXII,  and  Fig.  5,  PI.  LXIII.  The  chief  details  of  these  may  be  seen  in 
the  photographs.  Most  of  these  detached  bolsters  from  this  locality  appear 
as  casts  of  the  spong}^  tissue,  to  which  are  attached  patches  of  dull  carbona- 
ceous crust,  attaining  a  thickness  of  about  5  mm.,  which  probably  represents 
cortical  tissue  as  well  as  the  real  epidermis.  In  general  it  will  be  noted 
that  the  greater  inflation  of  the  bolsters  is  toward  or  at  the  side  opposite 
the  leaf  scar.  This  side  is  usually,  as  shown  in  Figs.  4  and  7,  and  PI.  LVI, 
somewhat  collapsed  and  wrinkled,  or  even  slightly  infolded.  The  infold- 
ing is  specially  strong  near  the  lateral  angles,  which  in  profile  often  appear 
quite  sharp  (Fig.  5).  In  Figs.  1  and  2,  PI.  LVI,  it  is  plain  that  the  bolsters 
imbricate  for  a  considerable  di.stance  on  those  below.  It  also  appears  that  a 
portion  of  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  upper  bolster  must  lie  beneath  it  and 
upon  the  upper  ventral  borders  of  the  bolsters  partly  underlying  it.  If 
any  such  expansion  exists,  however,  it  must  be  greatly  constricted  at  the 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRE.E— LEPIDOPHLOIOS.  209 

point  of  attachment.  None  of  the  isolated  bolsters  are  so  preserved  as  to 
show  a  dorsal  surface  of  any  considerable  size.  Such  as  are  preserved  so 
as  to  show  the  carbonized  cortex  concave  seem  to  represent  merely  an  inner 
surface  conforming-  to  the  wall  shown  convex  in  the  other  instances,  and 
without  trace  of  the  leaf  scar,  though  the  ventral  cicatrix  is  distinct.  A 
conspicuous  character  of  all  the  bolsters  from  which  the  cortical  residue 
has  been  removed  is  the  large  and  deep  pit,  often  A-erticaily  elongated, 
corresponding  to  the  ventral  trace.  The  ventral  trace  is  prominent  also  on 
the  under  surface,  as  may  be  seen  in  Fig.  5,  PI.  LVI,  or  Figs.  3  and  6.  A 
not  uncommon  wrinkling  in  a  generally  longitudinal  direction  of  the 
interior  (?)  casts  of  the  leaf  cushions,  which  is  probably  due  to  the  flatten- 
ing of  the  bolster,  is  best  seen  in  PI,  LVI,  Fig.  4,  in  which  the  interior  casts 
of  the  lateral  cicatricules  or  traiispiratory  tracts  are  seen  to  be  very  large 
and  prominent.     In  Fig.  7  the  wrinkling  is  very  slight. 

Several  other  detached  bolsters  deserve  illustration.  One  of  these, 
PI.  LVI,  Fig.  8,  from  Pitcher's  coal  mine,  represents  the  impression  or 
mold  of  a  large  detached  bolster,  47  mm.  broad  and  over  25  mm.  in 
altitude.  In  this  specimen  the  outline  of  the  foHar  side  and  of  the  widely 
rounded  lateral  angles  is  well  shown,  as  is  also  the  inflation  in  the  side 
opposite  the  leaf  scar.  This  inflation,  which  corresponds  to  that  seen  in  the 
specimens  from  Gilkerson's  Ford,  has  here  caused  the  wall  to  turn  up  nearly 
vertical,  producing  wrinkling,  the  precise  extent  of  wliicli  can  only  be  esti- 
mated from  the  comparison  of  the  other  bolsters.  The  margins  on  either 
side  of  the  leaf  scar  are  regular  and  natural,  though  slightly  abraded  alone 
the  central  portion  of  the  foliar  scar.  The  position  of  the  ventral  cicatrix, 
relatively  close  to  the  leaf  scar,  is  very  clear. 

In  arranging  the  figures  on  the  plates  and  in  my  taxonomic  references 
I  have  conformed  to  the  generally  accepted*  conclusion  that  the  flatter  or 
more  emarginate  border  of  the  leaf  scar  is  its  upper  margin,  the  small 
deltoid  or  subtriangular  pit  or  trace  being  thus  ventral.  Nevertheless,  the 
apparent  outlines  of  the  detached  bolsters,  the  marginal  position  of  the  leaf 
scars,  together  with  the  general  form  of  the  side  opposite  the  scars,  seem 
entirely  incompatible  with  a  pronounced  bulbil  or  stalklike  form  or  habit 
in  these  bolsters,  as  in  L.  crassicaulis  Gold.,  or  L.  scoticm  Kidst.  It  is 
evident  that  either  the  leaf  scar  was  at  the  summit  of  a  relatively  thin, 
shell-like  or  scale-like  cushion  or  leaf  base,  attached  along  a  portion  of  the 

MON    XXXVII 14 


2  ]  0  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

margin  of  the  compressed  fossil  opposite  the  leaf  scar,  an  hypothesis  at 
variance  with  the  aspect  of  the  decorticated  trunks  and  the  area  apparently 
occupied  by  each  bolster,  or  that  the  attachment  was  by  the  entire  periph- 
ery of  the  detached  bolsters,  in  which  case  the  latter  were  but  slightly 
protuberant.  To  explain  the  areolation  of  the  decorticated  trunk  and  the 
slight  imbrication  of  the  bolsters,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  photographically 
enlarged  with  reversed  light  in  Fig.  2«,  PI.  LVI,  it  is  necessary  to  assume 
that  the  bolsters  were  short  and  but  slightly  protuberant,  and  that  they 
were  attached  by  the  whole  border  shown  in  the  separated  examples,  the 
imbrication  being  but  slight. 

To  LepidojMoios  Van  Ingeni  belong,  I  believe,  the  scales  and  cone 
described  in  another  part  of  this  report  as  Lepidoplnjllmn  (Lepidostrohus) 
■,:iissouriense.  The  relation  of  such  cones  to  Lepidophloios  has  been  referred 
to  in  mv  remarks  on  the  genus.  The  association  of  the  scales  in  the  same 
matrix  with  the  bolsters,  e.  g.,  PL  LXI  and  PI.  LXIl,  as  well  as  the  fact 
that  this  is  the  onl}'  satisfactory  species  of  Lepidophloios  yet  found  in  these 
beds,  point  to  mutual  relations  of  stem  and  cone  in  the  remains  described 
under  the  two  names. 

Likewise  it  is  probable  that  the  very  broad  Lycopodineous  leaves 
described  as  LepidopUoios  sp.,  PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  1,  may  safely  be  cited  as  the 
leaves  of  L.  Van  Ingeni.  To  this  species  should  also  be  assigned  a  large, 
slio-htly  obscure  impression.  No.  2267  of  the  United  States  National  Museum 
collection,  enrolled  by  Professor  Lesquereux  in  the  register  as  SigiUaria 
Defrancii  Brongn. 

Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni  differs  from  L.  auriculatus  and  L.  macrolepidohis 
Gold,  by  the  straight  lower  margins  of  the  bolsters.  L.  laricinus  has  the 
upper  angle  of  the  ordinarily  exposed  surface  acute,  not  rounded,  the  leaf  scar 
being  of  greater  altitude  in  proportion  to  its  breadth,  the  upper  angle  smaller, 
and  the  cicatricules  near  the  center  and  in  a  row.  The  large  specimen  of  cor- 
tex from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania,  described  as  L.  dilatatus,  has  the  bolsters 
more  rounded  at  the  top,  the  sides  when  exposed  more  rounded,  the  ventral 
trace  farther  from  the  leaf  scar,  and  the  cicatricules  near  or  above  the  center. 

Localities. — Clinton,  Henry  County,  Missouri,  Nos.  5944,  5947,  5951, 
5953,  5954,  of  the  Lacoe  collection ;  Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
6048-6052,  6075;  Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6047,  6053;  Henry 
County,  Missouri,  Old  Museum  collection,  No.  2267. 


LYCOrODIALES— LEPIDODENDKExE— LEPIDOPHLOIOS.  21 1 

Lepidophloios  (!)  cf.  Van  Ingeni. 
PI.  LVIII,  Eig.  1. 

Among  the  specimens  from  Pitclier's  coal  mine  and  Gilkerson's  Ford 
are  numerous  fragments  of  large  Lycopodineous  leaves,  reaching  a  width 
of  12  mm.  or  more  at  the  base  and  a  length  of  24  cm.  or  more,  tapering 
gradually  from  the  base  to  the  very  slender,  acute  apex.  Portions  of  two 
of  these  leaves,  associated  with  twigs  of  Lepidodendron  Brittsii,  are  illustrated 
in  PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  1.  In  the  broader  segment,  the  dorsal  surface  of  which 
is  presented,  the  median  nerve  is  rather  prominent  and  angular  in  the  lower 
middle  portion,  though  flattened  and  rounded  toward  the  base.  On  either 
side,  and  at  a  distance  of  about  2  mm.  from  the  median  line,  is  a  narrow 
zone,  depressed  in  portions  of  its  length,  marked  di.stinetly  at  some  points 
by  a  double  line.  This  I  interpret  as  the  stomatiferous  zone.  Both 
between  and  outside  of  these  zones  there  are  other  parallel  lines  or  striae 
which  resemble  filaments  or  slender  vascular  strands.  The  feature  of  most 
interest  in  the  specimen  is  the  impression  of  the  upper  part,  if  not  the  whole, 
of  the  leaf  scar.  This  scar,  in  which  the  midrib  and  lateral  lines  vanish, 
occupies  the  whole  breadth  of  the  leaf  base,  and  was  evidently  of  very 
little  altitude.  It  appears  to  agree  with  the  foliar  cicatrices  of  Lepidophloios 
Van  Ingeni,  t(3  which  I  lielieve  the  leaves  to  belong. 

The  reasons  for  regarding  these  leaves  as  pertaining  to  the  trunks  of 
Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni  are:  (1)  The  great  width  of  the  leaf  bases,  which 
are  much  wider  even  than  the  leaf  scars  of  Sigillaria  camptotcenia  Wood; 
(2)  the  similarity  in  proportions  between  the  impressions  on  some  of  the 
leaf  bases  and  the  foliar  scars  on  the  cortex  of  L.  Van  Ingeni,  there  being  no 
other  trunk  known  from  this  region  with  leaf  scars  of  this  size  and  approx- 
imate form;  (3)  the  considerable  distance  between  what  appear  to  be 
the  stomatiferous  zones,  which  accords  with  that  between  the  lateral  cica- 
tricules  in  the  Lepidophloios,.  but  which  is  much  greater  than  in  the 
Sigillaria  above  mentioned,  and  (4)  the  coincident  occurrence  of  these 
leaves  and  the  trunks  of  Lepidophloios  at  the  same  localities  and  in  the 
same  beds. 

Localities. — Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6061;  Gilkerson's 
Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6072. 


212  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

LEPIDOSTROBUS  Brongniart,  1828. 
Prodrome,  p.  87. 

LEPIDOSTROBUS    PRINCEPS  Lx. 

PI.  LXII,  Fig.  h;  PI.  LXIII,  Figs.  1,  2;  PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  a. 

1866.  Lepidostrobus  princeps   Lesquereux,  Rept.  Geo!.  Siirv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  p.  455, 

pi.  xlv,  figs.  1-4. 
1880.  Lepidostrohus  princips  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  434. 

Cones  linear,  40  em.  or  more  in  length,  6  to  8  cm.  in  width,  narrowed 
slighth'  toward  the  base,  somewhat  abrupth-  contracted  at  the  top  to  a 
slightly  acuminate  apex;  axis  rugose,  12  to  15  mm.  in  width,  with  fusiform 
ai-eolations  5  to  7  mm.  long  and  about  1.7.5  mm.  wide,  the  central  scar 
being  about  .75  mm.  in  diameter;  sporangiophores  usually  nearlj'  at  a  right 
angle,  sometimes  slightly  reflexed,  but  often,  especially  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  cone,  oblique,  narrow,  slightly  concavelj'  cuneate,  nearly  20  mm. 
long,  5  to  7  mm.  wide  at  the  distal  end,  with  a  clear  though  not  very 
prominent  central  strand;  Ijracts  usually  nearly  erect,  though  often  slightly 
open,  generally  arching  outward  a  little,  slender,  4  to  5  cm.  long,  6  to  9  mm. 
wide  at  the  base,  tapering  to  a  long,  slender  acuminate  point,  the  sides 
being  slightly  concave,  especially  near  the  base;  median  nerve  broad  near 
the  base  though  not  conspicuous,  marked  on  the  ventral  surface  by  a  low- 
rounded  ridge  on  either  side  of  a  flat,  very  slightly  depressed  zone,  or 
forming  a  broad,  low  keel  on  the  dorsal  surface,  tapering  and  very  slender 
toward  the  apex;  sporangia  and  spores  not  definitely  known. 

Unfortunately  the  numerous  specimens  which  I  refer  to  the  above 
species  are  so  compressed  as  to  give  little  or  no  data  as  to  the  nature  of  the 
sporangium  or  its  contents.  The  sporangiophores  show,  when  the  cone  is 
broken  along  the  axis,  as  is  seen  in  PI.  LXIII,  Fig.  1,  little  but  a  mass  of 
densely  compressed  strands  and  marginal  laminae,  which  are  often  distorted 
and  apparently  somewhat  macerated.  Occasionally,  but  very  sparsely, 
both  macrospores  and  microspores  are  found  among  the  bracts  and  between 
the  sporangiophores;  but,  in  view  of  the  readiness  of  these  objects  to  lodge 
in  such  recesses,  one  can  not  be  certain  that  they  were  ever  a  part  of  the 
cone,  though  the  presence,  now  and  then,  of  one  close  to  the  axis  argues 
for  its  origin  near  at  hand. 


LYGOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRE^— LEPIDOSTROBUS.  213 

That  these  cones  were  very  long  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  none  of 
the  fragments  show  the  full  length,  although  I  have  been  able  to  join 
fragments  so  as  to  construct  segments  over  40  cm.  in  length  without 
including  both  extremities.  The  base  of  the  cone  is  slightly  narrowed,  then 
abruptly  rounded.  The  upper  part  tapers  somewhat,  then  rounds  very 
obtusely  to  a  relativelj'  small,  acuminate  apex.  The  specimens  before  me 
differ  only  by  the  slightly  narrower  and  shorter  bracts  from  a  number  of 
specimens  from  Mazon  Creek,  Illinois,  identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux 
as  LepidoStrobus  princeps}  The  bracts  in  one  specimen  are,  however,  a  little 
longer  in  proportion  to  the  width  of  the  base  than  in  the  specimens  from 
Duquoin,  Illinois,  figured  in  the  Coal  Flora,  while  the  whole  width  of  our 
cones,  as  well  as  those  from  Mazon  Creek,  is  rather  greater  than  that 
indicated  in  the  original  figure. 

It  is  quite  uncertain  as  to  what  arboreal  species  Lepidostrobus  princejis 
was  joined.  Were  it  not  for  the  description  by  Lesquereux^  of  a  quite 
different  cone  as  the  fruit  of  Sigillaria  camptottsnia  Wood  (S.  monostigma  Lx.) 
we  might  be  justified  in  inquiring  as  to  whether  one  was  not  the  cone  of  the 
other.  In  those  cones  from  Mazon  Creek,  in  which  the  bracts  had  been 
removed  from  the  slightly  compressed  sporangiophores,  the  serried  ends  of 
the  latter  are  more  than  a  little  suggestive  of  Lepidophloios.  Lepidostro- 
bus princeps  is  very  near  to  certain  American  material  recorded  as  L. 
Goldenbergii  Schimp.^  It  differs,  however,  by  the  greater  width  of  the  cones, 
the  longer,  more  slender,  acuminate  bracts,  and  the  narrower  axis.  L.  pra'- 
longus  Lx.  has  the  bracts  much  smaller  and  narrower,  while  the  cones  are 
more  slender,  though  nearly  as  long.  The  bracts  and  sporangiophores  of 
L.  latus  are  much  more  slender. 

iocwMes.— Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6057,  6071;  Hobbs's 
coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6286. 

Lepidostrobus  sp. 

A  small  cone  about  5  cm.  long  and  18  mm.  wide,  having  slender,  taper- 
ing, acute  bracts,  with  fine  distinct  median  nerves,  comes  from  Pitcher's 


'  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  1866,  p.  455,  pi.  xlv,  figs.  1-4. 
2  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  1884,  p.  793. 

^  Schimper,  Traite,  vol.  ii,  p.  61,  pi.  Ixi.  Brongniart,   Hist.  vijg.  foss.,  vol.  ii,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  6 
(non  pi.  xxiii,  figs.  4,  5). 


214  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

coal  l^ank.     It  is  too  poorlv  preserved  to  show  the  arrangement  (if  the  parts 
or  admit  of  a  satisfactor^■  identification  by  the  superficial  characters. 
Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6196. 

LEPIDOPHYLLUM  Brongniart,  1828. 

1822.  Filicites  sect.  Glossopieris  Brongniart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  nat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  232. 
1S2S.  Lepidopliyllum  Brouguiart,  Prodrome,  p.  87. 

LEPIDOPHYLLUM    JENNEYI  11.  Sp. 

PI.  LIX,  Figs.  1-3;  PI.  LXIII,  Fig.  0. 
1897.  Le]}ido2)hylliim  sp.,  D.  White,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  viii,  pp.  298,  300. 

Cones  short,  oval  or  slightly  ovate,  about  4  cm.  in  length  and  2.5  cm. 
in  width;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  12  to  22  iron,  long,  7  to  12  mm.  Avide, 
expanded  in  broad  rounded  auricles  at  the  bases  of  the  blades;  blades  ovate- 
triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  7  to  12  mm.  long,  and  nearly  as  wide  across 
the  semiangular  or  rounded  dilations  or  auricles  at  the  point  of  union  to 
the  sporangiophore,  the  dilation  being  inclined  slightly  downward;  midrib 
slender,  quite  inconspicuous;  texture  rather  thin;  sporangiophore  broadly 
cuneate,  5  to  10  mm.  in  length  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  blade,  rather  wide 
at  the  base,  the  axis  narrow  and  broadening  rapidly  near  the  top,  the  lateral 
laminae  rather  lax,  with  nearly  straight  margins,  and  often  more  or  less 
infolded;  sporangia  oblong,  rounded  or  round-cylindrical,  with  rather  dense 
walls. 

The  small  scales  described  above  are  quite  abundant  in  the  shales  from 
Henry  County.  The  essential,  and  at  the  same  time  striking,  characters 
are  the  nearly  equal  length  of  the  blade  and  the  sporangiophore  and  the 
conspicuous,  often  auriculate,  dilations  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  which  is 
ovate-ti-iangular  These  characters  clearly  distinguish  the  species  from 
Lepidophijllum  hastatum  Lx.  or  L.  ovatifoUim.  Lx.,  whose  blade  is  similar 
except  for  the  absence  of  the  basal  dilation,  or  from  L.  hrevifolium  Lx., 
which,  as  seen  in  pi.  Ixix,  fig.  33,  of  the  Coal  Flora,  or  mj^  report  on  the 
plants  from  the  McAlester  coal  field,^  has  a  long  but  narrow  sporangiophore, 
while  the  blade  is  shorter.  The  general  aspect  of  the  bracts  is  fairly  well 
seen  in  PI.  LIX,  Figs.  Ih,  2,  and  PI.  LXIII,  Fig.  6. 


'  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pt.  3,  1899,  p.  529,  pi.  Isviii,  figs.  15-18. 


LYOOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRB^— LEPIDOPHYLLUM.         215 

The  larger  portion  of  a  cone  about  which  a  number  of  bracts  are  scat- 
tered is  illustrated  in  Fig.  la,  PI.  LIX.  The  contraction  at  the  base  indicates 
that  we  have  nearly  the  full  length  of  the  strobile,  which  may  be  immature, 
the  bracts  near  the  top  being  small  and  short,  while  those  near  the  base  of 
the  specimen  show  blades  having  all  the  characters  of  those  described  above. 
Although  the  details  of  tlie  interior  of  the  cone  are  totally  obscured  by  the 
mass  of  compressed  sporocysts  and  sporangiophores  through  which  the 
spores  are  at  a  few  points  dimly  expressed,  the  diameter  of  the  cone  is  such 
as  to  require  sporangiophores  of  the  length  seen  in  the  detached  bracts ;  and 
there  is  hardly  room  for  doubt  that  we  have  before  us  the  cone  oi'  Lepido- 
strobus  of  LepidophyUum  Jenneyi,  the  upper  small  and  immature  bracts  still 
adhering  to  the  axis.  While  the  contraction  toward  the  base,  especially 
noticeable  on  the  right,  suggests  an  oval  or  ovate  form  for  the  cone,  this 
individual  specimen  does  not  warrant  definite  conclusions  on  that  point. 

In  Fig.  2,  PI.  LIX,  an  illustration  is  given  of  one  of  two  specimens 
in  which  the  margins  of  the  sporangiophores  appear  to  be  completely  folded 
over  inward. 

In  the  same  shales  are  found  a  number  of  partially  compressed  sub- 
cylindrical,  rounded  sporangia  whose  size  and  mode  of  occurrence  indicate 
their  origin  in  cones  of  the  type  illustrated.  These  sporangia,  which  may 
be  designated  as  Lepidocystis  Jenneyi,  appear  distinct  from  any  other  that 
I  recollect  having  seen.  An  example  is  shown  in  Fig.  3,  PL  LIX.  The 
sporangium  wall  appears  rather  thick  and  shining,  the  impression  of  the 
contents  being  very  obscure.  From  the  surface  of  the  flattened  cone,  how- 
ever, it  appears  that  some  at  least  of  the  Lepidocysts  contain  rather  small 
macrospores  The  characters  of  the  surface  of  the  spores  are  t(io  obsciire 
for  description. 

To  the  distinctions  between  Lepidopliylhim  Jenneyi  and  the  most  nearly 
related  species,  L.  ovatifolium  Lx.,  already  indicated,  may  be  added  the 
generally  shorter  and  more  obtuse  blades,  as  well  as  the  shorter  sporangio- 
phores of  the  latter.  The  frequency  of  LepidophyUum  Jenneyi  at  Owen's 
coal  bank,  a  locality  at  which  Lepidodendron  Brittsii  is  abundant,  suggests 
a  possible  specific  identity  between  those  two  types. 

Localities.— Ovfe\i'>i  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6054,  G079,  6080; 
Pitcher's  coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6078. 


216  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

Lepidophyllum  missoubiense  n.  sp. 

PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  2;  PI.  LX,  Figs.  1-3;  PI.  LXI,  Figs,  la-b;  PI.  LXII,  Figs,  a,  6,  c,  d,  e; 

PI.  LXIII,Figs.3,3rt. 

Cones  large,  probably  oblong  or  oval;  bracts  very  large,  11  to  13 
cm.  long,  17  to  25  mm.  wide  above  the  middle;  blades  rather  thick,  very 
finely  striated,  oblong-lanceolate,  broadest  generally  near  the  top  of  the 
middle  third  of  the  length,  acuminately  prolonged  at  the  apex,  slightly 
contracted  5  to  8  mm.  above  the  base  which  is  dilate(^l  or  auriculate 
at  the  point  of  union,  at  a  very  open  angle,  to  the  sporangiophores ;  spo- 
rangiophores  23  to  2  fi  mm.  long,  nearly  as  wide  as  the  lower  part  of  the 
blade,  triangular,  thick,  ver^-  nan-ow  at  the  base,  and  glossy,  the  sides  of 
the  axis  strongly  concave  toward  the  top,  nearly  straight  at  the  base,  the 
lateral  margins  generally  nearly  straight  or  slightly  conca^•e  up  to  the  base 
of  the  lateral  projection  or  auricle  ;  midrib  2  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  strong, 
passing  distinct  into  the  apex,  bordered  on  either  side  on  the  ventral  sur- 
face by  a  rounded  furrow,  or  two  rather  close  parallel  lines,  the  surface  of 
the  blade  being  marked  by  fine  parallel,  longitudinal,  rather  faint  lines,  15 
to  18  of  which  fall  within  a  millimeter;  sporangia,  or  Lejndocystes,  18  to 
25  mm.  long,  8  to  12  mm.  wide,  rather  naiTOwer  at  the  base,  with  truncate- 
rounded  ends,  consisting  of  a  thin-walled  sack,  smooth  and  shining,  g"ran- 
ular  under  the  lens,  breaking  longitudinally,  and  usually  seen  spread  in 
a  trapezoidal  form  averaging  about  2  cm.  in  length,  18  nun.  in  width  at 
one  end,  15  imn.  at  the  cither,  the  corners  rounded  and  often  slightly  rup- 
tured ;  macrospores  (Triletes)  apparently  round,  a  little  more  than  1  mm.  in 
diameter,  and  marked  by  a  prominent  triradiate  keel,  the  surface  of  the 
spore  wall  being  dull  and  smooth. 

This  species,  abundant  at  Gilkerson's  Ford,  presents  some  variation  in 
the  width  of  the  blade,  Fig.  a,  PI.  LXII,  representing  the  narrowest  I  have 
seen,  while  Fig.  2,  PL  LVIII,  shows  a  bract  rather  above  the  average  in 
width.  In  a  few  specimens  the  mucronate  apex  is  slightly  prolonged.  In 
general,  however,  great  uniformity  prevails  in  both  the  size  and  the  foi'm  of 
the  bracts,  as  well  as  in  the  pronounced  dilation  or  auriculation  at  the  point 
of  union  of  the  blade  with  the  sporangiophore.  The  broadest  portion  of 
the  blade  is  always  above  the  middle,  sometimes  considerably  above  it. 
The  surface  of  the  bract  appears  polished,  even  under  a  weak  lens,  though 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDEE^— LBPIDOPHTLLUM.    217 

it  is  really  very  finely  lineate,  the  longitudinal  lines  or  rows  of  cells  num- 
bering about  seventeen  within  the  millimeter.  In  one  specimen  the  bract  is 
shown  in  profile  to  be  at  a  right  angle  to  the  sporangiophore. 

On  one  of  the  slabs  lately  sent  by  Dr.  Britts  are  what  appear  to  be 
three  cone  fragments,  shown  in  Fig.  1,  PI.  LX.  The  largest,  illustrated  in 
the  upper  part  of  Fig.  1,  is  somewhat  remarkable  for  its  size  and  is  inter- 
esting as  showing  the  aspect  of  the  imbricated  bracts  in  situ.  None  of  the 
fragments  show  either  the  base  or  the  tip  of  the  cones,  all  of  them  repre- 
senting segments  that  fail  to  show  even  the  entire  width  of  the  organ. 
From  these  fragments  we  may  infer  that  the  cones  were  very  broad.  The 
photograph  shows  a  strong  general  similarity  to  the  fragments  illustrated 
by  Goldenberg,^  Von  Roehl,^  or  Lesquereux.^ 

As  was  stated  in  my  remarks  under  this  genus,  I  am  disposed  to  follow 
Goldeuberg  in  reg-arding  these  very  large  Lepidophylla  and  their  cones, 
Lepidostrobus,  as  pertaining  to  the  genus  Lepidophloios.  If  such  is  the  true 
relation,  Lejndopki/llinn  (Lepldostrohus)  niissouriense  most  probably  represents 
the  fructification  of  Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni.  In  the  most  intimate  asso- 
ciation with  these  bracts  are  numerous  s]3orangia,  or  Lepidocysts,  most  of 
which  ai-e  broken  and  spread  out  in  smooth  black  trapezoidal  forms,  about 
20  to  25  mm.  long-,  and  having  a  width  of  about  12  mm.  at  one  end  and  18 
mm.  at  the  other  end,  the  corners  being  slightly  rounded  and  the  margins 
of  the  ends  occasionally  ruptured.  Examples  of  these  collapsed  vacant  or 
displayed  sporangia  are  seen  in  PI.  LXI,  Fig.  2,  or  PI.  LXII,  Fig.  h,  while 
the  unruptured,  somewhat  compressed  sporangia  with  their  macrospores  are 
illustrated  in  PI.  LXII,  Figs,  c  and  d.  These  sporocysts  are  perhaps 
specifically  indistinguishable  from  examples  of  Lepidocystis  fraxiniformis 
(Goepp.)  Lx.,  from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania.  The  latter  are  found  in  place 
on  the  bracts  of  LepidophjU mn  Mansfieldl  Lx.  It  is  probable,  however,  that 
the  spore  sacs  of  several  of  the  large  species  of  Lepidophylla  are  not  dis- 
tinguishable by  superficial  macroscopic  characters. 

In  L.  missouriense  the  macrospores,  shown  enlarged  in  Figs.  3  and  3a, 
PI.  LXI II,  are  perhaps  a  little  over  1  mm.  in  diameter  when  uncompressed. 
They  appear  minutely  granular  under  a  strong  lens.     The  triradiate  crests, 

'  Fl.  Foss.  Sarsep.,  vol.  i,  pi.  iil,  figs.  13a,  136. 

^Foss.  Kl,  Steink.  Westphalen.s.  pi.  xiii,  figs.  In,  lb. 

'  Coal  Flora,  pi.  Ixviii,  tig.  1  (copied  from  Von  Roehl,  op.  cit.,  fig.  la). 


218  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

characteristic  of  the  Triletes  of  Reiusch  and  Kidstou,  are  sharp  and  promi- 
nent, extending  across  one  side  of  the  flattened  spore. 

The  scales  which  I  have  described  under  tlie  above  name  represent  a 
larger  type,  I  believe,  than  any  heretofore  illustrated.  Among  the  Old 
World  species  it  is  comparable  to  Le^idopliyllum  majus  Brougn.'  It  appears, 
however,  to  differ  specifically  from  the  latter  by  tlie  broader  apex  of  the 
sporangiophore,  the  prominently  dilated  or  auriculate  base  of  the  blade, 
the  proportionately  very  much  greater  expansion  of  the  upper  half  of  the 
bract,  and  the  contracted,  acuminate  apex.  LepidophyUum  auriculatum  Lx., 
which  is  not  well  known,  has  a  blade  that  tapers  gradually  from  the  middle 
upward.  The  same  difference  exists  in  L.  acuminatum,  which  has  a  propor- 
tionately much  larger  sporangiophore.  Finally,  L.  Mansfieldi,  to  which  both 
the  blades  and  the  sj^orocysts  of  our  species  bear  the  closest  resemblance, 
and  which  is  undoubtedly  its  nearest  relation,  has  the  auricles  much  less 
developed  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  while  the  latter  is  broader  in  propoiliou 
above  the  base,  and  is  almost  invariably  transversely  wrinkled  in  the  lower 
half,  as  though  thicker  and  very  much  arched. 

Localities. — Most  abimdant  at  Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6060, 
6062,  6065,  6066,  6072,  6081;  Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6058; 
Owen's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6059 1  The  large  cone  fragment,  loaned 
to  the  United  States  National  Museum  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  is  from  Pitcher's 
coal  mine. 

OMPHALOPHLOIOS  D.  White,  1898. 

Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol  ix,  p.  336. 
Omphalophloios  cyclostigma  (Lx.)  D.  W. 
PL  LXV;  PL  LXVI,  Figs.  1-5;  PI.  LXVII,  Figs.  1,  2;  PL  LXVIII,  Figs.  1,  2. 

1870.  All  Lepidodendron  ma7nmillatum  Le.squereux,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv, 

p.  432,  pi.  XXV,  fig.  1  ? 
1879.  Lepidodendron  cyclostigma  Lesquereus,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  11,  i)l.  Ixii,  fig.  5; 

text,  vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  394. 
1898.  Omphalophloios  cyclostigma  (Lx.)  D.  White,  Ball.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  ix,  pp. 

329-342,  pis.  xx-xxiii. 

Stems  or  trunks  of  considerable  size,  the  larger  ones  covered  by  more 
or  less  clearly  defined  Lepidodendroid  bolsters  ;  bolsters  contiguous,  some- 
times partiall)'  obscure,  especially  in  the  young  or  badly  compressed  branches, 

I  Prodrome,  1S28,  p.  87.     Geinitz,  Verst.  Steink.  .Sachsen,  18.5.5,  p.  37,  pi.  ii,  fig.  5. 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODBNDRE.E— OMPHALOPHLOIOS.        219 

rhomboidal  and  acute,  laterally  rounded,  or  squarrose-rhomboidal,  or  often 
reduced  and  truncated  by  compression,  somewhat  prominent,  rounded,  with- 
out caudse  or  corrugation,  marked  near  the  apex  by  a  punctate  mammilla, 
and  surmounted  over  or  at  a  little  distance  above  the  middle  by  a  large, 
interior,  more  or  less  roundish  or  ovate-triangular,  slightly  concave,  prom- 
inent boss,  at  the  lower  verge  of  which  is  situated  a  transverse  cicatrix, 
probably  the  leaf  scar;  central  boss  of  the  partially  decorticated  stem 
usually  conspicuous,  often  appearing  as  an  oval,  slightly  concave  elevation, 
frequently  traversed  by  two  somewhat  indefinite  ^'ertical  low  ridges,  and 
marked  between  the  latter  by  a  minute  central  trace;  or,  in  the  impressions, 
often  appearing  as  convex  and  roundish  Qr  narrowed  in  either  direction  by 
the  partial  infolding  of  the  surrounding  tissue  of  the  bolster  in  the  course 
of  compression;  foliar  cicatrices  situated  at  or  a  little  below  the  middle  of 
the  bolster  and  on  the  lower  border  of  the  large  boss  or  cushion,  nearly  one- 
half  the  width  of  the  bolster,  of  very  little  altitude,  slightly  raised,  angular 
or  slightly  crescentic,  the  sides  slightly  inclined  upward,  subangular  or 
broadly  crescentic  above,  or  flatly  deltoidal  in  the  center,  the  lateral  angles 
being  continued  for  a  distance  as  diminishing  ridges,  which  are  either  straight 
and  vanishing, short  of  the  margin  or  curving  upward  and  blending  with 
the  base  of  the  large  central  boss,  within  which,  close  above  the  foliar 
cicatrix,  lies  a  smaller  oval  or  slightly  ovate  boss  containing  an  interior 
depression  and  punctiform  trace;  oval  boss  situated  upon  the  large  boss 
close  within  the  ventral  curve  of  the  leaf  scar,  the  longer,  vertical  axis 
being  nearly  one-half  the  altitude  of  the  concave  field  of  the  larger  boss, 
the  horizontal  diameter  nearly  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  vertical,  the  lower 
end  generally  obscure,  nearly  or  quite  tangent  to  the  leaf  cicatrix  and 
either  partly  or  wholly  inclosing  a  minute  punctiform  mammilla,  which 
appears  nearly  contiguous  to  the  foliar  cicatrix  and  may  be  a  part  thereof; 
interior  of  the  oval  boss  occupied  by  an  oval  depression,  sometimes  obscure, 
usually  clearly  defined,  about  .5  mm.  within  the  outer  border  of  the  oval 
boss,  the  interval  being  a  flat  oval  zone,  the  upper  and  deeper  end  of  the 
depression  containing  a  minute  umbilicate  mammilla;  vascular  trace  of 
the  leaf  well  developed,  the  lateral  traces  being  obscure;  basal  appendages 
either  absent  or  very  obscure. 

The  extensive  collections  from  the  Des  Moines  series  of  Missouri,  sent 
during  the  last  few  years  to  the  United  States  National  Museum  or  the 


220  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOURI. 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  contain  a  series  of  specimens  which  throw 
much  light  on  the  unique  and  somewhat  problematic  species  described  by 
Professor  Lesquereux  as  Lepidodendron  cyclostigma} 

Pitcher's  coal  mine,  in  Henry  County,  the  source  of  most  of  the  new 
material,  seems,  as  indicated  both  by  the  associated  species  and  by  the 
matrix,  to  have  been  the  source  of  the  types  of  the  original  species,  now 
Nos.  .5501  and  5502  of  the  Lacoe  collection  in  the  National  Museum.  In 
any  event  it  is  certain,  as  is  shown  by  the  records  and  labels,  that  the  fossils 
described  by  Lesquereux  came  from  the  same  vicinity.  The  species  has 
not  been  found  elsewhere. 

Since  the  recently  acquired  material  includes  examples  exhibiting  many, 
new  characters  and  features,  whose  interpretation  is  subject  to  differences 
of  opinion,  as  well  as  a  remarkable  variation  in  the  forms  of  cortical  imjDres- 
sion,  the  descriptions  of  the  important  specimens  will  be  repeated  in  order  to 
present  all  the  available  evidence  as  to  the  organs  or  appendages  of  the  tree 
and  its  systematic  position.  It  is  unfortunate  that  in  this,  as  well  as  in  most 
other  peculiarly  American  types  of  Carboniferous  plants,  no  material  is  at 
hand  to  show  the  internal  organization  of  the  tree,  which  is  represented  only 
by  somewhat  flattened  casts  of  trunks  and  branches,  or  by  cortical  impres- 
sions revealing  only  superficial  details. 

The  bolsters  of  these  compressed  trunks  are,  as  was  stated  by  Lesque- 
reux, variable  in  form  as  well  as  size.  Illustrations  of  these  varying  forms, 
which  sometimes  suggest  the  Lepidodendron  dypeatum  of  Lesquereux,^  are 
seen  in  PI.  LXV  and  PI.  LXVI,  Figs.  1,  2;  also  PI.  LXVII,  Fig.  2.  The 
fragmental  impression,  a  portion  of  which  is  seen  in  the  first  plate,  is  31 
cm.  in  length  and  13  cm.  in  width,  the  entire  breadth  of  the  trunk  being 
unknown.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  some  of  the  trunks  of  this  species 
grew  to  a  considerable  diameter.  The  figured  fragment  shows  the  impres- 
sion or  mold,  over  most  of  which  the  outer  very  thin  cortex  or  epidermis  still 
adheres.  Nevertheless,  that  phase  in  which  the  bolsters  are  represented  at 
their  longest  and  in  their  more  distinctly  Lepidodendroid  asjiect  is  well  seen, 
the  fine  sepai'ative  lines  of  the  rhomboidal,  acute  bolsters  being  clear,  while 
the  general  features  of  the  subtriangular  or  somewhat  circular  central  convex 
areas,  which,  as  we  shall  see,  represent  large,  compressed,  roundish  bosses, 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  il,  1880,  p.  394,  pi.  Ixii,  fig.  5. 

^Geol.  Pennsylvania, vol.  ii,2,  p.  875,  pi.  xv,  tig.  5;  pl.xvi,fig.  7.  Coal  Flora,vol.  ii,p.380,  pi.  Ixiv.fig.  16. 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDKE^E— OMPHALOPHLOIOS.        22 1 

are  in  agreement  with  the  original  figured  by  Lesquereux.^  It  will  Ije 
observed  that  the  bolsters  are  low,  rounded,  and  destitute  of  keel  or  caudal 
ornamentation,  either  above  or  below  the  scar;  that  the  central  convex  area 
as  compressed  varies  from  round  to  more  or  less  distinctly  triangular,  and 
that  the  boundary  of  the  latter  is  often  a  sharp,  clear  furrow,  from  the  lat- 
eral angles  of  which  short,  quickly  vanishing  lines  pass  outward  toward  the 
curved  bolster  margin,  which  they  fail  to  reach.  Other  compressed  speci- 
mens, mostly  impressions,  to  which  reference  will  be  made,  show  the  great 
variability  in  the  aspect  of  these  central  areas.  The  photograph  of  the 
example  under  consideration  fails  to  show  a  jjunctiform  mammilla  situated 
near  the  center  of  the  convex  area  or  but  a  very  little  nearer  the  lower 
border.  This,  wliich  we  may  temporarily  designate  as  the  central  trace,  is 
visible  to  the  unaided  eye,  as  are  also,  in  a  few  instances,  two  rather  indefi- 
nite, rounded,  low,  vertical  grooves,  crossing-  the  central  area,  one  on  either 
side  of  the  central  trace.  The  figure  of  this  specimen  is  so  placed  on  the 
plate  that  the  central,  obscurely  subtriangular  area  comes  generally  at  a 
little  above  the  middle.  Thus  the  transverse  side,  which  is  seen  in  many 
cases  either  to  be  crescentic  or  to  contain  a  very  obtuse  angle,  is  made  to 
constitute  the  base.  This  arrangement,  which  seems  to  conform  with  that 
of  Fig.  1,  PL  LXVII,  is  made  largely  for  the  sake  of  preserving  the  mor- 
phologic similarity  of  the  bolsters  of  this  tree  with  those  of  the  conventional 
type  of  Lepidodendron,  as  represented,  for  example,  in  L.  clypeatwn.  I  con- 
fess, however,  a  lack  of  assurance  as  to  the  actual  attitude  of  some  of  the 
stems.  I  have  attempted  to  make  them  conform  in  position  to  other  better- 
preserved  fragments,  the  orientation  of  Avhich  will  be  discussed  farther  on. 
Passing  now  to  the  originals,  described  by  Lesquereux,  we  find  that 
the  figure  given  in  the  Coal  Flora  represents  a  small  portion  of  an  irregular 
fragment  27  cm.  in  length  and  15  cm.  in  width.  In  this  fragment,  which, 
like  the  one  described  above,  is  a  mold  or  impression,  the  Lepidodendroid 
form  of  the  bolsters  is  clear.  In  a  portion  of  the  slab  one  end,  presumably 
the  lower,  of  the  bolsters  is  slightly  truncated  by  pressure  in  fossilization. 
The  convex  central  areas  or  compressed  central  bosses  are  mostly  ovate- 
triangular  or  ovate,  as  is  shown  in  the  original  figure,  though  many  are 
round  and  some  are  transversely  oval.  The  lateral  angles,  as  well  as  the 
short,   vanishing,   lateral  furrows,   are  distinctly  indicated  in   most  cases, 

'  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  Ixii,  tig.  5.    No.  5501  of  the  Lacoe  coUectiou,  U.  S.  Nat.  JIus. 


222  FLOEA  OF  LOWEE  GOAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEI. 

while  generally  the  central  trace  in  the  roundish  area  is  more  or  less  clearly 
shown.  This  is  also  true  where  the  outermost  cortical  tissue  still  adheres 
to  the  matrix,  even  in  the  area  represented  by  the  shaded  portion  in  the 
original  figure. 

Another  of  the  types  described  by  Lesquereux  is  a  small  slab,  No. 
5502  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  representing,  like  the  other,  a  mold  or 
impression  of  the  stem.  In  a  portion  of  this  fragment,  too,  we  have 
bolsters  and  inside  areas  like  those  in  the  originally  figured  type,  No. 
5501.  But  here  we  have  also  a  variety  of  distortions,  due  to  pressure, 
in  which  the  central  areas  or  compressed  bosses  often  appear  more  than 
twice  as  wide  as  long,  while  in  some  cases  they  are  partially  covered  on 
all  sides  by  the  infolded  lateral  areas  about  the  flattened  bosses.  It  may 
be  noted  in  passing  that  the  central  areas  in  this  fragment,  photographed 
in  PL  LXVI,  Fig.  1,  are  much  broader  in  proportion  to  their  altitude  when 
the  bolsters  themselves  are  correspondingly  dilated.  In  addition  to  these 
features,  this  specimen  shows  not  only  the  central  traces,  but  also,  in  a  few 
cases,  the  obscure  vertical  furrows,  which  in  several  instances  seem  to  unite 
below  the  upper  margin  of  the  central  areas  in  a  loop  or  long  horseshoe, 
between  the  sides  of  which  are  the  central  traces.  This  character,  as  well 
as  certain  other  more  obscure  details,  will  be  considered  in  the  description 
of  the  surface  of  the  lately  collected  stems. 

Another  incomplete  slab  about  25  cm.  wide,  showing  the  mold  or 
external  impression  of  the  stem,  is  partially  illustrated  in  PI.  LXVI,  Fig.  2. 
In  this  specimen,  chosen  because  it  represents  the  more  elongated  bolsters 
with  the  central  convex  areas  slightly  displaced,  we  find  in  many  of  the 
latter  the  two  vertical  grooves,  about  2  mm.  apart,  passing  across  the 
compressed  boss  and  forming,  as  in  the  specimen  just  described,  a  loop  or 
elongated  horseshoe,  within  which  the  vascular  trace  is  seen  in  all  cases  to 
lie.  Occasionall}^  a  second  trace  is  observed  at  the  apparently  open  end  of 
the  horseshoe.  The  same  interior  characters  are  seen  in  Mus.  Res'.  6030, 
another  impression  of  a  fragment  with  short,  squarish  bolsters,  illustrated  in 
PI.  LVIII,  Fig.  2. 

The  specimens  described  above  are  all  impressions  or  molds  of  stems, 
in  some  of  which  the  epidermis  may  have  been  wanting.  We  will  now 
proceed  to  the  consideration  of  several  segments  of  stems  on  which  the 
cortex  is  still  preserved.     The  fii'st  of  these,  Mus.  Reg.  6029,  is  a  flattened 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODBNDEE^— OMPHALOPHLOIOS.        223 

branch,  nearly  the  full  width  of  which  is  seen  in  PI.  LXVII,  Fig.  2.  Here 
we  see  again  a  type  of  foreshortened,  truncated  bolster,  comparable  in  form 
to  that  of  Lepidodendron  clypeatum  Lx.  Within  the  bolsters  we  have  a  very 
obtuse-angled  prominence  occupying  a  position  at  the  base  of  the  large 
boss.  This  transverse  or  flatly  deltoid  scar  may  be  regarded  as  represent- 
ing the  horizontal  side  of  the  oval-triangular  central  area  in  the  specimens 
previously  noted.  Within  this  angle,  the  thickened  walls  of  which  are 
suggestive  of  the  leaf  scar,  we  see  the  horseshoe-shaped  loop,  including  one 
or  two  small  cicatrices.  Indications  of  the  more  orbicular  or  prominent 
development  of  the  large  boss  are  seen  on  the  cortex  on  the  left  or  in  the 
partially  decorticated  area  on  the  lower  right. 

A  better  understanding  of  this  fragment,  which  has  been  removed  from 
the  left  branch  of  the  trunk  illustrated  in  PL  LXVII,  Fig.  1 ,  maj',  however, 
be  reached  by  an  inspection  of  the  opposite  side  of  the  same  specimen,  which 
is  shown  enlarged  to  twice  the  natural  proportions  in  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  1.  The 
conditions  seen  on  the  surface  of  the  cortex  of  this  specimen  are  as  follows: 
Within  a  broad,  diagonally  truncated  bolster,  suggestive  of  those  of  certain 
Lepidodendra,  we  have,  as  before,  near  the  niiddle,  a  prominence  in  the 
form  of  a  very  obtuse  angle,  opening  upward.^  The  protruding  walls  of 
this  angle  rise  slightly  and  increase  in  tliickness  in  approaching  the  center, 
where  they  in  some  instances  form  a  very  low  deltoid  area.  The  periphery 
of  this  transverse  area  exhibits  for  a  distance  of  from  1.75  to  2.5  mm. 
on  either  side  of  the  center  a  rugose  surface  of  carbonaceous  matter,  sur- 
rounded apparently  by  a  line  of  separation.  The  area  inclosed  by  this 
fractured  carbonaceous  rim  can  hardly  be  anything  else  than  the  leaf  cicatrix. 
And  I  may  add  in  this  connection  that  none  of  the  other  specimens  on 
which  the  outer  tissue  is  preserved  seem  to  show  any  other  definite  evidence 
of  fracture  or  separation  on  the  surface  of  the  bolsters.  From  the  lateral 
angles  of  these  leaf  scars,  which  are  often  slightly  crescentic,  pass  narrow, 
vanishing  ridges,  which  may  lie  in  the  same  direction  as  the  corresponding 
side  of  the  cicatrix  "angle,"  or  they  may  curve  somewhat  upward  before 
vanishing  in  the  border  of  the  large  boss  which  they  help  to  define.  The 
vanishing  ridges  and  crescentic  prolongations  probably  play  an  important 

'  The  orientation  of  the  figure  is  based  on  the  place  of  the  fragment  iu  the  dicliotomous  trunk, 
PI.  LXVII,  Fig.  1.  The  interpretation  of  this  prominence  as  leaf  scar,  though  somewhat  tentative, 
preserves  the  Lepidodeudroid  analogy  in  the  bolsters. 


224  FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

part  in  preserving  the  roundish,  distinct  outline  of  the  boss  seen  in  the 
impressions  earlier  described.  It  must  be  remembered  that  on  the  cortex 
of  the  stems  the  interior  surface  of  the  large  bosses  is  slightly  concave.  A 
resemblance  to  the  impressions  is  seen  in  several  of  the  bolsters  in  the  abraded 
and  partly  decorticated  portion  on  the  right  in  the  figure.  There  is,  how- 
ever, when  the  entire  cortex  is  preserved,  no  line  of  displacement  or  break 
in  the  continuity  of  the  epidermis  beyond  the  leaf  scar  along  this  large  sub- 
circular  or  subtriangular  boss  that,  in  my  judgment,  can  be  construed  as 
marking  the  separation  of  any  appendage  or  organ. 

Proceeding  to  the  observation  of  the  characters  above  and  within  the 
angle  of  the  leaf  scar,  we  note,  as  seen  in  the  photographic  enlargement, 
PI.  LXVIIl,  Fig.  1 ,  an  oval  or  slightly  ovate  area,  the  vertical  diameter  of 
which  is  about  2.5  mm.,  the  transverse  diameter  being  about  1.75  mm.  The 
surface  of  this  oval  area  is  slightly  raised  as  a  boss  above  the  concave  sur- 
face within  the  large  convex,  rounded  boss,  and  is  bordered  in  many  cases  by  a 
very  narrow,  low,  and  sometimes  obscure  rim,  or  by  a  narrow  adjftcent  fur- 
row. One  or  both  of  these  conditions  are  possibly  merely  the  result  of  pres- 
sure on  the  surface  of  the  smaller,  oval  boss,  since  there  is  occasionally  seen 
hardly  more  than  the  sharply  defined  change  of  level  in  passing  across  its 
margin  down  to  the  large  boss.  I  am  inclined,  however,  to  regard  the  nar- 
row bordering  rim,  which  is  generally  present,  as  normal.  The  lower  end  of 
this  oval  rim  appears  to  become  nearly  contiguous  to  if  not  actually  united 
Avith  the  leaf  scar;  and  at  the  lowest  point  it  seems,  in  a  few  bolsters,  to  die 
out  below,  and  partly  inclosing,  a  small  punctiform  maimnilla,  which,  in  one 
instance,  it  appears  to  completely  inclose.  It  is  possible  that  this  mammilla, 
which  is  in  man}"  cases  discernible,  should  be  regarded  as  belonging  to  the 
vascular  trace  of  the  leaf;  but  in  the  specimens  before  me  it  seems  to  be 
distinct  from  the  leaf,  if  not,  in  fact,  separated  therefrom  by  a  continuation 
of  the  oval  rim.  Within  the  oval  boss  just  described  is  a  small  concave 
oval  area,  which  is  sometimes  obscure  in  the  lower  part.  This  depression, 
the  margin  of  which  is  nearly  parallel  to  the  outer  border  of  the  oval  boss, 
the  distance  between  being  but  little  more  than  .5  mm.,  is  deepest  near  the 
upper  end,  where  it  surrounds  a  minute  bordered  pit  or  umbilicate  trace. 
The  latter  is  the  "trace"  observed  in  the  central  area  of  the  impressions  and 
decorticated  stems  first  described.     The  true  vascular  trace  of  the  leaf  is 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDRE.E— OMPHALOPHLOIOS.        225 

i'requently  defined  in  the  carbon  at  the  margin  of  the  ovate-triangular,  con- 
cave areas,  representing  the  compressed  large  bosses  in  those  specimens. 

It  remains  also  to  note  a  minute  mammilla,  sometimes  slightly  depressed, 
occasionally  seen  a  little  above  the  upper  margin  of  the  large  boss. .  This  trace 
lies  within  a  loop  of  the  low,  round,  vertical  ridges  sometimes  crossing  the 
large  boss.  Though  these  ridges  are  sometimes  clear  in  the  molds  or  impres- 
sions, appearing  as  grooves  or  furrows,  they  are  usually  rather  obscure  on 
the  surface  of  the  cortex,  and  may  be  entirely  subcortical. 

Concerning  the  cicatricial  traces  within  the  leaf  scar  itself  little  can 
yet  be  said.  What  appears  to  be  a  vascular  trace  is  observable  in  many 
instances.  Also  certain  obscure  depressions  in  the  bolster,  which  occupy 
the  position  of  the  respiratory  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  leaf,  seem  to 
be  present;  but  I  am  far  from  certain  that  these  appearances  may  not  really 
be  due  to  accident  or  other  causes. 

In  the  slab,  Mus.  Reg.  5636,  photographed  in  PI.  LXVII,  Fig.  1,  we 
have  a  large  forked  segment  showing  on  the  left  the  full  width  of  the 
branch,  the  cast  of  the  lower  portion  of  which  is  still  in  place.  Tlie  upper 
part  or  impression  is  the  mold  or  counterpart  of  the  fragment,  PI.  LXVIII, 
Fig.  2,  just  discussed.  The  similarity  of  the  preservation  on  the  lower  left 
to  that  found  in  the  lower  right  on  the  same  slab  is  at  once  apparent.  The 
middle  portion  of  the  branch  on  the  right  presents,  however,  the  same  char- 
acters as  the  lower  portion  of  the  other  braneli.  In  fact,  we  have  at  once 
on  this  specimen  impressions  of  the  large  central  convex  boss  of  the  type 
originally  described  as  Lephlodendron  cydostignia,  the  quadrangular  com- 
pressed bolsters,  and  the  flattened  bosses,  showing  distinctly  the  details  noted 
on  the  surface  of  the  preserved  stem.  I  am  not  absolutely  certain  whether 
in  this  slab  we  have  a  dichotomizing  stem  or  trunk,  or  whether  possibly  two 
trunks  are  superimposed.  The  facts  that  the  bolsters  below  are  in  accord- 
ance as  to  direction,  that  those  on  the  right  of  the  angle  change  the  direc- 
tion of  curve,  as  is  natural  at  a  dichotomy,  and  that  I  find  no  intercalated 
or  separative  zone  or  material,  save  numerous  plications  of  the  cortical 
tissues,  make  it  seem  most  probable  that  the  two  branches  are  in  actual 
union.  Such  plications  are  usually  found  in  the  angle  of  compressed 
Lepidodendroid  stems,  and  they  are  especially  to  be  looked  for  in  those  in 
which  the  cortical  tissues  are  evidently  spongy  and  therefore  subject  to 
displacement  under  jjressure. 

MON   XXXVII 15 


226  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

The  above  notes  cover  the  essential  details  of  the  sjiecies,  so  far  as  I 
can  discern  them,  in  the  compressed  specimens  before  me.  But  mention 
should  be  made  of  a  number  of  other  peculiarities  in  this  singidar  as  well 
as  problematic  tree. 

To  illustrate  one  of  these  I  have  partially  represented  in  PL  LXVI, 
Fig.  3,  an  impression  or  a  mold  to  which  the  epidermis  adheres.  The  mar- 
gins of  the  outer  boss  appear  to  come  nearly  in  contact  ■\^'ith  the  margins  of 
the  bolsters  in  the  upper  part,  although  the  latter  can  easily  be  traced  to  their 
apex,  then  curving  inward  and  slightly  downward,  while  becoming  obscure, 
to  meet  the  oval  boss  a  little  below  its  apex,  thus  producing  a  somewhat 
cordate  effect.  This  aspect  of  the  bolster  and  bosses  is  surprisingly  like  that 
figured  as  the  type  of  Lepidophloios  ohcordatus  by  Professor  Lesquereux.^ 
It  is  possible  that  both  are  referable  to  the  same  species.  The  oval  bosses, 
as  well  as  the  central  mammilla?,  are  very  clear  in  this  specimen. 

Another  fragment,  a  part  of  which  is  photographed  in  PI.  LXVI,  Fig.  4, 
shows  but  a  faint  and  fragmentary  trace  of  the  bolsters  here  and  there.  • 
The  surface  is  nearly  flat,  the  larger  bosses  being  nearly  obliterated,  only 
the  leaf  angle  and  the  oval  bosses  being  left  in  slight  relief  Both  the  inner 
and  the  outer  borders  of  the  oval  boss  are  defined,  as  is  imperfectly  seen  in 
the  photograph.  This  stem,  the  epidermis  of  which  is  in  part  preserved,  is 
further  oi-namented  by  several  large,  shallow  pits  of  two  sorts.  The  larger 
ones,  in  the'  lower  portion  of  the  specimen,  are  nearly  circular,  and  nearly 
equal  in  size  the  larger  bosses  of  the  other  specimens.  The  details  of  their 
intei'iors  are  obscure.  They  show,  however,  traces  of  the  two  low,  rounded, 
vertical  ridges  passing  across  them,  with  a  central  oval  trace.  These  shallow, 
rounded  pits,  which  are  possibly  caused  by  collapse  of  the  large  bosses, 
may  conform  with  the  convex  areas  in  the  bolsters  in  the  types  studied  by 
Lesquereux,  the  vertical  furrows  and  trace  agreeing  perhaps  with  the  ridges 
and  trace  in  No.  5502  of  the  Lacoe  collection.  The  other  form  of  depression 
seen  in  Fig.  4  is  often  elliptical,  traversing  vertically  the  obscurely  indicated 
and  wrinkled  outline  of  the  large  boss.  These  elliptical  pits  are  evidently 
coincident  with  the  area  and  position  of  the  vertical,  rounded  furrows  seen 
in  the  round  pits  on  the  same  fragments.  The  leaf  angle  and  oval  boss  are 
wholly  obscured.  This  elliptical  or  horseshoe  appearance  of  the  vertical 
ridges  crossing  the  larger  bosses,  while  never  conspicuous  in  any  of  the 

'  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  niinois,  vol.  ii.  1866,  p.  457,  pi.  xli,  fig.  1  (not  fig.  2,  2n). 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPID0DENDEEJ3— OMPHALOPHLOIOS.       227 

specimens,  is  present  and  faintly  visible  in  many  of  the  bolsters  of  the  frag- 
ment, Fig.  5,  PI.  LXVI.  Although  but  little  wider  than  the  oval  boss,  it  is 
much  longer,  extending  in  this  case  a  little  beyond  the  large  boss  and 
including  as  usual  the  upper  punctiform  trace  near  the  truncated  upper 
margin  of  the  bolster.  In  some  respects  the  large,  shallow  depressions  in 
this  specimen  are  perhaps  analogous  to  the  abnormal  or  strobiliferous  scars 
seen  in  some  of  the  SigUlari(c. 

The  difficult  task  of  the  interpretation  of  the  details  and  of  the  ascription 
to  the  structures  of  their  appropriate  functions  is  largely  a  matter  of  specu- 
lation and  hypothetical  analogy.  I  shall  attempt  only  to  prove  some  of  the 
homologies  between  the  trunk  in  hand  and  others  of  the  Lepidodendroid 
type,  hoping  that  other  paleobotanists  more  familiar  with  the  LycojxxUvece, 
both  living  and  fossil,  will  furnish  more  accurate  and  valuable  correlations. 

The  type  of  cortex  before  us  appears  to  be  one  characterized  super- 
ficially by  rather  strongly  protuberant,  noncarinate  bolsters,  exhibiting  in 
outline  the  general  variations  characteristic  of  the  Lepidodendroid  type. 
These  bolsters  have  large,  roundish  or  ovate  triangular  bosses,  on  which  are 
placed  the  leaf  scars  and  certain  other  structures.  The  large  bosses  were 
probably  highly  prominent  in  the  uncompressed  stems,  and  were  presum- 
ably composed,  like  the  other  portions  of  the  bolster,  largely  of  soft  tissue 
that  has  proved  very  susceptible  to  distortion  and  variation  under  the  con- 
ditions of  compression.  Their  prominence  and  lack  of  support  well  accounts 
for  their  partial  concealment  beneath  the  folds  of  the  adjacent  portions  of 
the  bolsters  in  the  flattened  impressions,  as  well  as  for  their  displacement 
toward  the  sides  of  the  bolsters  in  many  cases.  The  degree  of  deforma- 
tion of  the  bolsters  in  this  trunk  exceeds  the  greatest  variations  from 
pressure  I  have  seen  in  tlie  bolsters  of  Leindodendron  Veltheimianiim  Stb.  or 
L.  dypeatum  Lx.  Pressure  in  a  direction  probably  nearly  vertical  to  the  large 
boss  evidently  produced  the  rounded  impressions  described  and  figured  from 
the  originals  by  Lesquereux  as  Lepidodendron  cydostigma.  From  the  lower 
and  more  prominent  part  of  the  large  flattened  boss  two  nearly  parallel 
obscurely  defined,  broad,  rounded,  perhaps  subcortical  ridges  pass  upward 
across  the  boss,  and  apparently  a  little  beyond  it,  then  apparently'  unite  in 
a  horseshoe  curve  or  rounded  angle.  Within  the  apex  of  this  loop,  and 
apparently  a  short  distance  above  the  boss,  is  situated  a  rarely  visible  puncti- 
form trace.     I  am  unable  to  state  whether  this  long,  obscure,  vertical  loop 


228  FLQKA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

is  closed  at  the  base  to  form  au  ellipse,  though  it  slightly  affects  that  appear- 
ance ill  the  pits  figured  in  PI.  LXVI,  Fig.  4.  It  may  proceed  on  either  side 
from  the  lateral  wings  of  the  leaf  scar  at  the  base  of  the  boss.  There  is 
nothing  on  the  specimens  before  me  to  indicate  an  attachment  of  any 
vegetative  organ  along  its  surface  or  margin. 

Certain  very  important  points  as  to  the  relations  of  the  second,  or  o^al, 
boss  to  the  leaf  scar  remain  to  be  determined.  At  present  it  is  not  definitely 
ascertained  whether  the  oval  boss,  which  in  a  few  instances  appears  to  be 
closed  at  the  base  and  Ijarely  contiguous  with  the  transversely  angular  or 
deltoid  cicatrice,  which  I  have  called  the  leaf  scar,  is  actually  distinct  from 
that  "scar"  or  whether  it  is  organically  connected  therewith.  The  analogies 
with  the  other  Paleozoic  Lycopodinece,  especially  some  of  the  Sigillarioid 
types,  would,  at  first  glance,  lead  us  to  inquire  as  to  whether  this  oval  boss 
does  not  itself  represent  a  part  if  not  the  whole  of  the  foliar  cicatrix.  The 
evidence  in  support  of  such  a  supposition  lies  largely  in  the  presence  of 
the  generally  clear,  narrow,  very  low,  marginal  rim  of  the  boss  and  its 
naturally  suggestive  similarity  to  the  form  of  the  cicatrices  in  some  of  the 
Bothrodendra.  Continuing  the  parallel  with  the  Bothrodendroid  or  Sigilla- 
rioid scar,  it  appears  that  in  this  case  the  trace  at  the  upper  end  in  the 
central  oval  depression  may  be  the  vascular  trace,  while,  b}'  reversing  the 
position  of  the  specimen,  the  punctiform  trace,  which  now  seems  either  close 
within  or  partly  between  the  vanishing  ends  of  the  lower  curves  of  the 
oval,  might  be  correlated  with  the  trace  just  above  the  foliar  cicati'ices  in 
Sigillaria  and  Botlirodendron.  On  the  other  hand,  in  opposition  to  the  abo^-e 
hypothesis,  the  interior  details  of  the  oval,  the  basal  angular  or  deltoid  scar, 
and  the  superior  trace  in  the  bolster,  as  well  as  the  form  of  the  bolster 
itself,  seem  to  be  arraigned.  The  oval  boss  comprises  an  outer  zone  about 
5  mm.  in  width  inclosing  an  oval  depression.  I  have  found  no  traces  within 
the  latter  except  the  umbilicate  trace  generally  near  the  upper  end,  and 
this  shows  on  the.  cortex  as  a  minute  pit  bordered  by  a  raised  carbonaceous 
rim.  In  the  impressions  this  trace  causes  a  minute  projecting  point.  Next, 
the  slightly  raised  transverse  cicatrix  at  the  base  of  the  oval  boss  and  on  the 
lower  edge  of  the  large  boss  showing  a  surface  of  separation,  appears  to  be 
supplied  with  a  vascular  trace,  and  occupies  the  position  of  a  leaf  in  the  Lepi- 
dodendroid  bolster.  There  are  in  a  few  instances  even  slight,  though  quite 
uncertain  and  perhaps  worthless,  signs  of  the  subfoliar  appendages.     Much 


LYCOPODIALES— LEPIDODENDEB.E— OMPHALOPHLOIOS.        229 

depends  on  the  relation  of  the  oval  boss  to  the  transverse  scars,  which  I  have 
designated  as  leaf  cicatrices,  and  these  relations  can  perhaps  be  ascertained 
onl}^  by  the  discovery  of  additional  matei'ial.  On  those  bolsters  the  cortical 
tissue  of  which  appears  best  preserved  and  intact  the  rim  of  the  oval  boss 
would  seem  in  some  cases,  as  shown  in  the  photograph,  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  1,  to 
be  nearly  but  not  quite  tangential  to  the  transverse  scar,  the  punctiform  trace 
being  slight!}"  within  the  outer  oval  boundary.  In  this  matter  the  evidence 
of  other  bolsters  would,  however,  seem  somewhat  conflicting.  It  should  be 
remarked  that  in  those  bolsters  in  whicli  the  base  of  the  oval  is  most  clearly 
defined  the  vertical  diameter  of  the  transverse,  or  leaf,  scar  seems  consider- 
ably foreshortened  in  the  course  of  fossilization.  It  is  quite  possible  that 
better  or  uncompressed  material  will  show  a  confluence  of  the  oval  rim  with 
the  transverse  scar,  in  which  case  the  punctiform  trace  may  represent  some 
expression  or  development  of  the  vascular  strand  of  the  leaf 

If  it  be  found,  as  seems  to  be  indicated  in  some  instances,  especially 
where  the  protruding  leaf  scar  is  abraded,  that  the  rim  of  the  oval  boss  is 
really  in  union  by  a  narrow  connection  with  what  is  here,  perhaps  errone- 
oush^,  interpreted  as  the  leaf  scar,  the  conditions  will  be  jjerhaps  best 
satisfied  by  assuming  that  the  oval  boss  was  the  seat  of  some  expansion  or 
unfamiliar  structure  on  the  ventral  surface  at  the  l^ase  of  the  leaf,  of  which 
it  would  form  a  part.  In  such  an  arrangement  the  trace  above  the  large 
boss  might  be  the  homologue  of  the  so-called  "ligule"  scar,  while  the  small 
umbilicate  trace  in  the  central  depression  would  constitute  a  new  basis  for 
speculative  analogy.  However,  while  far  from  conclusive,  the  signs  at 
hand  appear  to  point  to  a  lack  of  such  a  uniqn.  In  either  case,  assuming 
that  I  am  not  mistaken  in  treating  the  transverse  basal  scar  as  proper  to 
the  leaf  rather  than  as  a  mere  fracture  or  abrasion,  we  would  seem  to  have 
a  cortex  marked  by  prominently  bossed  Lepidodendroid  bolsters,  in  the 
axils  of  whose  leaves  was  situated  either  some  organ  or  appendage  attached 
to  the  oval  boss,  or  else,  as  appears  more  probable,  an  oval  plaque  in  the 
depression  of  which  was  a  minute  umbilicate  trace,  the  purpose  of  which  is 
unknown.  In  accordance  with  such  an  hj^pothesis  the  punctiform  trace  near 
the  upper  edge  of  the  main  boss  might  be  homologized  with  the  upper  append- 
age trace  or  pit  of  the  typical  Lepidodendron,  while  the  minute  trace  close 
above  the  base  of  the  leaf,  if  it  proves  to  be  distinct  from  the  latter,  may  be 
analogous  to  if  not  homologous  with  the  so-called  "ligular  pit"  in  those  stems. 


230  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOURL 

Whatever  the  interpretation  offered,  the  superficial  characters  of  these 
stems  seem  to  be  quite  different  from  those  of  any  of  the  existing  l^ycopo- 
dineous  genera.  Consequently,  in  an  earlier  publication  I  proposed  for 
those  trees  with  this  type  of  embossed  cortex  the  generic  name  Ompliah- 
phloios.  The  diagnosis  of  the  genus,  of  which  0.  cyclostigma  is  the  type,  is 
postponed  until  the  relations  between  the  oval  boss  and  the  leaf  cicatrix 
are  more  clearly  demonstrated. 

A  specimen  which  I  regard  as  representing  a  decorticated  or  Knorria 
state  of  this  type  strongly  resembles  the  Knorria  of  Bofhrodendron,  to 
which  genus  ours  is  perhaps  most  closely  allied. 

Localities. — The  originals  described  by  Lesquereux  from  Clinton,  Henry 
County,  Missouri,  are  Nos.  5501  and  5502  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S. 
Xat.  Mus.  Later  accessions  are  from  Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6077?; 
and  from  Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat  Mus.,  5636,  6024,  6030.  The 
Knorria  fragment,  of  doubtful  identity,  is  from  Gilkersou's  Ford. 

SIGILLAPME.^. 

SIGILLAEIA  Brongniart,  1822. 

1820.  Palmacites  Schlotheim,  Petrefacteiik.,  p.  393  (pars). 

1820.  Lepidodendron  Sternberg,  Flora  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  i,  fasc.  1,  pp.  20,  25  (pais). 

1820.  Syrhujodendron  Sternberg,  Flora  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  i,  fasc.  1,  p.  23. 

1822.  SkjiUaria  Brougaiart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  uat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  209. 

1822.  Clathraria  Brouguiart,  Mem.  mus.  hist,  nat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  209. 

1823.  Bhytidole]}is  Sternberg,  Flora  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  i,  fasc.  2,  p.  36. 
1826.  Favularia  Sternberg,  Flora  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  i,  tent.,  p.  xiii. 
1820.  Gaienaria  Sternberg,  Flora  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  i,  tent.,  p.  xxv. 
1841.  Calamosyrinx  Petzholdt,  De  Balauo  et  Calamos.,  p.  28. 
1860.  Asolanus  H.  0.  Wood,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  237. 
1877.  PseudosigiUaria  Grand  'Eury,  Fl.  carb.  Loire,  p.  142. 

1890.  Sigillaria-Camptotainia  Grand  'Eury,  Geol.  et  pal.  bassin  bouill.  Gard,  p.  262. 

SXJBSIC3^ILL^^E.I.^B. 

SIGILLAEIA  (Asolanus)  oamptot^nia  H.  C.  Wood. 

PI.  LXIX;   PI.  LXX,  Figs.  1,  3,  4,;    PI.  LXI,  Fig.  Igl;   PI.  LXII,  Fig.  il; 

PI.  LXIV,  Fig.  el. 

1857.  An  SigiUaria  rimosa  Goldenberg,  Fl.  Saraep.  Foss.,  vol.  ii,  p.  22,  pi.  vi.  fig.  1 

(2-4?)? 
1869.  SigiUaria  rimosa  Gold.,  Von  Eoehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steink.  Westphalens,  p.  93,  pi.  xxx, 

fig.  5. 
1888.  SigiUaria  rimosa  Gold.,  Schenk,  Foss.  Pflanzenreste,  p.  82,  fig.  41. 


LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLAELE— ASOLANUS.  23 1 

1894.  SigiUaria  rimosa  Gold.,  Nathorst,  Pal.  Fl.  Arkt.  Zone,  p.  64,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  9, 10. 
18G0.  An  Lepidodetulron  barhatum  F.  A.  Roemer,  Beiti".  z.  Kenntn.  uvr.  Harzgeb.,  pt. 

iv,  p.  196,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  12?;  Pai;T?ontograpliica,  vol.  ix,  p.  40,  pi.  viii,  fig.  12? 
1860.  Asolanus  camptotwnia  H.  C.  Wood,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  238, 

pi.  iv.  fig.  1. 
1866.  Sigilluria  camptoUvnia  H.  C.  Wood,  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xiii,  i).  342, 

pi.  ix,  fig.  3. 
1886.  SigiUaria  camptoUvnia  Wood,  Zeiller,   Fl,   foss.  bassin   bouill.   Valenciennes, 

Atlas,  pi.  Ixxxviii,  figs.  4-6;  text  (1888),  p.  588. 
1866.  SigiUaria  monostigma  Lesquereux,  Eept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  p.  449, 

pi.  xlii,  figs.  1-5. 
1870.  SigiUaria  monostigma  Lesquereux,  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p.  446,  pi.  xxvi, 

fig.  5. 
1879.  SigiUaria  monostigma  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  15,  pi.  Ixxiii,  figs.  3-6; 

text,  vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  468;  vol.  iii,  p.  793  (pars!). 
1870.  Lepidodendron  cruciatum  Lesquereux,  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p.  432, 

pi.  XXV,  fig.  2. 
1877.  PsendosigiUaria  monostigma  (Lx.)  Grand  'Eury,  Fl.  carb.  Loire,  p.  144, 
1890.  FseudosigiUaria  monostigma  (Lx.)  Grand 'Eury,  Geol.  et  pal.  bassin  bouill.  Gard, 

pp.  173,  260,  pi.  ix,  figs.  4,  5,  6. 
1890.  PsendosigiUaria  dimorpha  Grand  'Eury,  Geol.  et  pal.  bassin  bouill.  Gard,  pi.  ix, 

figs.  7,  8, 
1890,  SigiUaria-Camptotcenia  monostigma   (Lx.)  Grand   'Bury,   Geol.   et  pal.   bassin 

bouill.  Gard,  p.  262,  pi.  ix,  figs.  4-7. 
1890.  SigiUaria-Caniptotamia  gracilenta  Grand  'Bury,  Geol.  et  pal.  bassin  bouill.  Gard, 

p.  262,  pi.  ix,  fig.  6  (pi.  xxii,  fig.  1?). 
1894.  Asolamis  dimorpha  (Grand  'Eury)  Potonie,  Jabrb.  k.  Pr,  geol.  Landesanst.,  1893, 

p.  36. 

Fructification. 

1884.  An  SigiUariostrobus  Laurencianus  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  794? 

EOOTS, 

1870.  SigiUarioides  steUaris  Lesquereux,  Eept,  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p.  450, 

pi.  xxix,  fig.  3. 
1879,  Stigmaria  steUaris  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p,  15,  pi.  Ixxiv,  fig.  7  (fig.  5?); 

text,  vol.  ii  (ISSO),  p.  516. 
1883.  Stigmaria  ficoides  Brougn.  var.  steUata  Goepp.,  Lesquereux,  Eept.  Geol.  Surv, 

Indiana,,  vol.  xiii,  pt.  2,  p.  96,  pi.  xix,  fig.  4. 
1890,  Stigmaria  ficoides  Brougn.  \av.steUata  Goepp.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss,  Pennsylvania, 

vol.  iii,  p.  1074,  text  fig. 

Trunks  large,  branching  rarely  if  at  all,  noncostate;  surface  of  the 
cortex  marked  between  the  usually  distant  foliar  cicatrices  by  rough,  irregu- 
lar, ropelike  striae  or  strands,  especially  distinct  where  the  outer  cuticle 
has  been  removed,  in  relief  or  semirelief,  nearly  covering  the  intermediate 
cortex,  very   coarse  in  the  older  trunks,   somewhat   meshed    in  irregular 


232  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

lougitudiual    areoles,  flexuose,  and  coui'sing  from  either  of  the  four  sides 
of  every  rhomboidal  leaf  scar  toward  the  proximal  side  of  the  correspond- 
ing leaf  scar,  so  that  the  principal  and  most  conspicuous  strands  radiate 
from  each  leaf  scar  to  the  four  nearest  scars,  the  intermediate  strands  in  the 
rhomboidal  areas  thus  formed  tending  toward  parallelism  with  the  border 
that  is  nearest;  foliar  cicatrices  borne  on  small  bolsters,  more  or  less  distant, 
usually  cpiite  distant,  probably  in  vertical  rows,  though  plainh'  affecting  a 
spiral  arrangement,  varying  greatly  in  angle  even  in  the  same  segment, 
transversely  rhomboidal,  with  the  lateral  angles  very  acute  and  more  or  less 
prolonged,  varying  in  altitude,  the  margins  more  concave  in  the  vertically 
broader  scars,   or  nearly  straight  in  the  vertically  narrow  forms,  rounded 
below,  often  more  or  less  distinctly  emarginate  at  the  upper  edge,  which  is 
bordered  above  by  a  narrow,  smooth,  somewhat  crescentic  zone  nearly  one- 
half  the  altitude    of  the    leaf  scar,  the    convex,    truncate-rounded  margin 
upward,  the  wings  or  lateral  angles  tapering  to  the  lateral  angles  of  the 
scar,  the   upper  border  indented  by  a  V-shaped  depression  which  reaches 
nearly  to  the  upper  margin  of  the  leaf  scar  and  includes  the  suprafoliar 
punctiform  trace;  bolsters  fusiform-triangular  in  a  longitudinal  sense,  the 
broader  end,  narrower  than  the  superimposed  leaf  scar,  being  upward  and 
more  prominent,  while  the  lower  end  vanishes  as  an  oblique  section  of  a 
cylinder  at  the  level  of  the  cortex;  surface  of  the  bolster  below  the  leaf  scar 
and  contiguous  thereto  beai-ing  a  thin,  downward-rounded  apronlike  field, 
the  lower  margin  of  which  is  nearly  semicircular;  vascular  trace  small, 
situated  near  to  or  a  little  above  the  middle  of  the  leaf  scar,  punctiform  or 
slightly  elongated  horizontally ;  lateral  cicatricules  a  little  distant  on  each 
side,  narrow,  linear-crescentic,  nearl}^  meeting  both  above  and  below  the 
vascular  trace,  often  having  the  appearance  of,  if  not  actually  forming  a 
ring  or  slightly  obovate  cicatricule,  reaching  nearly  to  the  upper  and  lower 
margins  of  the  leaf  scars;  partially  decorticated  stems,  showing  the  rough 
striations  less  distinctly,  substriate,  and  presenting  only  the  somewhat  linear- 
triangular  outlines  of  the  bolsters,  marked  by  the  cicatricular  ring,  the  leaf 
scar  and  its  superior  and  inferior  iields  being  removed  with  the  cuticle,  or, 
when  further  stripped,  revealing  a  Knorria  form,  the  blunt,  slightly  promi- 
nent upper  ends  of   the  narrow,  distant   elevations   corresponding  to  the 
vascular  traces,  while  the  intermediate  surface  is  minutely  and  irregularly 
striated. 


LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLAKIyE— ASOLANUS.  233 

The  peculiar  type  of  Sigillaria  described  in  1860  1j\'  Dr.  Wood  as 
Asolamis  camptotcenia  and  by  Professor  Lesquereux  in  1866  as  Sigillaria 
monostigma  is  now  one  of  the  more  familiar  and  most  easily  recognized 
species  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  the  United  States.  Therefore  little  need 
be  added  by  way  either  of  description  or  of  illustration  to  the  material  pub- 
lished by  the  latter  author  in  the  Reports  of  the  Greological  Survey  of 
Illinois  and  the  Coal  Flora.^ 

However,  some  additional  details  ascertained  during  the  course  of  a 
critical  examination  of  the  leaf  scars  in  the  materials  lately  received,  as  well 
as  in  the  older  collections  in  the  United  States  National  Museum,  are  worthy 
of  a  brief  consideration. 

As  generally  seen,  the  fragments  of  Sigillaria  camptotoinia  show  well 
enough  the  chai-acters  of  the  interfoliar  cortical  surface,  but  the  leaf  scars 
are  -presented  in  the  published  figures  in  a  variety  of  aspects,  some  of  which 
have  been  erroneously  described  as  supei-ficial,  owing  to  the  relative  delicacy 
and  consequent  general  absence  of  the  tissue  surmounting  the  narrow  bolster 
or  cushion.  Thus  the  lateral  angles  of  the  foliar  scars  which  seem  to  be 
most  fragile  are  often  first  to  be  lost,  leaving  an  apparently  rounded,  narrow 
leaf  scar  against  which  the  cortical  striations  abut,  the  latter  appearing,  in 
fact,  continuous  over  the  surface  originally  covered  by  the  leaf-scar  angles. 
Suggestions  of  this  phase  are  seen  in  the  photographs,  PI.  LXIX  and  PI. 
LXX,  Fig.  4.  It  is  also  well  shown  in  Weiss's  fig.  25,'  pi.  iv,  vol.  ii,  of  the 
"Sigilliarien,"  though  the  striations  in  the  cortex  of  the  fragments  illustrated 
are  hardly  typical  of  the  species.  When  still  further  decorticated  or  abraded 
the  leaf  cushions  often  have  the  appearance  shown  in  fig.  4  of  pi.  Ixxiii  of 
the  Coal  Flora.  But  in  the  best-preserved  fragments  we  find  the  round, 
narrowly  obovate-triangular  or  obovate-fusiform  bolster,  which  does  not 
even  protrude  so  far  as  to  become  semicylindrical  as  it  rises  to  the  support 

'The  general  aspect  of  the  decorticated  and  Knorria  stages  is  seen  in  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois, 
vol.  iv,  1870,  pi.  xxvi,  lig.  5;  op.  cit.,  vol,  ii,  1860,  pi.  xlii,  tig.  4;  Coal  Klora,  pi.  Ixxiii,  figs.  5,  6.  Par- 
tially decorticated  fragnieuts  are  illustrated,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Uliuois,  vol.  iv,  pi.  Ixxiii,  figs.  2,  5;  Coal 
Flora,  pi.  Ixxiii,  figs.  3,  4,  5,  6.  The  same  conditions  as  well  as  the  supracortical  aspects  are  figured 
by  Weiss,  Sigillarien,  vol.  ii,  1893,  pi.  iv;  and  Grand  'Eury,  Gi?ol.  et  pal.  bassin  houill.  Gard,  pi. 
ix,  figs.  4,  C,  7,  and  8. 

The  facies  of  the  outer  cortex  is  well  represented  by  Wood,  Proc.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.,  vol.  xii, 
1860,  pi.  iv,  fig.  1;  Traus.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xiii,  1866,  j)l.  ix,  tig.  3.  The  form  of  the  leaf  scars  is 
seen  in  Lesquereux's  figures,  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  lUiuois,  vol  ii,  1866,  pi.  xlii,  figs.  1,  3,  and  .5;  Coal  Flora, 
pi.  Ixxiii,  fig.  3,  and  in  the  figures  cited  under  Zeiller  iu  the  above  synouyiuy.  The  details  of  the 
foliate  scars  illustrati-d  by  Weiss,  op.  cit..  pi.  iv,  are  the  most  complete  and  satisfactory  yet  published. 


234  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

of  the  leaf,  surmouuted  by  (1)  the  leaf  scar,  the  lateral  angles  of  which 
project  sharply  beyond  the  borders  of  the  cushion;  (2)  a  thin  apron  or 
surplice-like  area  or  shield  which  extends  downward  from  the  leaf  scar, 
and  is  more  or  less  round  or  sometimes  even  nearly  semicircular  in  its  lower 
outline.  In  some  instances  the  boundary  of  this  appears  to  correspond  with 
the  impression  of  the  bolster,  as  illustrated  in  fig.  3  of  the  second  volume 
of  the  Illinois  reports.  This  area,  which  is  dimly  indicated  in  the  partially 
decorticated  fragment,  Fig.  4,  PI.  LXX,  and  further  in  Fig.  3,  is  well 
delineated  by  Weiss.  In  addition  to  this  field  the  bolster  supports  another 
narrow  transverse  field  contiguous  to  the  upper  border  of  the  leaf  scar. 
This  vertically  narrow  field,  which  in  its  widest  portion  near  the  median  line 
is  neai-l}-  one-half  the  altitude  of  the  leaf  scar,  rounds  on  either  side  of  the 
middle  to  tapering-  acute  lateral  angles  lyiiig  against  the  angles  of  the  leaf 
scar,  which  is  but  little  wider  horizontall}'.  This  superior  field,  the  lower 
border  of  which  is  the  upper  outline  of  the  leaf  scar,  seems  in  a  few  cases  to 
have  been  misinterpreted  and  misfigured  as  a  part  of  the  foliar  cicatrix,  an 
error  easy  to  understand  after  a  comparison  of  the  photographs.  Fig.  3  or 
Fig.  1,  PI.  LXX.  In  Fig.  3,  however,  which  represents  a  specimen  on  which 
a  portion  of  the  epidermis  is  preserved,  it  is  clearly  seen.  Here  it  is  found 
in  most  cases  to  be  interrupted  at  the  median  line  by  a  V-shaped  depression, 
which  penetrates  from  the  upper  border  nearly  across  the  field  to  the  leaf 
scar.  In  the  angle  or  depression  thus  formed  is  situated  the  suprafoliar, 
puuctiform  cicatrix  or  "ligular  scar."  In  many  of  the  specimens  this  depres- 
sion resembles  a  V-shaped  incision,  but  in  reality  the  details  of  this  field 
agree  with  interesting-  precision  with  material  illustrated  by  Weiss  and 
Sterzel.^ 

In  most  of  the  stems  and  impressions,  especially  those  from  which  the 
epidermis  or  a  portion  of  the  subjacent  tissues  have  been  removed,  the 
lateral  cicatricules  of  the  leaf  scar  present  what  appears  to  be  a  slightly 
ovate  or  subannulate  structure  encircling  and  often  obscuring  the  vascular 
trace.  In  the  figure  above  referred  to,  which  represents  most  of  the  cuticle, 
these  cicatricules  are  linear-crescentic,  and,  while  in  one  scar  they  appear  to 
unite  above,  they  are  distinctly  separate  at  the  base.  The  close  scrutiny  of 
others  convinces  me,  however,  that  they  are  a  little  distant  at  the  top  also. 
These  details  agree  substantially  with  those  illustrated  in  fig  23A  on  the 

•  Op.  clt.,  pi.  iv,  figs.  22a,  25a. 


LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLARLE— ASOLANUS.  235 

interesting  plate  published  by  Weiss.  Some  of  our  leaf  scars  show  evi- 
dence of  ornamentation  near  the  lower  border  between  the  lower  ends  of  the 
lateral  traces,  but  it  is  too  obscure  for  satisfactory  description  or  delineation. 

The  homology  of  these  extensively  developed  traces  with  the  lateral 
cicatricules  of  the  leaf  scar  in  Lejndodendron  or  Lepidophloios,  which  are 
regarded  by  Potoni^  as  the  cross  sections  of  transpiration  strands,  leads  us 
to  conclude  that,  if  the  hypothesis  is  not  incorrect,  the  transpiration  tissue 
of  Sigillaria  camptotmiia  was  extensively  developed,  occupying  a  consider- . 
able  portion  of  the  interior  of  the  leaf. 

Another  interesting  feature  in  the  species  before  us  is  tlie  presence  of 
interfoliate  scars  similar  to  those  of  other  species  of  SigiUaria,  especially  the 
Tessellata  and  Favidaria  groups.  The  specimen  (Fig.  3)  from  which  the 
details  of  the  bolster  and  leaf  scar  described  above  are  taken  is  a  portion 
of  a  slender  stem  or  branch  46  cm.  long  and  about  8  cm.  wide,  flattened 
and  lenticular  in  section.  Scattered  somewhat  irregularly  on  the  lower  11 
cm.  of  this  fragment  are  seen  a  number  of  rounded  or  oval  j^its,  which, 
when  the  epidermis  is  preserved,  are  found  to  be  bordered  by  a  smooth, 
irregularly  rounded  zone  containing  a  rather  large  central  trace.  These 
scars  are  quite  independent  of  the  leaf  scars,  which  are  complete  and  regu- 
larly disposed  in  the  phyllotaxy,  though  perhaps  slightly  dwarfed.  It  is 
possible  that  they  represent  adventitious  roots.  But  it  seems  more  probable 
that  they  are  the  homologues  of  the  interfoliate  scars  supposed  to  represent 
the  cicatrices  of  the  fallen  strobili  in  other  species  of  Sigillaria. 

As  yet  neither  the  cones  nor  even  the  mode  of  branching  of  Sigillaria 
camptotcenia  is  definitely  known.  The  cone  described  by  Lesquereux^  as 
Sigillariostrohus  Laurencianus  and  referred  by  him  to  the  species  in  hand  is 
not  in  actual  union  with  the  cortex  contiguous  to  it  in  the  fossil  state. 
While  appearing  to  represent  a  true  Sigillariostrohus,  its  specific  reference 
appears  to  be  based  solely  on  the  circumstance  of  commingled  fragments  in 
the  material  from  Kansas." 

To  Sigillaria  camptotcenia  probably  belongs  the  Lepidodendron  cruciatum 
described  in  1870^  from  a  single  decorticated  specimen  with  coarse,  oblique 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  pp.  793,  794. 

-The  specimens  now  in  the  Lacoe  collection  in  the  United  States  National  JIuseiim  are,  as  Pro- 
fessor Lesqnerenx  pointed  out,  loc.  cit.,  p.  794,  clearly  congeneric  if  not  specifically  identical  with  the 
cones  earlier  described  by  him  as  Trochophi/Uiim,  clavatum,  Coal  Flora,  p.  6.5,  pi.  iii,  fig.  21. 

'■  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p.  432,  pi.  xxv,  fig.  2. 


236  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

striae  intersecting  at  the  obscure  sears.  Likewise  the  SigiUaria  Grand  ^Enriji 
of  Lesquereux,^  which  was  separated  from  S.  camptotcenia  on  account  of  the 
close  leaf  scars  and  the  smooth  cortex,  is  perhaps  of  doubtfid  specific  value. 
The  type  specimen,  which  is  comparable  to  fig.  8  (PsendosigUlaria  dimorplui) 
on  pi.  ix  of  Grand  'Eury's  admirable  work  on  the  flora  of  the  basin  of  Gard, 
is  certainly  extremely  closely  related.  The  leaf  scars  are  close  and  obscure, 
the  cortex  being  partly  removed  or  wholly  wanting  in  portions  of  the  frag- 
.ment.  The  fact  that  it  is  found  at  Cannelton,  Pemisylvania,  where  S.  camp- 
totcBnia  is  present  in  great  numbers,  necessitates  great  caution  in  discussing 
its  specific  individuality. 

After  examining  all  the  material  at  my  disposal  I  am  convinced  that 
the  roots  or  rhizomes  described  as  SigiUarloides  stellar  is-  and  later  referred 
by  Lesquereux  to  Sfigmaria^  belong  to  the  subterranean  or  subaqueous 
portions  of  SigiUaria  camptotmiia. 

Although  SigiUaria  camptotmiia  is  now  known  in  most  of  the  coal  fields 
of  Europe,  there  still  remain  some  differences  of  opinion  as  to  the  identity 
of  Dr.  Wood's  tree  with  that  described  by  Goldenberg  as  SigiUaria  rimosa. 
Thus,  while  Zeiller,''  Grand  'Eurv,^  and  Weiss®  express  their  assurance  that 
the  two  species  are  identical,  in  which  -saew  Potonie"  and  Kidston*  concur, 
Lesquereux  and  Nathorst^  have  questioned  the  propriety  of  the  union.  It 
is  true  that  the  quite  distinct  separation  of  the  lateral  cicatricules,  which 
constituted  the  principal  difference,  in  the  judgment  of  Professor  Lesquereux, 
between  S.  rimosa  Gold,  (non  Sauv.)  and  S.  monostigma  Lx.,  have  been  shown 
to  be  due  to  error,  since  the  cicatricules  of  the  original  type  of  fig.  1  on 
pi.  vi  of  the  Flora  Sarsepontana  Fossilis  has  been  shown  by  Weiss  and 
Nathorst,  each  of  whom  has  refigured  a  part  of  the  Original,  to  agree,  per- 
haps indistinguishably,  with  those  of  specimens  whose  identity  with  our 
species  is  indubitable.  The  extreme  obliquity  of  the  interfoliar  cortical 
striae  in  Goldenberg's  figure,  which,  as  Nathorst  points  out,  do  not  pass  so 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  795.  ' 

"  Rept.  Oeol.  Surv.  llliDois,  vol.  iv,  1870,  p.  450,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  3. 

'Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  j).  516,  pi.  Ixxlv,  fig.  7. 

■•Fl.  fos3.  bassin  liouill.  Valeucieuues,  IS-^S,  p.  590. 

'•G^^ol.  et  palpont.  bassin  liouill.  Gard,  1890,  p.  261. 

eSigillarieu  d.  Pr.  Steink.  u.  Rothl.,  pt.  2,  1893  (1894),  p.  68. 

■Jahrb.  d.  k.  Pr.  geol.  Lamlesanst.  u.  Bergakad  ,  1893  (1894),  p.  35. 

«Trans.  Roy.  Soe.  Ediub.,  vol.  xxxvi,  pt.  1,  1891,  p.  16. 

"Zur  palaozoiscben  ''''lora  der  Polarliinder,  1894,  p.  64. 


LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLARI.E— ASOLANUS.  237 

directly  nor  meet  the  four  neighboring  scai'S  as  in  5'.  camptotcenia,  is  hardly 
less  apparent  in  Weiss's  or  Nathorst's  Hgures  of  portions  of  the  type  specimen. 
The  difference  is  still  more  marked  in  the  small  sketch  given  by  Schenk/ 
For  my  own  part  I  can  say  only  that  among  several  scores  of  specimens 
from  the  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri,  Illinois,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania,  I 
have  not  seen  any  with  strige  arranged  in  this  manner.  This  form,  together 
possibly  with  the  phases  illustrated  by  Weiss,  op.  cit.,  figs.  24  and  28, 
appears  to  represent  a  variation  tending  toward  the  other  Leiodermariee. 
At  least  they  are  not  typical  of  the  American  form,  though  their  departure 
therefrom  may  be  less  than  varietal  in  importance.  I  regard  fig.  2  of  Grold- 
enberg's  plate  as  quite  different  from  the  species  in  hand,  as  may  also 
be  figs.  3  and  4  of  the  same  plate.  The  Lejjidodendron  harhatum  of 
Roemer^  seems  to  be  near  these,  though  it  may  be  merely  a  fragment  of 
Sigillaria  camptotcenia  in  which  the  leaf  scars  are  abraded  or  partially 
decorticated. 

The  reference  of  Grand  'Eury's  Sigillaria  camptotmiia  gracilenta  to  Dr. 
Wood's  species,  made  by  SterzeV  and  more  recently  by  Potonit^,^  in  his 
very  interesting  studies  on  the  zone  variations  in  Sigillaria^  may  be  fully 
substantiated  by  an  examination  of  the  American  material,  while  phases, 
such  as  that  named  Pseudosigillaria  dimorpJia  on  Grand  'Eury's  plate,'  are 
well  illustrated  in  the  fine  series  from  Cannelton,  now  a  part  of  the  Lacoe 
collection  in  the  United  States  National  Museum.  . 

The  discovery  almost  simultaneously  by  Weiss''  and  Zeiller"  on  the 
trunks  of  Sigillaria  Brardii  Brongn.  of  both  the  typical  form  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  scars  of  that  species  and  other  distantly  disposed  scars  referable 
to  S.  spimdosa  Germ,  has  since  been  supplemented  b)^  abundant  evidence, 
thus  proving  the  impracticability  of  longer  attempting-  to  maintain  the  dis- 
tinction of  Clathraria  or  Cancellata  and  Leiodermaria.     Accordingly,  most 

'Die  tbssilen  Pflanzeiireste,  1888,  p.  82,  fig.  41. 

^  Beitr.  z.  geol.  Kenntn.  n.-w.  Haizgebirges,  p.  40,  pi.  viii,  fig.  12. 

^  J.  T.  Sterzel,  in  Weiss :  Sigillarieu  tl.  Preuss.  Steiukobl.  u.  Rothl.,  pt.  ii,  p.  67,  footnote. 

■■  Die  Wecbsel-Zoneu-Bilduug  cler  Sigillariaceen  :  Jahrb.  d.  k.  Pr.  geol.  L.andesanst.  ii.  Bergakad., 
1893(1894),  p.  36. 

''  Geol.  et  pal.  bassiu  bouill.  Gard,  pi.  ix,  figs.  7,  8.  Fig.  7  is  also  cited  in  the  text  as  .S'lV/.  campt. 
monosligma. 

'^  Beobachtungen  au  Sigillarieu  von  Wettin  uiid  Umgegeud  :  Zeitscbr.  d.  deutscb.  geol.  Gesell.,  vol. 
xli,  1889,  p.  376. 

"  Sur  les  variations  de  formes  du  Sigillaria  Brardii  Brongniart :  Bull.  soc.  gc'ol.  Fr.,  (3)  vol.  xvii, 
]).  603,  pi.  xiv. 


238  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

paleobotanists  are  now  agreed  in  treating  the  forms  previously  distributed 
in  the  above  sections  as  a  single  group  or  subgenus  of  Sigillaria?.  Thus 
they  were  made  by  the  late  C.  E.  Weiss  the  subject  of  an  elaborate  and 
admirable  discussion,  since  completed  with  conscientious  efficiency  and 
delicacy  by  Dr.  Sterzel,  under  the  title  Die  Siibsujillarien}  This  term  for 
the  group  was  adopted  by  Potoni^,^  who  for  the  BlujUdolepis,  Tessellaia,  and 
Favularia  sections  (or  Rhytidoleins  in  the  broadest  sense)  employs  the  group 
name  JEusigiUarice.  M.  Grand  'Eury,  who  at  first  ranged  the  species  grouped 
about  Sir/ilJaria  ccmptot(Ema  in  a  genus  which  he  named  Psendoslgillaria  and 
placed  in  the  Lep'uMendrea;,'^  has  since  restored  them  to  the  SigiUarice 
under  the  comprehensive  group  term  SigiUari/e-camjitotcenicB,^  which  cum- 
bersome and  inconvenient  term  he  adopts,  in  the  singular,  for  generic  use, 
employing  for  the  type  described  by  Wood  the  name  SigiUaria-camptotcenia 
monostigma  Lesq.  Potoniti  rightly  points  out  the  propriety  of  retaining  for 
Wood's  genus,  amended,  the  original  name  Asolanus. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  Nathorst  ^  particularly  remarks  on  the 
characters  in  common  between  Sigillaria  rimosa  and  Bothrodendron  (Cyclo- 
stigma)  Kiltorkense  Hauglit.  sp.,  which  he  regards  as  probably  related,  while 
Weiss'^  inclucles  in  the  SuhsigiUar'm  both  the  Cydostigma  (Bothrodendron f) 
Kiltorkense,  and  the  genus  Bothrodendron,  the  latter  being  em-olled  as  a  sub- 
genus of  Sigillcmece.  To  the  writer  the  group  of  species  centered  alDout 
S.  caniptot(Bnia  AVood,  S.corrugata  Lx.,  or  Bothrodendron,  seems  to  stand  on 
the  side  of  the  SigUlariea  that  is  nearest  the  Lepidodendrece,  between  which 
and  the  SigiUariece  it  helps  to  bridge  the  gap. 

SigiUaria  camptotcBnia  is  distinguished  from  other  species  in  the  group 
SuhsigillaricB  by  the  concave  lateral  margins  of  the  distant  leaf  scars,  the 
attenuated  lateral  angles,  the  very  long,  hnear,  crescentic,  lateral  cicatricules, 
extending  nearly  the  whole  height  of  the  scar  and  apparently  forming  an 
oval  or  obovate  ring,  and  especially  by  the  ropy,  meshed  cortical  striations 
extending  from  each  leaf  scar  to  the  four  scars  nearest  thereto. 

iocrt/i^Jes.— Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6064;  Gilkerson's 
Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6063. 


'  Die  Sigillarien  der  Preussischcu  Steinkohleu  und  Rothliegeudeugebiete,  vol.  ii;  Die  Gruiipe  der 
Subsigillarieu :  Abh.  d.  k.  Pr.  geol.  Landesaust.,  N.  F.,  Hft.  2,  Berlin,  1893,  pp.  xvi,  255.  Atlas,  pi.  i-sxviii. 
°  Loc.  cit.,  p.  24.  '■  Op.  cit.,  p.  64. 

3F1.  carb.  Loire,  1877,  p.  142.  "  Op.  cit.,  p.  60. 

4G^ol.  et  pal.  bassin  houill.  Card,  1890,  p.  260. 


LYCOPODIALES— SUBSIGILLARI.E— ASOLANUS.  239 

SiGlLLARIA   (ASOLANUS)    SIGILLARIOIDES   (Ls.). 

PI.  LXX,  Fig.  2. 

1879.  Lepidojjhloios  ?  sigiUarioides  Lesquereiix,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  13,  pi.  Ixviii, 

figs.  8,  8«. 

1880.  Lepidophloios  sigiUarioides  Lesqiiereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  425. 

Trunks  large,  the  epidermis  finely  longitudinally  shagreened  over  the 
traces  of  broad,  low,  irregular,  diagonal  or  longitudinal,  irregularly  meshed, 
strandlike,  very  obscure  ridges  of  the  cortex ;  bolsters  usually  distant, 
apparently  spirally  arranged,  small,  very  broadly  obovate  or  obovate- 
triangular,  smooth,  nearly  covered  by  the  leaf  scar  and  two  vertically 
narrow  fields,  one  superior  and  one  inferior  to  the  leaf  scar;  leaf  scar  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  small  bolster,  transversely  rhombftidal,  laterally  acute, 
the  transverse  diameter  being  greater  than  the  width  of  the  bolster,  sub- 
angular  at  the  apex,  slightly  acute  at  the  lower  angle,  the  margins  on  either 
side  of  the  latter  being  distinctly  concave;  inferior  field  contiguous  to  tlie 
lower  borders  of  the  leaf  scar,  equal  or  nearly  equal  to  the  latter  in  trans- 
verse diameter,  and  having  the  lower  margin  rounded  or  nearly  semicir- 
cular; superior  field  very  narrow  vertically,  extending  nearly  the  whole 
width  of  the  scar,  the  middle  portions  of  the  sides  nearly  straight,  the 
medial  angle  rounded-truncate  or  even  slightly  emarginate,  marked  just 
above  the  center  by  a  minute  punctiform  trace;  vascular  cicatricule  near  or 
a  little  above  the  middle  of  the  foliar  cicatrix,  transverse,  shoi't;  lateral 
cicatricules  linear-crescentic,  arching  outward,  the  upper  ends  close,  near 
the  margin  of  the  scar,  the  lower  portions  approaching  nearly  to  the  vascular 
trace;  subcortical  phases  and  cones  unknown. 

While  examining  the  specimens  in  the  Lacoe  collection  in  the  United 
States  National  Museum  I  was  much  interested  at  finding  three  specimens 
from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton,  Missouri,  which  had  been  identified  by  Pro- 
fessor Lesquereux  as  Slgillaria  fissa  Lx.  The  inspection  of  one  (No.  6660) 
of  these  specimens  revealed  at  once  the  general  very  close  resemblance  of 
the  parts  connected  with  the  leaf  scar  to  the  corresponding  portions 
of  Sigillarin  camptotcenia  Wood.  But  my  attention  Avas  at  once  engaged 
by  the  similarity  of  the  impression  of  certain  portions  of  the  cortex,  in 
which  the  bolsters  were  so  flattened  in  the  course  of  fossilization  as  to 
partially  cover  the  scars,  to  the  structure  figured  in  the  Coal  Flora  from  the 


240  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

type  of  LepkhpTihios  %  sigillariokles  Lx.^  Later  I  received  from  Dr.  Britts, 
tliroug'li  whose  unfailing  courtesies  I  have  had  the  opportunity  to  study 
many  of  the  paleobotanical  types  from  the  Missouri  Coal  Measures,  the 
original  type  described  and  illustrated  by  Lesquereux.  A  comparison  of 
this  type  with  the  rhaterial  labeled  Sigillaria  fissa,  mentioned  above,  shows 
at  once  not  only  that  they  all  belong  to  the  same  species,  but  that  the  frag- 
ments belong  to  the  same  individual,  since  No.  6660  is  merely  the  adjoining 
and  contiguous  segment  of  stem  fitting  against  the  type  partially  illustrated 
as  Lepidophloios  sigiUarioides.  The  two  fragments  were  either  separated  at 
the  time  of  collection  or  one  was  afterwards  misplaced.  Both  of  these  frag- 
ments, which  may  be  treated  as  one,  represent  the  impression  of  a  trvink 
]  2  cm.  or  more  in  width  on  the  matrix.  No.  6659,  a  portion  of  which  is 
shown  in  PI.  LXXJ  Fig.  2,  is  a  fragment  of  that  portion  of  the  flattened 
stem  itself  which  made  the  impression  just  described,  and  when  placed  in 
its  original  position  it  is  foimd  to  lie  across  the  line  of  fractui-e  between  No. 
6660  and  the  type  of  the  Lepidopldoios,  covering,  in  fact,  a  portion  of  both. 

The  intimate  relationship  of  the  species  in  hand  to  SigiUaria  campto- 
fcenia  is  very  obvious.  The  bolsters  are  distant  and  similar,  though  shorter 
and  proportionately  wider  in  the  material  under  consideration,  there  being- 
but  little  trace  of  the  bolster  below  the  inferior  field.  The  outer  sur- 
face of  the  stem  is  finely  shagreened,  the  longer  axes  being  longitudinal. 
There  are  even  slight  traces  of  an  irregular,  ropy  striation  comparable  to 
S.  camptotcenia,  but  the  broad  strands  are  low,  when  present,  faint  and 
nearly  vertical.  As  in  the  latter  species,  the  leaf  scars  project  beyond  the 
bolster,  and  are  apparently  epidermal  in  their  connection ;  btit  the  scar  is 
more  angular  above,  and,  especially,  rather  narrowly  angular  below,  so 
that  the  vertical  diameter  is  pi'oportionately  much  greater,  the  lower  mar- 
gins being  much  more  convex.  The  superior  and  inferior  fields  are  much 
broader  vertically  in  S.  campttotcenia.  In  S.  sigiUarioides  the  lateral  cicatri- 
cules  are  higher  in  the  leaf  scar,  distinctly  separate,  and  more  arched. 

Sigillaria  fissa  Lx.,  as  described  and  figured  from  the  Southern  Anthra- 
cite field  pf  Pennsylvania,^  has  the  cortex  marked  in  "narrow,  undulate, 
smooth  lines,"  its  scars  "  cordate,"  emarginate,  and  its  punctiform  vascular 

1  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  13,  pi.  Ixvili,  figs.  8,  8a;  text,  vol.  ii,  p.  425. 

=  Lesquereux,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  N.  H.,  vol.  vi,  1854,  p.  426;  Gcol.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  2,  1858, 
p.  871,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  4. 


LYCOPODIALES— EUSIGILLAEIJi;— SIGILLAEIA.  241 

trace  near  the  center  of  a  triang-ular-obovate,  raised  placque,  or  possibly  a 
ring.  The  fig-ure  of  the  species  is  qnite  tnisatisfactory,  biit  we  may  infer 
from  its  details  that  it  represents  a  s^iecies  belonging  to  the  SuhsigUlaricB. 
It  is,  however,  impossible  to  identify  the  character  of  the  leaf  scar,  as  given 
in  both  the  figure  and  the  description  of  8.  fissa,  with  those  seen  in  the 
type  of  Lepidophloios  sigillarioides.  Hence,  notwithstanding  the  unpleasant 
features  of  the  binomial,  there  seems,  in  compliance  with  the  laws  of  nomen- 
clature, no  alternative  to  the  preservation  of  the  earlier  specific  ajjpellation, 
and  the  consequent  designation  of  the  species  as  Sigillaria  sigillarioides. 

Localities. — Near  Clinton,  Henry  County,  Missouri.  The  portion 
figured  by  Lesquereux  is  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  of  Clinton. 
Fragments  of  the  same  specimen  are  Nos.  6659  and  6660  of  the  Lacoe 
collection  in  the  United  States  National  Museum.  Hobbs's  coal  mine, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6173. 

SiGiLLAEiA  TESSBLLATA  (Steinli.)  Brongn. 

1818.  PhytoUthus  iesseUatiis  Steinhauer,  Traus.  Anier.  Pbil.  Soc,  vol.  i,  j).  295,  pi.  vii, 
fig.  2. 

1835.  PhytoUthus  tessellafus  Steinli.,  Holland,  Hist.  i3escr.  Foss.  Fuel,  p.  94,  text  fig.  5. 
1820.  An  Palmacites  variolatus  Sclilotheim,  Petrefoctenkuude,  p.  393,  pi.  xv,  fig.  3((,  hi 
1828.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)  Brouguiart,  Prodrome,  p.  65. 

1836.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinli.)  Brongniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  vol.  i,  p.  436,  pi.  clxii, 

figs.  1-4;  pi.  clvi,  fig.  1. 
1850.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)  Brougn.,  Mautell,  Pict.  Atl.,  p.  27,  pi.  v,  fig.  8. 
1855.  Sigillaria  tessellata  {Steiuh.)  BroBgn.yGemitZjYerst.  Steinkohl.  Sachsen,  p.  44, 

pi.  v,  figs.  6-8. 
1857.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)  Brougn.,  Goldenberg,  Fl.  Foss.  Sanep.,  vol.  ii,  p.  29, 

figs.  14, 15. 
1879.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)  Brougn.,  Schimper,  Traiti?,  vol.    i,   p.    8   (pars), 

pi.  Ixviii,  fig.  2  (figs.  1,3?). 

1875.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)  Brougn.,  W.  H.  Bailey,  Figs.  Char.  Brit.  Foss., 

■pi.  xxxiv,  figs.  5,  5b. 

1876.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)  Brougn.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Verst.  bohm.  Kohleu-Abl., 

vol.  iii,  p.  7  (pi.  i,  figs.  1,  2?). 

1878.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)  Brougn.,  Zeiller,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.,  p.  132, 

pi.  clxxiii,  fig.  2. 

1879.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)   Brougn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  14, 

pi.  Ixxii,  fig.  2  (3'?,4f);  text,  vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  481  (pars). 
1881.  Sigillaria  tessellata  (Steinh.)  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Aus  d.  Fl.  d.  Steink.,  p.  4,  jil.  i, 
fig.  4. 
MON  XXXVII 16 


242  FLOEA  OP  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

ISSfi.  SigiUaria  tesseUata  (Steiub.)  Brongu.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bassin  houill.  Valen- 
ciennes, Atlas,  pi.  Ixxxv,  tigs.  1-4,  4f(,  5-9,  9«;  pi.  Isxsvi,  flgs.  1-6;  text  (1888), 
p.  561. 

1886.  Si(/ilJ(trk(  tesseUata  (Steinh.)  Brongn.,  Weiss,  Sig.  d.  Pr.  Steink.,  vol.  i,  p.  56, 

pl,  XV,  flgs.  9,  10,  32  (21,  26?). 
1888.  SigiUaria  tesseUata  (Steinh.)  Brongn.,  Toula,  Die  Steinkohlen,  p.  199,  pl.  iv,  fig.  9. 
1890.  Sif/iUaria  tesseUata  (Steinh.)  Brongn.,  Grand'Eury,  G^ol.  et  pal.  bassin  houill. 

Gard,  p.  252,  pl.  x,  fig.  10. 
1833.  Favularia  tesseUata  (Steinh.)  Lindley  and  Hntton,  Poss.  Fl.,  vol.  i,  p.  205, pl.  Ixxiii, 

pl.  Ixxiv,  pl.  Ixxv. 
1836.  SigiUaria  Knorrii  Brongniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  p.  444,  pl.  clvi,  figs.  2,  3;  pl.  clxii, 

flg.  6. 
1857.  SigiUaria  Knorrii  Brongn.,  Goldenberg,  Fl.  Foss.  Sarst p.,  vol.  ii,  p.  28,  pl.  vii, 

fig.  18. 
1876.  SigiUaria  Knorrii  Brongn.,  O.  Feistmantel,  Yerst.  bohni.  KohleuAbl.,  vol.  iii, 

p.  9,  pl.  i,  figs.  7,  8. 
1836.  An  SiqiUaria  aJveoIaris  (Stb.)  Brongniart,  Hist.  veg.  foss.,  vol.  i,  p.  443,  i)l.  clxii, 

fig.  5? 

1841.  Galamosyrinx  ZicicJcaviensis  Petzholdt,  De  Bal.  et  Gal.,  p.  28,  pl.  ii,  figs.  1,  2. 

1842.  Calamosyrinx  Ziciclcaviensis  Petzholdt,  N.  Jahrb.  f.  Min,,  p.  183,  pl.  v. 
1848.  SigUlaria  ZwicMviensis  (Petz.)  Goeppert,  in  Bronn:  Index  Pal.,  p.  1145. 
1848.  SigiUaria  Morandii  Sanveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  p.  Ivii,  fig.  4. 

1887.  SigiUaria  llorandii  Sauv.,  Weiss,  Sigill.  d.  Pr.  Steink.,  vol.  i,  p.  60,  pl.  xv,  fig.  24. 
1848.  SigiUaria  sexangula  Sanveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pl.  liii,  fig.  1  (fig.  21). 
1848.  SigiUaria  contigua  Sauv^eur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pl.  Iii,  flg.  1. 

1870.  SigiUaria  lalayana  Schiuii)er,  Traite,  vol.  ii,  p.  84,  pl.  Ixvii,  fig.  2. 
1880.  SigiUaria  lalayana  Schimper,  in  Zittel:  Handb.,  vol.  ii,  p.  205,  fig.  155. 
1874.  SigiUaria  Dournaisii  Brongn.,  Schimper,  Traite,  Atlas,  p.  24,  pl.  Ixviii,  fig.  2. 
1879.  SigiUaria  vtammiUaris  Brongn.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  14,  pl.  Ixxii, 

fig.  5  (flg.  6?);  text,  vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  483  (pars). 
1883.  SigiUaria  aUernans  L.  and  H.,  Achepohl,  Xiederrh.-Westfal.  Steink.,  p.  24,  pl.  v, 

flg.  3. 

A  few  fragmeDts  of  the  carbonized  cortex  of  this  species  were  found 
among  the  fragments  of  black  laminated  "bone"  from  Jordan's  coal  mine. 
The  leaf  scars,  which  are  very  close  vertically,  are  separated  horizontally 
by  a  faintly  flexiiose,  lineate  furrow,  so  that  our  specimens  very  closely 
resemble,  both  in  size  and  in  aspect,  the  enlargements  of  SigiUaria  cumulata 
\m:  paucistriata  given  by  Weiss  ^  in  his  elaboration  of  the  FavularicB.  The 
form  in  hand  probably  represents  the  variety  y  of  Brongniart. 

Although  SigiUaria  tesseUata  is  kept  separate  from  S.  elegans  Brongn.  by 


'Die  Sigillarien  d.  Preuss.  SteinkoMeu:  Abh.  d.  geol.  Specialk.  Pr.  u.  Tbiiring.  St.,  vol.  vii,  3, 
p.30,pl.ix,  figs.  34(1,  6. 


LYCOPODIALES— EUSIGILLAEI^— SIGILLAEIA.  243 

many  paleontologists,  among  wliom  is  Professor  Zeiller/  the  two  species 
are  united  by  most  authors,  including  Professor  Lesquereux.  The  latter, 
however,  seems  to  have  so  intei-preted  the  character  of  the  species  as  to 
make  it  include  a  number  of  forms  placed  by  European  paleobotanists  in 
other  species,  while  assigning  to  -S'.  mammillaris  Brongn.  certain  types  which 
appear  to  harmonize  better  with  the  European  S.  tessellata. 

The  genus  Sigillaria  offers  perhaps  the  best  illustration  of  the  difficulty 
of  identifying  the  fossils  of  one  continent  in  accordance  with  the  insufficient 
descriptions,  imperfect  or  often  misleading  figures,  and  frequently  erroneous 
nomenclature  and  synonymy  in  the  earlier  literature  of  another  and  some- 
what distant  continent.  It  is  no  cause  for  wonder  if  many  of  the  iden- 
tifications of  matei-ial  in  America  made  in  dependence  on  the  European 
literature  of  the  first  three-quarters  of  this  century  are  found  on  a  compari- 
son of  specimens  to  be  faulty. 

Locality. — Jordan's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6214. 

Sigillaria  ovata  Sauv. 

1848.  Sigillaria  ovata  Sauveur,  Veg.  foss.  terr.  houill.  Belg.,  pi.  li,  fig.  2. 

1886.  Sigillaria  ovata  Sauv.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  foss.  bassiu  houill.  Valeucieuues,  Atlas,  pi. 

Ixxix,  figs.  4,  5,  5a,  6,  7  (fig.  3  l);  text  (1888),  p.  522. 
1883.  Sigillaria  Essenia  AchepoLl,  Niederrli.-Westfiil.  Steink,,  ]}.  118,  pi.  xxxvi,  fig.  9. 

Several  fragments  of  stems  belonging  to  the  subgenus  Rhytidolepis 
exhibit  oval  scars  of  the  proportions  illustrated  by  Sauveur  under  the  above 
name.  They  are  also  closely  related  to  forms  determined  by  Professor 
Lesquereux  as  S.  mammillaris  var.  latior  and  8.  orbicularis,  or  still  more  closely 
to  a  new  species^  from  the  Anthracite  series  of  Pennsylvania. 

Until  the  American  material  in  this  genus  is  somewhat  revised  it  seems 
impracticable  to  attempt  to  point  out  the  specific  differences  between 
examples  referred  to  the  above-named  species  and  others  found  in  this 
country. 

Locality. — Jordan's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6216. 


'  Fl.  foss.  bassiu  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  561. 
2  In  unpublished  MSS. 


244  FLOE  A  or  LOWElt  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEL 

STIGMAEIA  Brougniart,  1822. 

Mem.  Mus.  liist.  nat.,  vol.  viii,  p.  228. 
Stiumaria  tereucosa  (Martin)  S.  A.  Miller. 

1804. Parkinson,  Org.  Eem.,  vol.  i,  pi.  iii,  fig.  1. 

1809.  Phi/tolithus  verrucosus  Martin,  Outlines,  p.  203. 

1809.  Phytolifhns  verrucosus  Martin,  Petrificata  Derb.,  pis.  xi,  xii,  xiii* :  Syst.  arrange- 
ment, p.  23. 

1818.  PliytoUtlms  verrucosus  (Martin)  Steinbauer,  Trans.  Amer.  Pbil.  Soc.  vol.  i,  p.  268, 
pi.  iv,  figs.  1^(5,  C?). 

1820.  Tariolaria  ficoides  Sternberg,  Fl.  d.  Torw.,  vol.  i,  fasc.  1,  p.  24,  pi.  xl,  figs.  1-3 

1822.  Stigmaria  ficoides  (Stb.)  Brongniart,  Mem.  Mus.  hist,  nat.,  vol.  viii,  pp.  228,  239, 
pi.  1,  fig.  7. 

This  ubiquitous  species,  ranging  tlirougli  the  greater  part  of  the  Car- 
boniferous epoch,  is  too  well  known  to  all  geologists  to  require  fm-ther 
description  in  order  to  secure  its  recognition.  Besides  the  figures  to  be 
found  in  nearly  all  test-books  and  general  paleontologic  works,  it  has  been 
specially  illustrated  in  many  papers.  Of  particular  importance  among  the 
latter  is  "A  Monograph  on  the  Morphology  and  Histology  of  Stigmaria 
Ficoides,"  by  the  late  Prof.  W.  C.  Williamson,  published  by  the  Palseonto- 
graphical  Society.^  No  attempt  is  here  made  to  cite  the  numerous  descrip- 
tions, the  multitudes  of  figures  by  Goeppert  and  others,  or  the  somewhat 
varied  synon^any,  beyond  reference  to  the  earlier  binomial  appellations. 

The  specific  identity  of  the  specimens  figm-ed  by  Parkinson,  Stein- 
hauer,  and  Martin  with  those  illustrated  by  Sternberg  and  Brongniart, 
on  which  most  paleobotanists  agree,  involves  a  nomenclatm-al  situation 
of  no  little  embarrassment.  Steinhauer,  whose  specific  terms  are  as  far 
as  possible  respected  hy  most  authors,  cites  Parkinson's  excellent  fig- 
tu-e,^  while  adopting  the  binomial  designation  proposed  for  this  t}qje  and 
both  defined  and  illustrated  by  Martin.^  There  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  spe- 
cific identity  of  Parkinson's  illustration,  and  it  is  generally  inscribed  in  the 


1  London,  1887,  pp.  iv,  1-62,  pis.  i-xv. 

2  Organic  Remains  of  a  Former  World,  etc.,  1804,  pi.  iii,  fig.  1. 

3  The  construction  and  scope  of  the  name  Phylolith  us  verrucosus  are  clearly  and  explicitly  defined 
in  Martin's  "  Outlines  of  an  attempt  to  establish  a  knowledge  of  extraneous  fossils  on  scientific  prin- 
ciples." Macclesfield,  1809.  See  Sect,  t,  "Principles  of  nomenclature,"  pp.  198-205.  See  "Petrificata 
Derbiensia,"  1809,  Systematic  Arrangement,  p.  23,  pis.  xi,  xii,  xiii*. 


LYCOPODIALES— SIGILLAEIE^— STIGMAEIA.  245 

syiionymy  ^  of  Sticpnaria  ficoides,  as  are  also  the  reduced  figures  given  by  Mar- 
tin and  Steinhauer.  We  appear,  therefore,  to  have  had  in  use  for  tliis  Stigmaria 
a  sufficiently  defined  and  illustrated  binomial  appellation  of  earlier  date  than 
the  name  proposed  by  Sternberg.  Hence,  if  this'is  true,  we  should,  in  the  con- 
sistent observance  of  laws  generally  just  and  tending  to  uniformity  and  preci- 
sion in  paleontologic  nomenclature,  employ  the  earlier  name  of  the  species, 
although  conscious  of  the  annoyance  or  disadvantage  to  geologists  and  others 
not  in  close  touch  with  paleobotanical  literature  resulting  from  the  reference 
to  this  most  familiar  fossil  under  an  entirely  unfamiliar  specific  name. 

Among  the  specimens  in  the  present  collection  is  one  with  rather  dis- 
tant pits,  the  intermediate  surface  being  rugose  and  in-egularly  wrinkled 
longitudinally.  It  is  difficult  to  say,  however,  to  what  extent  these  charac- 
ters may  be  due  to  the  pressure  the  fragment  has  evidently  undergone. 

Locality. — Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6271;  also  in  shale  from 
the  same  region,  transmitted  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts. 

Stigmaria  Etenii  Lx, 

1866.  Stigmaria  Evenii  Lesquereux,  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  p.  i48,  pi.  xxxix, 

fig.  9. 
1879.  Stigmaria  Evenii  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  IG,  pi.  Ixxv,  fig.  1. 
1886.  Stigmaria  Evenii  Lx.,  Zeiller,  Fl.  toss,  bassin  liouill.  Valencienues,  Atlas,  pi.  xci, 

fig.  7;  text  (1888),  p.  618. 

'  Examples  are : 

1832.  Liiidley  and  Hattou,  F'oss.  Flora,  vol.  1,  p.  92,  pi.  xsxi. 

1841.  Unger,  Chloris  ProtoftiBa,  p.  lilt;  Synopsis,  1845,  p.  116,  and  {a.s  Stig.  anabathra)  Gen.  Sp. 
PI.  Foss.,  1850,  p.  228. 

1841.  Goeppert,  Gattungen,  p.  47;  Zeitschr.  d.  deutsoh.  geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  iii,  1851,  p.  279.  Ueber- 
gangsgebirge,  1852,  p.  245.     Foss.  Fl.  perm.  Form.,  1864,  p.  198v 

1853.  Geinitz,  Preisschrift,  p.  59. 

1862.  Goldenberg,  Fl.  Sartep.  Foss.,  vol.  iii,  p.  19  (syn.  S.  anaiathra). 

1869.  Von  Roehl,  Foss.  Fl.  Steiuk.  Westphalens,  p.  119  (syn.  S.  anabathra). 

1871.  Weiss,  Foss.  Fl.  Steiuk.  u.  Rotlil.  Saar-Rh.  Geb.,  p.  169. 

1872.  Schimper,  Traits,  vol.  ii,  p.  114. 

1875.  Binney,  Obs.  Struct.  Foss.,  pt.  iv,  p.  139 

1876.  O.  Feistmautel,  A^erst.  bobm.  Kohlen-Ablag.,  vol.  iii,  p.  41. 
1880.  Lesqiiereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  514. 

1886.  Kidston,  Cat.  Pal.  PL,  p.  203;  Yorkshire  Carb.  Flora,  pt.  i,  p.  7. 

1887.  AVilliamson,  Monogr.  Stig.  ticoides,  p.  2. 

1888.  Howse,  Cat.  Foss.  PI.  Huttou  Coll.,  p.  107  (123). 

1880.  Zeiller,  Fl.  loss,  bassin  bouill.  Valenciennes,  p.  611  (cites  Parkinson). 

1890.  Renault,  Fl.  foss.  bassiu  bouill.  Couimentry,  vol.  ii,  p.  552  (cites  Parkinson). 

"I  have  not  thought  it  necessary  to  refigure  the  common  aspects  of  Stigmaria  ficoides  with  its 
attached  rootlets.  Every  geologist  is  familiar  with  these  forms.  Such  figures  have  been  well  sup- 
plied by  Martin  under  the  name  oi  PhytoUihus  vermcoiiia ;  by  Artis  as  Mcoi<Utes  furcatus,  verrucosus, 
and  major;  by  Lindley  and  Hutton  and  by  Corda  as  Stigmaria  ficoides."  (Williamson,  Monograph  of 
Stigmaria  ficoides,  1887,  p.  2.) 


246  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

1890,  Stigmaria  Evenii  Lx.,  Grand 'Eury,  Geol.  et  pal.  bassin  liouill.  Gard,  pi.  xiii,  figs. 

7  B',  13. 
1880.  Stigmarioides  Evenii  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  333,  pi.  Ixxv,  fig.  1. 
1890.  Stigmarioides  Evenii  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ill,  p.  1077,  text  fig. 
1890.  Stigmariopsis  Evenii  (Lx.),  Grand  'Bury,  Geol.  et  pal.  bassiu  lionill.  Gard,  p.  243, 

pi.  xiii,  figs.  7, 13. 

Although  the  scars  on  the  specimens  which  I  refer  to  this  species  are 
sUghtly  smaller  than  those  illustrated  in  fig.  1,  pi.  Ixxv,  of  the  Coal 
Flora,  they  are  in  perfect  agreement  with  material  from  Mazon  Creek, 
Illinois,  labeled  by  Professor  Lesquereux  under  the  above  name.  One  of 
the  specimens  from  Missouri  is  26  cm.  in  length,  over  15  cm.  in  width,  and 
nearly  flat,  thus  indicating  for  the  root  a  great  size  as  compared  with  the 
very  small  umbilical  scars.  The  latter  appear  to  be  proportionately  smaller 
than  in  the  specimens  figured  by  Zeiller  and  Grrand  'Eury.  M.  Grand 
'Eury  illustrates^  a  most  interesting  erect  trunk  of  an  unmistakable  SiffiUaria 
(S.  Mauricii)  of  the  Rhjtidolepis  group,  150  cm.  long,  in  which  the  lower  por- 
tion for  nearly  75  cm.  between  the  ribbed  portion  and  the  point  of  origin  of 
the  roots  is  slightly  dilated,  cylindrical,  and  Syringodendroid  in  its  sculpture. 
The  rapidly  tapering  roots  which  diverge,  apparently  radially,  from  the  base 
of  this  trunk  are  identified  as  Stigmaria  Evenii,  which  name  is  engraved  on 
the  plate,  although  the  figure  is  cited  in  the  text  as  Stigmariopsis  Evenii  Lx. 
The  latter  genus  is  used  by  Grand  'Eury  to  designate  the  usually  relatively 
short,  tapering  roots  at  the  l^ase  of  Sigillarioid  trunks,  while  the  Stigmarice 
are  regarded  by  him  as  floating  or  submerged  independent  rhizomes  capa- 
ble of  transformation  and  the  development  of  SigiUari(B  whenever  they 
might  encounter  favorable  conditions  or  the  proper  environment. 

Stigmaria  Evenii  Lx.  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  other  species 
described  from  this  country  hj  its  small  scars  quite  irregularly  and  unevenly 
arranged. 

Locality. — Mine  at  Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6272. 

Stigmarioid  impression. 
PI.  LXX,  Fig.  .5. 

The  fragment  illustrated  in  PI.  LXX,  Fig.  5,  is  one  of  two  specimens, 
apparently  impressions,  to  which  the  epidermis  or  a  portion  of  the  cortical 
layers  still  adheres  in  the  form  of  a  thin  carbonaceous  residue.     The  surface, 

'  G^ol.  et  pal.  bassin  bouill.  Gard,  1890,  Atlas,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  7B'. 


TiENIOPHYLLE^— T.^NIOPHYLLUM.  247 

as  Avill  be  observed  in  the  figure,  is  marked  by  irregularly  flexuose,  subpar- 
allel,  distantly  anastomosing,  narrow,  sharp,  rugose  ridges.  The  fragments 
appear  to  belong  to  some  root  or  rhizome.  The  suggestiveness  of  the  sculp- 
ture of  the  cortical  striatiou  of  Sigillaria  camptotcenia,  which  is  found  at  this 
locality,  leads  me  to  suspect  that  it  may  be  a  part  of  that  tree,  although  the 
specimens  have  no  trace  of  a  rhomboidal  arrangement  or  of  cicatrices. 
Locality. — Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6067. 

INCERTvE    SEDIS. 

TyENIOPHYLLE.?E. 

TiENIOPHYLLUM  Lesquereux,  1878. 

1878.  TcBniopliyllum  Lesquereux,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  vol.  xvii,  p.  331 ;  Coal  Flora, 

vol.  ii,  1880,  p.  461. 
1878.  Desmio])hyllmn  Lesquereux,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xvii,  p.  332;  Goal  Flora, 

vol.  ii,  1880,  p.  556. 

T^NIOPHTLLUM   LATIFOLIUM   U.   Sp. 
PI.  LXIII,  Fig.  4;  PI.  LXXI. 

Axis  attaining  a  diameter  of  10  cm.  or  more,  simple  (!),  straight,  or 
flexuose,  concealed  in  compressed  specimens  by  a  thick  mat  of  the  decurrent 
leaf  bases,  and  marked  in  the  decorticated  impressions  by  numerous  oval  or 
liuear-oval  umbilicoid  small  scars  among  lax,  variable,  subparallel  vascular 
stride ;  leaves  (?)  crowded  at  the  strongly  decurrent  narrowed  bases,  curving 
outward  and  radiating  parallel,  linear,  straight,  or  lax,  appearing  in  com- 
pound specimens  as  ribbonhke,  fine-nerved,  delicate  impressions,  8  to  35 
cm.  or  more  in  length,  3  to  20  mm.  in  width,  the  sides  parallel  except  near 
the  base,  with  a  very  thin  carbonaceous  residiie  marked  here  and  there  at 
distant  points  by  very  small  oval  umbilical  scars,  and  covering  a  longitu- 
dinal fascicle  of  strands  1  to  3  miu.  wide,  and  either  straight  or  winding 
irregularly  with  slight  curves  within  the  borders;  uncompressed  leaves 
probably  oval  or  cylindiical,  lax,  and  consisting  of  a  central  (?)  fascicle  or  a 
vascular  axis,  between  which  and  the  outer  sheath  the  tissue  is  either 
lacuneous  or  very  delicate  and  perishable,  so  that  the  central  fascicle  is 
usually  relaxed  as  if  in  a  cavity  during  fossilization;  the  small  oval  umbili- 
coid scars  occurring  generally  remotel}'  on  the  leaves  correspond  to  the 
irregular  points  of  origin  of  other  smaller  leaves  (?)  extending  out,  generally 


248  FLOEA  OF  LOWBE  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEI. 

at  a  very  open  angle,  from  the  larger  ones;  nervation  usually  obscure  but 
often  distinct  in  portions  of  the  same  leaf;  nerves  parallel,  close,  rounded, 
numbering  about  40  to  the  centimeter;  epidermis  marked  with  rows  of 
longitudinal  cells  or  fine  striae  numbering  about  18  to  the  millimeter. 

The  fragments  collected  at  Deepwater  by  Dr.  Jenney,  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  and  by  Dr.  Britts,  furnish  some  interesting 
details  as  to  the  superficial  characters  of  TcsniophyUum,  although  the  generic 
type  still  remains  unique  and  somewhat  anomalous  among  Paleozoic  jalants. 
The  general  form  of  the  organism,  as  seen  in  a  number  of  specimens,  com- 
prises a  great  number  of  streamer-like,  rather  delicate  leaves  whose  decur- 
rent  and  crowded  bases  cover  and  conceal  a  thick,  somewhat  rigid  axis 
several  centimeters  in  diameter.  On  one  large  slab,  which  is  80  era.  long 
and  48  cm.  wide,  there  is  near  the  left  border  a  portion  of  a  trunk  or 
branch  about  5  cm.  in  diameter,  its  surface  covered  by  the  matted  and  car- 
bonized compressed  decurrent  bases  of  the  leaves,  which  pass  off,  nearly 
parallel,  to  the  right,  becoming  somewhat  crinkled  in  the  matrix,  but 
apparently  as  wide  at  the  broken  ends  as  at  any  point  in  the  remaining 
portions.  Most  of  the  leaves  are  large,  some  of  the  incomplete  segments 
being  30  cm.  long  and  generally  15  to  17  mm.  in  width.  Mingled  with 
these  leaves  are  portions  of  small  leaves  somewhat  irregularly  disposed. 
The  general  aspect  of  the  segments  of  these  organs,  which  for  the  sake  of 
convenience  I  shall  call  leaves,  is  better  seen  in  PI.  LXXI.  This  specimen 
shows  the  usual  very  thin  pellicle  of  coaly  residue,  with  its  minute  striation 
or  rows  of  cells,  while  here  and  there  the  rather  fine  nervation  is  visible  to 
the  unaided  eye,  although  it  is  more  often  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  with 
a  lens  beneath  the  striated  epidermis. 

Showing  clearly  through  the  compressed  wall  of  the  leaf  is  seen  the 
loose  fascicle  of  parallel  longitudinal  vascular  strands,  about  2  or  3  mm.  in 
width,  passing  straight  or  with  a  sinuous  course  at  various  oblique  angles 
to  the  nervation.  This  fascicle  or  axis  is  seen  in  nearly  all  the  leaves,  and 
branches  pass  from  it  into  the  smaller  leaflets.  It  is  clear  that  these  lie  in 
the  interior  of  the  leaf  In  their  form  and  mode  of  occurrence  they  are 
suggestive  of  the  axis  of  the  Stigmaria  rootlet  and  may  be  the  homologue 
of  the  latter.  Here  and  there  on  the  leaves  small  umbilicoid  or  Stigma- 
rioid  cicatrices  are  found.  They  are  never  frequent,  but  are  usually  rather 
distant,  and,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  they  are  without  a  regular  system 


TiENIOPHYLLEyE— T^ENIOPHYLLUM.  249 

of  phyllotaxy.  These  cicatrices,  several  of  which  are  indicated  in  the 
figure  last  mentioned,  are  the  points  of  origin  of  small  leaflets,  fragments 
of  which  are  noticed  on  the  large  slab.  Usually  these  leaflets  are  found 
still  attached  to  the  larger  leaf  The  form  of  the  scars  of  the  small  leaves, 
as  well  as  the  irregular  sinuosity  of  the  axis  within  the  larger  leaves,  suggests 
that  the  latter,  Avhen  uncompressed,  are  cylindrical  or  rounded,  a  suggestion 
that  is  demonstrated  by  a  number  of  cross  fractiires,  two  of  which  are 
obliquely  seen  in  PL  LXXI.  It  is  probable  that  the  main  body  of  the 
tissue  within  the  relatively  thin  wall  of  the  leaf  is  composed  of  delicate 
material,  such  as  thin-walled  parenchyma  cells,  perhaps  with  cavities, 
environing  the  central  fascicle  or  axis,  so  that  during  the  maceration  attend- 
ing fossilization  the  interior  often  became  hollow  or  partially  so,  thus 
releasing  the  unsupported  axis,  which  lies  somewhat  flexuose  between  the 
walls  of  the  collapsed  leaf  In  No.  644  these  axial  fascicles,  which  may 
also  be  found  in  the  leaflets,  are  plainly  seen,  as  is  also  the  nervation. 
Specimen  No.  645  shows  a  rather  slender  segment  of  what  appeai-s  to  be  a 
slender  branch,  10  cm.  long  and  8  mm.  wide  near  the  base,  bearing  several 
leaflets,  seemingly  without  system,  and  terminating  in  a  tuft  of  leaves. 

The  mutual  relation  of  the  leaflets  is  better  indicated  in  Fig.  4,  PI. 
LXIII.  Here  we  find  a  segment  which  seems  by  its  texture,  nervation, 
sti'iation,  the  presence  of  the  rather  lax  fascicle,  and  its  size  to  represent  an 
isolated  leaf  or  small  axis  from  which  pass  several  leaflets.  The  latter  have 
the  characters  of  the  larger  leaflets.  At  both  upper  points  of  division  we 
see  the  bases  of  two  leaves,  apparently  originating  at  the  same  or  approxi- 
mate points.  This  feature,  as  well  as  the  general  asjDect  of  the  large 
segment,  may  be  compared  with  the  figure  of  Desmioplujllum  gracile  given  liy 
Lesquereux  in  the  Coal  Flora.^  The  type  of  the  latter  species  and  genus 
is  now  No.  9251  in  the  Lacoe  collection,  it  having  formerly  rested  in  the 
Lesquereux  collection.  As  noted  by  Lesquereux,^  the  round  points  showing 
scars  of  bundles  of  leaves  are  seen  all  along  the  stem.  This  fasciculate 
habit  of  the  leaves  in  some  places,  while  at  other  points  they  were  sino-le, 
seemed  anomalous  to  him.  In  fact,  this  character  appears  to  have  consti- 
tuted the  essential  basis  for  the  separation  of  this  type  from  TcBniophyl- 
lum,  Avith  the  leaves  of  which  the  leaves  of  DesmiophyUum  were  said  to 

1  PI.  Ixxxii,  fig.  1.     Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xvil,  1878,  pi.  liii,  fig.  1,  p.  333. 
*Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  556. 


250  PLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

agree.  A  close  examination  of  the  axis  of  Besm'wphyllum  shows,  however, 
that  the  leaves  come  from  scars  closely,  although  irregularl}',  situated,  as  in 
the  Missouri  specimen.  The  scars,  which  are  likewise  umbilicoid,  are 
scarcely  arranged  in  nodes,  though  an  approximation  to  grouping  is  seen  in 
both  specimens.  Finally,  the  natm-e  of  the  leaf,  with  tliin  walls,  an  internal 
lax  vascular  fascicle,  and  small  umbilicate  scars,  is,  as  Professor  Lesquereux 
remarked,  apparently  the  same  as  in  Tmnioplujllum.  In  short,  the  re-exami- 
nation of  the  original  of  DesmioplujUum  and  the  comparison  of  the  latter 
with  the  Missouri  specimen  of  TcBnioplujUum  now  under  consideration 
leave,  in  my  judgment,  no  generic  distinction  between  the  two  plants,  the 
essential  diflPerences,  such  as  the  greater  frequencj-  of  the  scarir  on  the  main 
segment  and  the  finer  and  more  obscure  nervation  in  the  former,  being  of 
merely  specific  value.  According!}'  I  have  little  hesitation  in  imiting  the 
genus  BesmioplujJhun  to  TcenioplujUum,  which  preceded  it  in  the  literature. 

The  compressed  condition  of  the  main  axes,  which  are  covered  with  a 
thick  mask  of  flattened  carbonized  leaf  bases,  conveys  but  little  informa- 
tion that  is  satisfactory  regarding  the  mode  of  attachment  of  the  larger 
leaves.  Portions,  however,  of  two  fragments,  Nos.  647  and  648,  exhibit 
what  appear  to  be  impressions  of  segments  of  the  axes.  These,  which  ai-e 
slightly  rugose,  striated,  and  covered  with  rather  coarse  vascular  lines, 
are  marked,  generally  indistinctly,  by  rather  close,  small,  Stigmarioid  scars, 
narrowly  obovate,  or  nearly  V-shaped  at  the  base.  The  mode  of  arrange- 
ment of  these  scars,  which  plamly  correspond  to  those  of  the  leaflets  on  the 
leaves,  is  not  at  all  clear,  owing  perhaps  to  imperfect  exposure  or  deformity 
of  the  axis  itself,  but  here  and  there  they  have  at  least  the  appearance  of 
being  spirall}-  arranged.  If  this  is  the  case,  the  scars  ma}'  be  3  or  4  mm. 
distant  in  the  same  spiral,  the  distance  between  the  spirals  being  about 
5  mm.  Additional  material  is  needed  in  order  to  definitely  ascertain  their 
true  relations. 

The  generic  identity  of  the  specimens  from  ]\Iissouri  with  the  speci- 
mens from  Cannelton  described  as  Tcenioplujllum  is  at  once  apparent  on  an 
examination  of  the  original  specimens  described  by  Professor  Lesquereux. 
The  thin-walled,  cavernose  character  of  the  compressed  leaves  of  Tcsnio- 
pliyllum  and  their  decurrent  bases  were  described  by  the  author  of  the  genus. 
The  material  from  Cannelton  in  the  Lacoe  collection  well  illustrates  the 
contraction  of  the  leaf  bases,  and  the  lax,  flexuose,  fascicular  axis.     In  fact, 


T^NIOPH  YLLEiE— T^NIOPHYLLUM.  251 

the  leaves  of  T.  decurrens,  whicli  is  nearest  to  the  species  from  Missouri, 
differ  only  by  the  rather  small  size,  the  greater  infrequency  of  the  branch- 
ing, and  the  slightly  finer,  usually  more  obscure,  nervation. 

The  leaf  scars  on  the  main  axes  appear  also  to  be  umbilical  though 
very  narrow,  being,  in  fact,  linear-ovate.  This  is  the  case  on  all  the  seg- 
ments of  main  axis  found,  including  No.  9256  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  a 
part  of  which  is  seen  in  fig.  1  on  pi.  Ixxxi  of  the  Coal  Flora.  The  V-shaped 
traces  delineated  in  that  figure  erroneously  represent  merely  the  round 
lower  ends  of  the  leaf  scars.  The  generic  identity  of  the  plants  from 
Missouri  and  Pennsylvania  is  strong  and  most  unequivocal. 

With  regard  to  the  relations  of  the  plants  in  the  genus  TcBniophyllmn, 
little  that  is  conclusive  can  yet  be  said.  When  fii'st  describing-  the  srenus^  Pro- 
fessor  Lesquereux  was  disposed,  on  account  of  the  form  and  supposed  mode 
of  attachment  of  the  leaves,  to  associate  it  with  the  Gymnosperms,  though 
regarding  it  as  perhaps  constituting  a  family  distinct  from  the  CorclaitecB. 
Later,  in  the  second  volume  of  the  Coal  Flora,^  he  describes  the  occurrence 
of  spores  in  the  cavernose  leaves,  and  ranks  the  genus  with  the  Lycopodiacece, 
with  a  suggested  comparison  with  Isoetes,  a  comparison  and  presumed 
relation  that  are  emphasized  in  the  third  volume^  of  tlie  same  work.  These 
spores  are  present  in  two  or  three  of  the  specimens  in  the  collection.  Thej^ 
are  undoubtedly  macrospores  of  the  Triletes  type,  and,  since  I  am  unable 
to  find  any  of  them  actually  within  the  leaves,  their  position  Ijeing,  on 
the  other  hand,  in  groups  or  singly  scattered  irregularly  about  among  the 
leaves,*  I  am  led  to  regard  them  as  extraneous.  It  seems  probable  that,  as 
frequently  happens  -with  these  bodies,  they  were  lodged  or  drifted  among 
the  leaves  of  the  TmdopMjllum,  just  as  were  the  pinnules  of  Linopteris 
and  fragments  of  Pecopteris  found  associated  with  the  group  of  spores  in 
one  of  the  specimens  from  Cannelton,  and  should  not  therefore  have  great 
influence  in  any  speculation  as  to  the  affinities  of  the  genus. 

A  circumstance  of  considerable  interest,  if  not  significance,  is  the 
association,  described  in  one  specimen  by  Lesquereux,^  of  the  leaves  of 
Tceniophyllum  with  the  Caulopteroid  fern  trunks  published  by  him  as  Stem- 
matopteris  Schimperi.     The   specimen.   No    9250  of  the  Lacoe  collection, 

'  Trans.  Amer.  Pliil.  Soc,  vol.  xvii,  1878,  p.  330.  =  P.  463.  '  P.  788. 

••lu  Twmopltyllum  brevifoUum  Ls.  they  are  not  described  as  found  within  the  leaves.  See  Coal 
Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  788. 

"Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  pp.  462,  .163. 


252  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOURI. 

discussed  in  the  Coal  Flora,  shows,  as  there  remarked,  a  segment  of  Stem- 
matopteris,  about  70  cm.  long,  the  upper  part  of  which  is  clear,  while  the 
lower  part  is  so  associated  with  the  leaves  of  Tceniopliyllum,  which  stream 
downward  at  an  angle  of  about  25°  to  the  trunk,  that  it  seems  impossible 
to  decide  whether  they   are  not   organically  luiited  to  the  trunk.     The 
presence  of  the  Triletes  among  the  leaves  seems  to  have  constituted  the  essen- 
tial reasons  for  his  conclusion  that  the  leaves  of  the  Tmniopliyllmn  were  for- 
eio-n  to  the  fern  trunk.     For  my  own  part,  after  a  close  scrutiny  of  the  trunk 
I  am  unable  to  show  that  the  leaves  were  not  joined  to  the  trunk,  although 
they  are  found  streaming  down  from  one  side  only.     No.  9260,  identified 
by  Lesquereux  under  the  same  name,  shows  another  unmistakable  frag- 
ment of  trunk,  associated  in  the  same  way  with  the  typical  leaves  of  Tmnio- 
plujllum  with  Triletes  and  other  plant  fragments  mingled  therewith.     So  also 
Nos.  9257,  9262,  9265,  labeled  as  T.  decurrens,  and  No.  9272,  and  apparently 
9275,  marked  as  T.  contextum  Lx.,  present  the  same  phases  of  association  of 
the  leaves  with  the  fern  trunk  in  such  a  relation  as  to  leave  one  uncertain 
as  to  their  union.     The  circumstantial  evidence,  including  (1)  the  partial  or 
total  obscurity  of  the  Caulopteroid  scars  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  trunks 
beneath  the  bases  of  the  leaves;  (2)  the  apparent  impossibility  of  following 
any  of  the  leaves  from  one  side  of  the  trunk  across  and  beyond  on  the  other 
side;  (3)  the  angle  of  contact  of  the  leaf  with  the  mass  of  matted  bases  on 
the  trunk ;  (4)  the  direction  of  the  leaves  downward,  though  generally  out- 
ward, and  not  always  on  the  same  side;  (5)  the  similarity  of  the  compressed 
fragments  of  axes  of   Tmniopliyllum  on  which  no  Caulo^Jteroid  scars  are 
visible  with   the   interpetiolar   surfaces  of  the   Stemmatopteris,  which  are 
apparently  indistinguishable;   (6)  the  blending  of  the  carbonaceous  residue 
of  the  leaves  with  that  of  the  superficial  tissue  of  the  fem  trunk,  and  (7) 
the  occurrence  in  No.  9265  of  unmistakable  Tceniophyllmn  leaf  scars  and 
good  leaves  on  different  portions  of  a  long  segment  of  trunk  showing  what 
can  hardly  be  else   than   somewhat   masked  scars  of  Stemmatopteris,  are 
strongly  in  favor  of  an  organic  relation  of  the  leaves  with  the  trunks. 

Against  an  hypothesis  which  may  presuppose  a  ramental  function  for 
the  Tcenio2)hyUum  would,  on  the  contrary,  seem  to  stand  the  branching  habit 
of  the  leaves,  as  shown  in  PI.  LXIII,  Fig.  4,  which  I  can  hardly  explain  as 
penetrative  rootlets  of  Sticjmaria.  Even  the  epidermal  features  of  the  leaf 
itself  seem  to  argue  against  such  a  view.     Nevertheless,  the  habit  of  these 


T^NIOPHYLLEJE— LEPIDOXYLOK  253 

thin-walled  cylindrical  "leaves,"  with  loose  axial  fascicle  within  cavities 
of  secondary,  if  not  primary,  origin,  and  the  irregularly  disposed  leaflets, 
which,  like  the  larger  leaves,  are  contracted  at  the  base  to  a  small  oval  or 
linear-oval,  more  or  less  distinctly  umbilicate  point  of  origin,  may  be  con- 
strued as  perhaps  indicating  a  radical  homology.  But  while  in  some  re- 
spects the  affinities  of  TcBniophyUiim  seem  to  be  strongest  with  Stigmaria  or 
Stigniariopsis,  its  association  with  Stemmatopteris,  although  it  may  be  only 
circumstantial,  is  so  remarkable  as  to  command  a  consideration  as  possibly 
representing  appendicular  organs  of  the  latter.  The  impression  gained  from 
the  examination  of  the  specimens  from  Missouri  is  that  they  were  suited  to 
an  extremely  humid  habitat,  if  they  w^ere  not  subaqueous  in  their  growth. 
It  is,  however,  quite  possible  that  material  will  be  found  that  will  show 
TcBniophyUum  to  be  a  Stigmarioid  type. 

Localities. — Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6070;  Owen's  coal  mine,  U. 
S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6068;  Hobbs's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6069. 

LEPIDOXYLON  Lesquereux,  1878. 

Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xvii,  p.  333;  (Joal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  1880,  p.  557. 

Lepidoxylon  anomalum  Lx. 

1878.  Lepidoxylon  anomalum  Lesquereux,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xvii,  p.  334,  pi. 

liv,  fig.  5;  pi.  Iv,  figs.  1,  Irt. 

1879.  Lepidoxylon  anomalum  Lesquei'eux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  17,  pl.  Ixxxiv  (pl.  Ixxxiii, 

fig.  5?);  text,  vol.  ii(1880),  id.  557  (excl.  ref.  "  Schizopteris  anomala  Brongn. !"). 

Axis  linear,  robust,  attaining  a  diameter  of  5  cm.  or  more,  giving  origin 
on  all  sides  to  numerous,  apparently  irregularly  disposed,  rather  distant, 
lax,  linear,  flat  or  flaccid  leaves  or  leaflike  appendages,  and  rather  densely 
clothed  with  short,  linear,  upward-curving,  chaff'y  scales,  or  densely  and 
irregularly  lineate  when  decorticated;  scales  irregularly  disposed,  1  to  4 
distant,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  9  to  15  mm.  long,  1  to  1.5  mm.  wide, 
thin,  very  finely  lineate  in  probable  correspondence  to  the  longitudinal 
rows  of  cells,  tapering  upward  from  near  the  base  to  a  slender  acute  apex, 
slightly  convex  dorsally,  very  oblique,  nearly  erect  or  closely  imbricated, 
narrowed  at  the  point  of  origin  to  a  slightly  prominent  discoid  attachment 
about  1  mm.  in  diameter;  leaves  or  appendages  slender,  rather  distant, 
open,  lax,  linear,  probably  cylindrical  or  cavernous,  narrowed  near  the 


254  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

downward-curving  base,  glossy  in  the  compressed  state,  minutely  lineate, 
about  6  or  7  lines  to  the  millimeter,  the  primary  leaves  4  to  8  mm.  wide, 
branching  irregularly  at  very  variable  distances,  usually  singly,  sometimes 
nearly  fasciculately,  and  traversed  in  the  fossil  condition  by  a  longitudinal, 
flexuous,  somewhat  irregular  vascular  band  or  lax  strand,  about  .75  to  1 
mm.  in  width,  which  gives  off  a  division  to  pass  through  the  small,  some- 
what oval,  Stigmarioid  attachment  into  and  along  each  more  slender  branch, 
2  to  3  mm.  in  width,  of  the  primary  leaf. 

The  sole  tj-pe  on  which  the  above  description  is  based  is  the  large 
fragment,  a  portion  of  the  upper  part  of  which  is  illustrated  in  pi.  Ixxxiv  of 
the  Atlas  to  the  Coal  Flora.  The  original  specimen,  recently  23resented  to 
the  United  States  National  Museum  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  of  Clinton,  Missouri, 
longitudinally  traverses  a  slab  40  cm.  in  length  and  22  cm.  in  width.  The 
axis  is  compressed  to  a  thin  and  somewhat  uneven  interior  cast,  which,  on 
account  of  its  variances  from  the  cleavage  surface,  is  so  fractured  as  to 
expose  portions  of  the  fossil  at  all  its  levels,  although  it  is  difficult  at  any 
point  to  ascertain  its  precise  width.  Thus,  as  is  very  imperfectly  indicated 
in  the  plate  just  referred  to,  the  upper  surface,  covered  with  the  imbricated 
appressed  scales,  is  shown  in  places,  or  the  impression  of  the  epidermis  on 
the  lower  side  of  the  stem  is  exposed,  revealing  the  bases  of  the  scales  or 
their  cicatrices,  as  happens  to  be  the  case  over  the  most  of  the  surface 
included  in  the  figure,  while  cleavage  from  the  smooth  surface  of  the  leaves 
on  the  back  side  of  the  trunk,  or  at  an  angle  slightly  oblique  to  the  plane 
of  the  latter,  shows  the  leaves  behind  or  the  matrix  beneath  the  trunk. 
Such  a  fracture  by  a  cleavage  plane  oblique  to  the  axis  has,  naturally,  pro- 
duced a  rounded  profile,  shown  in  the  figure,  at  one  point  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  sjjecimen,  and  this  circumstance  appears  to  have  given  rise  to  the 
description  of  the  stems  or  branches  as  "tapering  up  to  a  conical  point."^ 
Three  centimeters  farther  the  broken  surface  of  the  slab  returns  to  the  level 
of  the  upper  surface  of  the  stem,  which  is  again  found  continuing  in  its 
normal  position  and  direction,  clotlied  with  the  appressed  scales.  The 
apparent  width  of  the  trunk  is  about  6.5  cm.  at  the  base  (assuming  that 
the  scales  and  "leaves"  are  directed  upward)  and  nearly  the  same  near  the 
upper  end  of  the  segment,  indicating  no  positive  diminution.     The  margin 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  il,  p.  557. 


T^NIOPHYLLE^E— LEPIDOXYLON.  255 

on  the  rig-lit  is  more  or  less  crumpled.  No  leaves  are  shown  to  the  right  of 
the  profile  of  the  stem. 

The  scales  are  very  much  longer  and  closer  than  shown  in  fig.  U  in 
the  Coal  Flora,  and  form  by  this  imbrication  a  dense  thatch.  I  am  unable 
to  detect  any  trace  of  a  median  nerve  in  their  thin,  slightly  dorsally  convex 
lamina.  The  minute,  roundish,  irregularly  disposed,  slightly  prominent 
cicatrices,  ranging  from  1  to  3  mm.  distant,  may  be  seeii  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  trunk  segment  to  correspond  to  the  positions  of  the  inflated 
scale  bases.  The  enlarged  detail  of  these  scars,  which  should  be  marked 
Dy  a  minute  central  punctation,  is  disproportionate  as  compared  with  the 
scales  in  the  published  figure. 

The  leaves,  which  are  relatively  few,  are  generally  inclined  slightly 
downward  near  the  trunk.  None  of  the  leaves  on  the  slab,  except  a  few 
erect  bases  near  the  top,  issue  from  the  upper  surface  of  the  trunk,  and  I 
am  unable  to  find  any  that  fork,  the  dichotomies  illustrated  in  the  type 
figure  being  cases  of  crossing  or  mere  superposition,  as  is  shown  by  care- 
fully uncovering  them.  The  figure  fails  to  show  that  the  leaves  on  the  left 
and  the  larger  ones  at  the  top  of  the  portion  delineated  in  the  Coal  Flora 
come  from  beneath  the  trunk  and  are  exposed  within  its  profile,  at  a  slightly 
lower  level,  by  reason  of  the  cleavage  of  the  shale  from  their  glossy  surface. 

As  to  the  characters  of  the  leaves  or  appendages  themselves,  it  is 
sufficient  to  say  that  there  seems  to  be  no  essential  distinction  between 
those  of  the  type  segment  and  those  of  TcBniophyllum.  In  the  large  segment 
of  Lepidoxylon  anomalnm  they  are  apparently  joined  liy  a  narrowed  base  to 
small  Stigmarioid  cicatrices,  the  texture  is  very  finely  lineate,  perhaps  by  the 
longitudinal  rows  of  cells,  the  lax,  often  wrinkled,  and  apparently  cylin- 
drical, or  possibly  cavernous,  interior  is  traversed  by  a  loose,  flexuose,  often 
slightly  twisted,  band  of  nerve  bundles,  which  is  j^arted  to  supply  a  strand 
for  each  of  the  irregularly  occurring  smaller  leaflets  or  branch  appendages, 
and  the  latter  are  likewise  continued  linear,  with  the  same  features,  except  the 
smaller  size,  from  their  Stigmarioid  points  of  origin.  Usually  these  irregu- 
larly disposed  branchlets  are  extremely  distant,  but  in  a  few  cases  two 
or  three  originate  close  together,  while  in  one  case,  low  on  the  left,  four 
spring  close  together  from  the  parent  leaf  in  a  manner  extremely  sugges- 
tive of  the  Desmiopliyllum,  mentioned  in  the  remarks  on  Tmiiopliyllum  lati- 
folium. 


256  FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOUEL 

So  far  as  I  am  able  to  detect  from  the  examination  of  the  large  type 
described  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  the  onh'  distinctions  between  the  genera 
Lepidoxylon  and  TcBniophyUum  are  the  presence  of  the  foliaceous  scales,  and  the 
more  open,  distant,  and  ramose  habit  of  the  leaves  in  the  former.  That  both 
types  are  exti'emely  intimately  related  is  evident,  the  question  being  merely  as 
to  whether  the  differentiation  is  of  more  than  specific  importance.  Both  genera 
are  fomid  as  segments  of  robust  longitudinal  axes  of  large  size,  about  which 
are  gathered,  usually  at  an  acute  angle  and  a  iiniform  orientation,  ribbonlike, 
delicate,  collapsed  leaves  or  appendages,  agreeing  in  texture,  apparent  mode 
of  origin,  the  loose  central  vascular  ribbon  or  strand,  the  irregular  branch- 
ing, with  Stigmarioid  traces,  etc.  AVhile  entertaining  little  doubt  as  to  the 
generic  identity  of  the  type  in  hand  with  the  genus  Tceniojihyllum,  I  leave 
it  under  its  original  generic  designation  in  deference  to  the  judgment  of 
its  author.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  other  fragment,  figured  by  Pro- 
fessor Lesquereux  as  fig.  5,  on  pi.  Ixxxiii,  is  generically  distinct  from  Tcsnio- 
pliyllum. 

As  to  the  systematic  position  of  the  type  in  hand,  there  is  little  to  add 
to  what  has  been  said  of  TmiiopImjUmn.  That  both  types  belong  to  a  form 
of  vegetation  as  far  advanced  as  the  higher  Cryptogams  there  is  little  doubt. 
It  seems,  however,  that  whether  we  assume  that  they  be  Stigmarioid  or 
filicoid  in  nature,  they  should  perhaps  better  be  oriented  so  as  to  permit 
the  leaves,  which,  altliough  the  form  of  their  distal  extremities  is  unknown, 
are  verv  strongly  suggestive  of  Stigmaria,  and  the  foliaceous  scales,  like- 
wise suggestive  of  fern  ramentum,  to  decline.  It  is  highly  probable  that 
the  small  area  of  cicatrices  described  from  one  of  the  trunks  of  T(Bniopliyllum 
latifoKum  con-esponds  to  the  epidermal  impressions  in  the  type  in  hand,  since 
they  are  similar  in  size,  form,  and  distance,  and  it  is  not  difficult  to  discover 
here  and  there,  in  small  areas,  a  spiral  arrangement  in  the  accidental  local 
grouping  of  the  cicatrices  in  the  specimen  in  hand.  The  features  of  the 
impression  of  the  stem  showing  only  the  small  scale  cicatrices  are  perhaps 
indistinguishable  from  the  type  described  as  1  Cmdonteris  acantopliora  Lx., 
or  the  large  segments  occurring  in  the  E  vein  at  the  Butler  mine  near 
Pittston,  Pennsylvania,  which  have  been  regarded  as  derived  from  portions 
of  the  cortex  of  a  squamose  fern  trunk  or  from  a  true  Stigmarioid  form. 

Locality. — The  type  illustrated  in  pi.  Ixxxiv  of  the  Coal  Flora  is  from 
Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6082. 


GYMNOSPEEMS— CORDAITALES— COKDAITES.  257 

GYlvrNOSF»ER]VIS. 

CORDAITALES. 

CORDAITACE.E. 

CORDAITES  Uuger,  1850. 

1822.  Flabelhiria  Sternberg,  Fl.  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  i,  fasc.  1,  p.  32  (pars). 

1849.  PychnophyUum  Brougniart  (uon  K'emy),  Tabl.  d.  Gen.,  p.  65. 

1850.  Gordaites  Unger,  Gen.  et  Spec.  PL  Foss.,  p.  277. 

The  study  of  the  structure  of  the  plants  loug  known  as  Gordaites  has 
revealed  an  organization  having  some  of  the  characters  of  the  Cycads,  some 
in  common  with  the  Taxinece,  yet  presenting  an  ensemble  quite  foreign  to 
either.  Hence  they  have  more  recently  been  set  apart  as  constituting  a 
distinct  family,  which,  while  it  may  have  been  ancestral  to  other  later  types, 
is  without  direct  relation  to  any  known  living  plants. 

Recognizing  from  the  great  diversity  of  fruits  in  the  Carboniferous, 
that  can  hardly  have  been  produced  by  any  other  group  of  associated 
plants,  that  several  genera  must  exist  in  this  family,  Grand  'Eury  divided 
the  original  genus,  as  we  have  known  it  in  our  American  literature,  into 
three  genera,  viz,  Cordaites,  Dorycordaites,  and  Poacordaites}  Still  another 
type,  Scutocordaites,^  was  later  differentiated  by  Renault  and  Zeiller,  while 
the  discovery  of  a  peculiar  form  in  the  Devonian  of  Pennsylvania  about 
the  same  time  led  to  the  description  of  a  fifth  genus,  Dictyocordaites,  by  Sir 
William  Dawson.^  The  characters  of  the  leaves  of  these  genera  may  be 
briefly  summarized  as  follows: 

Cordaites. — Leaves  thick  and  transversely  enlarged  at  the  point  of 
attachment,  simple,  sessile,  entire,  lanceolate,  spatulate,  rounded  at  the 
summit  or  obovate,  20  to  90  cm.  long,  usually  very  large,  coriaceous, 
traversed  for  nearly  their  whole  length  by  fine,  equal,  or  unequal  parallel 
nerves,  which  dichotomize  several  times.  To  this  section  or  genus  belong 
some  of  the  species  of  wood  described  as  Dadoxylon,  Cordaioxylon,  and 
Araucarites  or  Araucarioylon,  the  bark,  Cordaifloyos,  the  fragments  of  pith 

'  La  fiore  carbonifere  de  la  Loire,  1877,  pp.  208-227. 

^Comptes  Rendus,  vol.  C,  1885,  p.  869;  Fl.  foss.  bassln  houill.  Commentry,  pt.  2,  1890,  p.  203. 
^Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  (3)  vol.  xxwiii,  1889,  p.  2;  Canad.  Rec.  Sci.,  vol.  iv,  1890,  p.  2. 
MON   XXX VII 17 


258  FLOKA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

known  as  Artisia,  and  the  leafy  branches  named  Corclaicladus,  while  the 
flowers  are  included  in  the  Anfholithi  or  Cordaianthi.  Cordaicarpus  is  referred 
by  Grand  'Euiy  to  this  type  as  the  fruit. 

Dorycordaites . — Leaves  of  variable  length,  according  to  age,  always 
lanceolate,  much  thinner,  and  less  fleshy  than  in  the  preceding  genus, 
terminating  in  a  point,  and  marked  by  very  much  crowded,  slender,  equal, 
or  nearly  equal  parallel  nerves.  To  this  genus  Grand  'Eury^  refers  the 
thin-winged  Cardiocarpi,  or  Smnaropsis,  and  Botryoconus. 

Poacordaites. — Leaves  very  long,  narrow,  perhaps  as  long  as  40  cm., 
while  only  1  cm.  wide,  linear,  tapering  slightly  and  obtuse  at  the  summit, 
rather  fleshy,  borne  on  slender  branches,  the  scars  being  transverse,  slightly 
arched,  and  much  narrower  than  in  Cordaites.  The  nerves  are  simple, 
equal,  parallel,  all  springing  from  the  base  of  the  leaf  The  fruit  of  this 
genus,  according  to  Grand  'Eury,  is  Taxospermum. 

Scufocordaites. — Leaves  for  a  long  time  persistent  on  semicircular  salient 
cushions,  rounded  and  contracted  at  the  base,  finally  divided  into  numerous 
narrow,  erect,  rigid,  stringlike  strips.  Nerves  strong  and  prominent  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  leaf,  separated  by  fine,  parallel  striae 

Dictyocordaites. — Leaves  persistent,  long,  ribbonlike,  probably  truncate 
or  uneven  at  the  apex,  nerves  sharp,  forking  at  an  acute  angle  and  occasion- 
ally anastomosing  to  form  linear,  acute,  somewhat  irregular  areoles.  Fruc- 
tification terminal  on  the  branches. 

Professor  Renault,  to  Avhom  more  than  any  other  we  owe  our  knowledge 
of  the  anatomy  of  the  members  of  this  family,  has  recently  given  a  most 
excellent  summary  of  this  knowledge  in  his  magnificent  report  on  the  plants 
from  the  Permian  basin  of  Autun  and  Epinac,  in  which  he  includes  the 
results  of  his  late  extensive  examination  of  the  rich  materials  from  these 
localities  of  world-wide  fame  for  the  exquisite  preservation  of  their  abundant 
silicified  vegetable  remains.  For  the  detailed  account  of  the  internal  organ- 
ization of  the  pith,  wood,  bark,  root,  leaves,  inflorescence,  pollen,  and  seeds 
the  reader  is  referred  to  his  concise  and  admirable  descriptions."  Many 
of  the  details  there  given  are  of  great  interest  to  the  student  of  recent 
plants  as  well  as  the  investigator  of  the  structure  of  fossil  stems.     Among 

'  G^ol.  et  pal.  bassiu  houill.  Gard,  p.  314. 

-fitutles  des  gltes  miiK^raux  de  la  France.  Publi^es  sous  les  auspices  de  le  Ministre  des  Travaux 
Publics.  Bassin  liouiller  et  Permien  d'Autun  et  d'Epinac,  fase.  iv,  Flore  fossile,  2me  partie,  par  B. 
Renault.     Atlas,  1893;  test,  1896.     .See  pp.  332-3-i2. 


GYMNOS PERMS  -COR DAITALES— (JOED AITES.  259 

the  salient  points  of  more  general  interest  may  be  mentioned  the  absence 
of  primary  wood  in  the  trunks,  the  presence  of  both  the  primary  and 
secondary  development  in  the  roots,  while  the  vascular  strands  of  the 
nerves  in  the  leaves  comprise  a  triangular  primary  axis  23artially  surrounded 
by  a  secondary  growth.  The  trees  of  the  Cordaitece  grew  rapidly  to  a  con- 
siderable height,  branching  only  near  the  top.  The  flowers  were  diclinous 
and  aperianthous,  but  whether  the  unisexual  flowers  were  monoecious  or 
dioecious  is  not  yet  known.  Both  sorts  were  mingled  in  the  fossil  state. 
The  female  flowers  are  monocarpal,  for  although,  like  the  male  flowers,  they 
are  cone  shaped  in  general  aspect,  they  are  solitary,  each  female  flower 
being  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  bracts.  The  male  flowers  are  in  small 
cones  spirally  arranged  in  the  axils  of  bracts  about  a  rather  robust  axis. 
Each  flower  is  composed  of  two  or  three  stamens,  each  comprised  of  a  fila- 
ment bearing  three  or  four  longitudinally  dehiscent  anthers,  which  are  free 
above  and  united  at  their  bases.  The  pollen  grains  are  ellipsoidal  in  section 
and  very  abundant.  In  the  anther  of  one  species  the  grain  measures  90//  in 
longer  and  50//  in  shorter  diameter,  while  in  the  pollen  cliamber,  which  is 
constantly  present  in  and  forms  an  interesting  feature  of  the  seed,  it  measures 
12l/<  and  72//,  respectively.  The  seeds,  including  among  others  the  Cordai- 
carpus,  have  two  envelopes.  The  external  envelope  (Sarcotest)  is  fleshy  and 
is  sometimes  traversed  by  elongated  fibrous  cells  mingled  with  canals  contain- 
ing gum  or  tannin.  The  internal  covering  (Endotest)  is  formed  of  densely 
lignified  cells  and  suggests  the  shell  of  a  nut.  The  ovules  are  orthotropous 
and  erect.  A  pollen  chamber,  relatively  little  developed,  is  always  found 
in  the  summit  of  the  nucleus,  and  the  poUeuic  canal  is  always  attached 
to  the  micropylar  tube  of  the  outer  envelopes.  The  archegonia  are  in 
pairs.  No  embryo  has  yet  been  found  in  any  of  the  fruits,  although  the 
latter  appear  to  have  been  fully  developed.  Renault  points  out  that  in 
Cordaites,  as  in  the  living  Ceratozamia,  the  embryo  was  probably  not  devel- 
oped until  the  seed  had  been  placed  some  time  in  the  soil.  To  the  Cordaites 
Renault  seems  to  refer  the  fossil  seeds  which  are  rather  flat  and  bilaterally 
symmetrical.  In  his  Cours  de  Botanique  Fossile^  he  refers  to  the  Conlaite(B 
the  genera  CardiocarjMS,  Biplotesta,  Sarcotaxus,  Leptocaryon,  Taxospernmm, 
and  Bhabdocarpus,  while  M.  Grand  'Eury  has  since ^  included  Hypsilocarpm, 
Cydocarpm,  and  Samaropsis  in  the  same  category. 

'  Vol.  i,  p.  102.  ^G^ol.  et  pal.  bassin  houill.  Gard,  1890,  p.  312. 


260  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

All  the  materia]  from  Missouri,  Avith  the  possible  exception  of  the  doubt- 
ful fragments  referred  to  as  Cordaites  diversifoUus  f  belong  to  the  group  JEucor- 
daites  of  Grand  'Eury,  i.  e.,  to  the  genus  Cordaites  restricted. 

OOBDAITES   COMMUNIS   Lx. 

PI.  Ill,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XVI;  PI.  XLVI. 

1878.  Cordaites  communis  Lesquereux,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xvii,  ]>.  320. 
1880.  Cordaites  communis  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  534. 
1893.  Cordaites  communis  Lx.,  D.  White,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  No.  98,  p.  105. 
1899.  Cordaites  communis  Lx.,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pt.  3, 
p.  533. 

The  species  originally  described  from  Missouri  is  represented  in  the 
collection  by  numerous  specimens,  some  of  which  probably  come  from  the 
type  locality.  The  general  form  of  the  leaf,  as  seen  in  part  in  PI.  XVI,  is 
spatulate.  From  the  broadest  point,  in  the  upper  part,  it  narrows  gently  to 
the  thickened  base,  which  is  slightly  crescentic  when  compressed,  and  is  not 
infrequently  as  much  as  2  cm.  wide  in  the  full-grown  examples.  The  apex 
of  the  leaves  is  rather  broadly  truncate-rounded  and  slightly  oblique.  The 
nervation  of  this  species,  as  seen  from  the  examination  of  the  types  of  the 
species  now  in  the  Lacoe  collection,  is  very  irregular  in  character  and 
apparent  density.  Even  on  the  same  leaf  it  may  be  found  composed  in  one 
area,  especially  near  the  base,  of  moderately  strong  nerves  close  together  or 
separated  by  from  one  to  three  or  four  less  prominent,  or,  in  another  area  it 
comprises  distant,  quite  prominent  nerves,  perhaps  15  to  20  to  the  centimeter, 
separated  by  from  four  to  six  smaller  nerves.  The  difficulty  of  arriving  at 
a  satisfactory  numerical  characterization  of  the  nerves  is  further  increased 
by  the  irregular  disappearance  or  immersion  of  the  intermediate  nerves  in 
the  thick  tissue  of  the  leaf  and  the  fine  striation,  perhaps  due  to  the  rows  of 
cells,  which  is  often  more  conspicuous  than  the  depressed  intermediate  ner- 
vation. These  rows  or  strise  number  about  twelve  to  the  millimeter  in  some 
specimens. 

The  inflorescence  described  as  CordaiantJms  ovatiis  Lx.  belongs  almost 
certainl}'  to  this  species,  to  which  I  am  also  disposed  to  refer  the  Cordai- 
carpus  cerasiformis  as  the  fruit.  Cordaites  communis  is,  in  the  Missouri  flora, 
the  host  of  Hystcrites  Cordaitis  Grr.  'Ey.,  the  bordered  perithecias  of  which 
are  frequently  found  in  its  leaves. 


GYMNOSPERMS— COED  AIT  ALES— OOEDAITES.  261 

The  distinction  between  the  leaves  described  as  Cordaites  communis 
and  certain  forms  referred  to  other  species,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  leaves 
from  Cannelton  recorded  as  C.  horassifolius  (Stb.)  Ung.,  is  not  clear  to  me. 
From  G.  lingidatus  Gr.  'Ey.,  the  leaves  of  which  are  somewhat  similar,  G. 
communis  differs  by  the  greater  distance  of  the  prominent  nerves  in  most 
portions  of  the  leaf  and  by  the  less  rounded  apices. 

Localities. — Deepwater  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.;  Pitcher's  coal  bank, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5418,  5702;  Grilkerson's  Ford,  a  small  fragment,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus,,  6282 ;  also  a  specimen  of  doubtful  specific  identity  from  Jordan's 
coal  bank,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6281. 

Cordaites  diveksifolius  Lx.? 

1870.  Cordaites  angustifoUtin   Lesquereux  (uou  Dawson),  Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois, 
vol.  iv,  p.  420  (pars?). 

1878.  Cordaites  diversifoUus  Lesquereux,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xvii,  p.  320,  pi. 

xlviii,  figs.  3,  3«  (pars). 

1879.  Cordaites  diversifoUus  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  pi.  Ixxvii,  tigs.  3,  3«;  text, 

vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  535  (pars). 

There  are  among  the  ironstone  nodules  from  Grilkerson's  Ford  a  few 
fragments  of  doubtful  specific  relations  which  I  should  hardly  venture  to 
refer  to  this  species  but  for  the  facts  that  it  is  recorded^  from  the  same 
vicinity  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  and  that  such  characters  as  are  shown  by 
the  specimens  in  hand  appear  to  agree  with  material  labeled  under  the  same 
name  by  the  author  of  the  species.  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the 
specimens  assigned  at  various  times  by  Lesquereux  to  G.  diversifoUus  are 
not  all  of  one  species,  since  some  of  the  fragments  may  belong  to  Dorycor- 
daites,  while  others  from  Arkansas  are  apparently  specifically  inseparable 
from  the  material  from  the  Boston  mine  near  Pittston,  Pennsylvania,  labeled 
as  G.  horassifolius  (Stb.)  Ung.  My  identification  of  the  specimens  in  the 
ironstone  is  both  temporary  and  questionable.  The  fragments  before  me 
are  nearer  the  Bori/cordaites  group,  and  may,  in  conformity  with  the  views 
expressed  by  Grand  'Eury,  belong  to  the  Samaropsls  type  of  fruit.  It  is 
quite  possible  that  the  leaf  fragments  in  hand  may  have  been  borne  on  the 
same  tree  with  the  Gardiocarpus  {Samaropsls')  Branneri  Fairch.  and  D.  W., 
to  be  described  further  on. 

Locality. — Gilkerson's  Ford. 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  536. 


262  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

CORDAIANTHUS    OVATUS   Lx. 

PI.  LXXII,  Figs.  1,2. 

1878.  Oordaianthus  gemmifer  G-r.  'Ey,,  Lesqucreux,  Proc.  Am.  PhiL  Soc.,vol.  xvii,  p.  326, 

pi.  xlvii,  fig.  5. 

1879.  Cordaianthns  gemmifer  Gr.  'Ey.,  Lesqiiereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  16,  pi.  Ixxvi, 

figs.  5, 5fl;  text,  vol.  iii  (1884),  p.  914. 

1880.  Cordaianthus  ovatus  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  545,  pi.  i.xxvi,  figs.  5, 5a. 

The  axis  of  this  species,  as  seen  in  the  original  type.  No.  9187  of  the 
Lacoe  collection,^  is  robust,  distinctly  and  rather  coarsely  striate.  The  gem- 
mules  ai-e  open,  ovate  or  ovate-oval,  close  at  the  apex,  and  apparently 
arranged  four  to  a  complete  turn  of  the  spiral.  The  scales  are  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  rather  fleshy  toward  the  base,  and  distinctly  carinate 
toward  the  top,  the  keel  being  somewhat  prominent  in  the  almost  mucronate 
apex.  Usually  they  are  erect  and  fairly  clearly  defined,  numbering  perhaps 
40  to  50  to  the  gemmule.  The  bracts  are  very  broad  at  the  base,  contracting 
rapidly  with  a  concave  margin  to  a  narrow  lineate  rigid  spine  of  variable 
length,  though  always  longer  than  the  gemmule.  The  enlarged  detail,  5a  on 
pi.  Ixxvi  of  the  Coal  Flora,  appears  to  have  been  drawn  from  some  specimen 
other  than  the  original  of  fig.  5.  The  same  features  are  seen  in  No.  9192, 
another  of  the  specimens  originally  studied,  and  in  No.  9202,  illustrated  in 
PI.  LXXII,  Fig.  2,  and  No.  9210,  Avhich  show  better  the  fragments  of  bracts, 
often  exceeding  twice  the  length  of  the  gemmule  to  the  point  of  fracture,  while 
the  gemmules  themselves  vary  somewhat  as  to  their  distance  along  the  axis. 

In  No.  9209,  a  specimen  from  Missouri  labeled  with  the  above  name 
by  Lesquereux,  we  find  a  smooth  axis  bearing  rather  large  crowded  gem- 
mules  with  long  scales.  So  far  as  the  character  of  the  latter  have  weight 
the  specimen  would  seem  rather  to  belong  to  Cordaianthus  dichotomus  Lx., 
if,  indeed,  that  species  is  really  distinct  from  the  one  under  consideration. 
The  striation  of  the  axis  is  not,  however,  constantly  visible  in  the  specimens 
of  C.  ovatus,  since  it  seems  to  depend  on  the  degree  of  compression,  and  shows 
only  in  those  portions  of  the  stem  that  are  slightl}'  decorticated.  In  most 
of  the  specimens  from  Peimsylvania  referred  by  Professor  Lesquereux  to 
this  species,  including  Nos.  9190  and  9191  of  the  Lacoe  collection,  originals 
used  in  the  description  of  the  species,  the  axis  is  somewhat  convex  and  shows 

'  The  fragment  figured  iu  the  Coal  Flora  is  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton,  Missouri;  not  from 
Ciinnelton,  Pennsylvania,  a*  inferred  from  the  habitat  named  on  ji.  546  of  that  work. 


GYMNOSPERMS— CORDAITALES— CORDAIANTHUS,  263 

merely  the  irregular  transverse  cracks  or  fissures  in  the  carbon.  The  latter 
may  be  only  the  result  of  shrinkage  of  an  axis  composed  largely  of  cellular 
tissue  or  they  may  bear  some  .  slation  to  the  chambering  of  the  pith.  The 
specimens  from  Caniielton  have  the  gemmules  usually  more  crowded,  the 
scales  being  generally  a  little  shorter. 

Very  interesting,  as  furnishing  the  data  for  the  correlation  of  this 
species,  is  the  type  described  on  page  534  of  the  Coal  Flora  as  the  stem  of 
Cordaites  communis  Lx.  In  the  specimen,  No.  8946  of  the  Lacoe  collection, 
the  impression  of  a  segment  of  stem  or  branch  14  cm.  long  and  2.3  cm.  in 
diameter  shows  about  thirty  leaf  scars.  From  the  axils  of  every  one  of 
these,  so  far  as  can  be  learned  without  injury  to  the  specimen,  in  the  upper 
half  of  the  segment,  there  radiate  rather  slender  racemes  of  Cordaianthus. 
The  pedicels  and  gemmules  on  the  upper  part  of  the  slab  are  rather  slender, 
having  about  the  proportions  of  the  C.  dichotomus  figured  in  the  Coal  Flora,^ 
but  those  nearer  the  base  of  the  segment  are  unmistakable  specimens  of 
Cordaianthus  ovatus,  and  indicate  the  specific  identity  of  the  latter  with  the 
type  stem  and  intermingled  leaf  fragments  of  Cordaites  communis. 

The  full  length  of  the  lineate  bracts  is  rarely  shown.  In  one  rather 
small  specimen  they  are,  however,  seen  as  slender,  slightly  decurrent  needles, 
39  mm.  in  lengih,  or  over  five  times  the  length  of  the  gemmules. 

The  fragment  of  a  very  small  raceme,  shown  in  PL  LXXII,  Fig.  1,  is 
suggestive  of  the  Cordaianthus  gracilis  of  Gi-and  'Eury,^  or  to  some  extent 
the  C.  Volkmanni  (Ett.)  Zeill.,^  though  the  resemblance  to  Ettingshausen's 
Calamites  Volkmanni*  is  more  remote. 

Cordaianthus  ovatus  aj^pears  to  diff'er  from  C.  ehracteatus  Lx.,  to  which  it 
seems  closely  related,  by  the  absence  of  the  bracts  and  the  usually  shorter 
scales  in  the  latter. 

The  difference  between  it  and  C.  dichotomus  consists  perhaps  in  the 
rather  larger  and  longer  scales  and  the  possible  dichotomy  of  the  axis  in 
the  type  described  under  the  latter  name,  though  it  appears  somewhat 
questionable  whether  the  distinction  between  these  two  plants,  found  at  the 
same  locality,  is  of  even  varietal  rank.  The  characters  in  common  will  be 
mentioned  in  the  remarks  on  the  latter  species. 

I  PI.  lxxvi,tig.6. 

2F1.  carb.  Loire,  p.  230,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  7. 

■'FI.  foss.  bassiii  houill.  Vaieucieiiues,  p.  637,  pi.  xciv,  figs.  6,  6a. 

^SteinkohleuU.  Striidouitz,  pi.  v,  fins.  1-3. 


264  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEL 

LocaHties.—Vicinity  of  Clinton,  Missouri,  Nos.  8946,  9187,  9192,  9202, 
9209,  9210,  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus;  Pitcher's  coal  mine,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  6073,  6212;  Hobbs's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6210. 

OORDAIANTHUS  DICHOTOMUS   Lx. 

1878.  Cordaianthus  gemmifer  Gr.  'Ey.,  Lesquereux,  Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  320,  pi.  xlvii,  fig.  6. 

1879.  Cordaianthus  gemmifer  Gr.  'Ey.,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  16,  pi.  ixxvi, 

figs.  6,  db;  text,  vol.  iii  (1884),  p.  914. 

1880.  Cordaianthus  dichotomus  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  546,  pi.  Ixxvi,  figs 

6,  66. 

The  relationship  of  the  type^  described  under  the  above  name  to 
C.  ovatiis  is  one  of  the  closest  affinity,  if  the  two  species  are  not  in  fact 
identical.  After  an  attentive  examination  of  the  original  of  figs.  6  and  6b, 
on  pi.  Ixxvi  of  the  Coal  Flora,  I  am  far  from  certain  that  the  specimen  there 
represented  is  to  be  separated  from  the  C.  ovatus  found  in  the  same  locality. 
The  gemmules  do  not  differ  in  form  from  those  described  above.  The  scales 
are  likewise  ovate-lanceolate,  carinate,  the  keel  passing  into  the  acute  point 
conspicuously  as  in  ovatus,  though  this  character  is  not  brought  out  in  the 
detail,  fig.  66.  So  also  the  bracts  are  dilated  at  the  base  and  quickly 
contracted  to  a  striated,  rigid,  long,  slender  needle,  being  identical  in  their 
superfcial  characters  with  those  in  the  other  species. 

With  the  exception  of  the  dichotomies,  the  only  external  features  by 
which  C.  dichotomus  and  C.  ovatus  may  be  separated  are  a  possibly  greater 
elongation  of  the  gemmule,  the  scales  being  perhaps  a  little  longer  and 
larger,  and  the  less  robust  axis.  But  we  have  seen  fertile  axes  of  the  same 
character,  save  the  forking,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  of  Cardaites 
communis  (type  No.  8946  of  the  Lacoe  collection)  which  bear  indubitable 
gemmules  of  Cordianthus  ovatus,  while  the  attitude  in  the  matrix  of  the 
compressed  radiating  spikes  about  the  stem  in  No.  8946  is  strongly 
suggestive  of  the  arrangement  figured  as  typical  of  C.  dichotomus.  The 
inspection  of  the  figure  of  the  latter  species  given  in  the  Coal  P'lora^ 
convinces  me  that  three  at  least  of  the  four  dichotomies  there  represented 
are  the  result  of  coincidence  of  position  in  the  horizontal  projection,  the 
axes,  all  of  which  undoubtedly  spring  from  a  single  branch  or  stem,  being 

'  No.  9212  of  the  Laeoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
-  PI.  Ixxvi,  rigs.  6.  66,  p.  r<-lCt 


GYMNOSPERMS— CORDAITALES— CORDAICARPOI>r.  205 

in  different  planes,  while  the  fourth  lower  central  dichotomy  in  the  figure 
leaves  much  to  be  desired  as  to  distinctness.  However,  dichotomy  is  not 
unknown  in  other  species  of  Cordaianthus. 

It  is  quite  possible  that  further  discoveries  of  Cordaianthus  in  these  beas 
will  lead  to  the  union  not  only  of  Cordaianthus  dichotomus  and  C.  ovatus,^ 
but  also  C.  rugosus  Lx.,  the  Illinois  type  of  which  affords  very  slight  ground 
for  its  differentiation. 

Localities. — Vicinity  of  Clinton,  Missouri,  No.  9212  of  the  Lacoe  col- 
lection. Two  fragments,  perhaps  representing  C.  ovatus  Lx.,  with  rather 
long  scales,  are  from  Hobbs's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6200;  and  Deep- 
water,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6199. 

CORDAIOARPON  Geinitz,  1862. 

1828.  Gardiocarpon  Brongniart,  Prodrome,  p.  87  (pars). 

1857.  Cyclocarpon  Goeppert  and  Fiedler,  Nova  Acta  Acad,  0.  L.  C.  Nat.  Our.,  vol.  xxvi, 

p.  292. 
1862.  Gordaicarpon  Geinitz,  Dyas,  vol.  ii,  p.  150. 
1881.  Gordaispennum  Brouguiart,  in  Renault:  Gours  bot.  foss.,  vol.  i,  p.  102  (pars). 

CORDAICARPON    CERASIFORME  (Presl). 

1838.  Garpolites  cerasi/ormis  Presl,  in  Sternberg :  Fl,  d.  Vorw.,  vol.  ii,  p.  208,  pi.  x,  fig.  9. 
1884.  Carpoiithiis  cerasiformis  Presl,  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  824,  pi.  cxi, 
fig.  18. 

The  two  specimens  which  I  refer  to  this  species  represent  a  small  sub- 
orbicular,  slightly  cordiform  fruit,  the  walls  of  which  appear  to  have  been 
less  resistant  than  those  of  most  of  the  fruits  referred  to  this  genus.  Like 
the  fruits  described  and  illustrated  by  Presl  and  Lesquereux,  they  are  some- 
what wrinkled  in  the  compressed  state.  The  outer  envelope  seems  to  have 
been  rather  thick.  The  surface  is  obscurely  granular.  The  fruit  from 
Missouri  is  somewhat  smaller  than  the  one  from  Arkansas  figured  in  the 
Coal  Plora,  it  having  in  fact  very  nearly  the  size  of  the  one  shown  in 
Presl's  figure.  The  specimens  are  also  smaller  and  less  apiculate  than 
Zeiller's  Cordaicarpus  Boidayi? 

At  first  I  was  disposed  to  regard  these  bodies  as  sporangia,  but  the 
texture  is  quite  different  from  any  sporangia  I  have  seen,  while  the  presence 

'  The  reference,  on  p.  933  of  the  3d  volume  of  the  Coal  Floia,  of  tig.  6,  jil.  Ixxvi,  to  Cordaianthus 
ovatus  is  probably  a  mechanical  error. 

^Fl.  foss.  bassiu  houill.  Valenciennes,  Atlas,  pi.  xciv,  tigs.  14, 14a. 


266  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

of  a  narrow  border  zone,  apparently  corresponding  to  the  comjiressed  profile 
zone  of  one  of  the  envelopes  of  a  Cordaicarpon,  such  as  C.  GutMeri,  and  the 
obscurely  cordate  base,  have  convinced  me  that  we  have  really  to  do  with 
representatives  of  the  latter  genus.  The  reference  to  Presl's  Carpolites  cerasi- 
formis  is  not  without  douljt. 

Localities. — Deepwater,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus..  6164;  Hobbs's  coal  mine, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6165. 

GARDIOCARPON  Brongniart,  1828. 

Prodrome,  p.  87  (pars). 

Cardiocarpon  (Samaropsis)  Brankeri  Fairch.  and  D.  W.  MSS. 

PI.  LXXII,  Fig.  3;  PI.  LXI,  Fig.  le. 

1899.  Cardiocarpon  Branneri  Fairch  and  D.  W.  MSS.,  D.  White,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U. 
S.  Geol.  Surv.,  pt.  3,  p.  534. 

Fruit  small,  oval  or  ovate,  and  slightly  prolonged  at  the  somewhat 
truncate  base,  10  to  12  mm.  long,  7  to  9  mm.  wide,  consisting  of  an  ovate 
nucleus  within  a  relatively  wide  wing;  wing  oval,  blunt,  and  incised  a  little, 
or  very  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  slightly  rounded  on 
either  side  of  the  micropyle,  near  which  it  forms  a  border  2  to  2.5  mm.  in 
width,  narrowing  slightly  downward  toward  the  lateral  angles  of  the  nucleus 
to  1.5  to  2  mm.  in  width,  then  prolonged  or  dilated  in  a  basal  lobe  3  to  5 
mm.  wide,  extending  3  to  5  mm.  downward  and  truncate,  or  truncate 
rounded  at  the  base,  whicli  is  often  traversed  by  a  fine,  clear  line  passing 
downward  from  the  nucleus ;  nucleus  ovate-triangular,  usually  rather  obtuse 
just  below  the  acuminate  apex,  generally  uniform  in  size,  about  7  mm.  long, 
5  mm.  wide,  broadest  a  little  below  the  middle  of  its  altitude,  either  very 
obtusely  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  very  thinly  lenticular  in  cross 
section,  thickest  near  the  base,  or,  when  flattened,  often  marked  by  a  small 
oval  medial  convexity  above  the  base,  above  which  a  line  or  faint  ridge 
passes  upward  to  the  micropyle. 

The  interesting  examples  of  Samaropsis,  one  of  which  is  figured  in  PI. 
LXXII,  Fig.  3,  are  found  in  the  clay  ironstone  matrix,  both  with  and 
without  the  marginal  wing.  The  specimens  that  are  less  flattened  are  but 
slightly  convex  and  have  but  very  little  adherent  carbonaceous  residue. 
The  wing,  which  is  peculiarly  dilated  at  the  base,  diff'ering  thus  from  all 
the  other  small  species  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  is  obviously  very  thin, 


GYMNOSPERMS— CORBAITALES— KHABDOCAEPOS.  267 

And  probably  membranaceous.  In  one  compressed  specimen  the  nucleus 
is  bordered  by  an  inter^-ening;  narrow,  minutely  rugose-striate  zone,  about 
.5  mm.  in  width,  which  apparently  represents  an  envelope.  The  surface  of 
the  wing  is  dull  and  moderately  smooth;  that  of  the  nucleus  is  granular 
near  the  base  and  granular-striate  toward  the  top,  as  viewed  by  the  lens. 
The  illustration  of  C.  Branneri  in  Fig.  3,  PI.  LXXII,  fails  to  show  the 
ordinary  width  of  the  basal  dilation  of  the  wing,  or  the  usually  more  or 
less  triangular  form  of  the  nucleus. 

This  species,  found  quite  abundantly  at  Gilkerson's  Ford,  has  also 
been  discovered  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  Arkansas,  from  which  it  has  been 
described  by  Prof  H.  L.  Fairchild  and  myself  in  a  report  submitted  to  the 
State  geologist  of  that  State.  The  upper  part  of  the  fruit  resembles  on  a 
small  scale  the  con-esponding  portion  of  the  Cardiocarpus  orMcularis  Ett.,^ 
though  the  basal  portion  is  quite  different.  It  is  probably  nearest  to  C. 
zonulatus  Lx.,^  from  which  it  differs,  however,  by  the  much  broader  down- 
ward expansion  of  the  wing.  The  C.fluitans  of  Dawson'  is  somewhat  smaller, 
more  distinctly  granular,  and  lacks  the  pronounced  dilation  of  the  wing  at 
the  base,  while  the  marginal  expansion  at  the  top  is  j^roportionally  wider. 

ioca/%.— Gilkerson's  Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6150,  6157,  6255,  6262. 

EHABDOCARPOS  Goeppert  and  Berger,  1848. 
De  fructibus  et  Seminibus  ex  Form.  Lithanthr.,  p.  20. 

EHABDOCARPOS  (PACHYTBSTA)  MaNSFIELDI  Lx. 

1879.  Rhahdocarims  Mansfieldi  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  18,  pi.  Ixxxv,  fig.  21. 
1883.  Ehabdocarpus  Mansfieldi  Lesquereux,  13th  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana,  pt.  2,  pl. 

xxii,  flg.  7. 

1889.  Rhabdocarpus  Mansfieldi  Lx.,  Lesley,  Diet.  Foss.  Pennsylvania,  vol.  ii,  p.  8fi8, 
text  flg. 

1880.  Gordaicarpus  Mansfieldi  Lesquereux,  Goal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  539,  pl.  Ixxxv,  fig.  21; 

vol.  iii  (1884),  p.  916. 
1880.  Gordaites  Mansfieldi  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  537  (pars),  i)l.  Ixxxvii,  fig.  8. 

Several  specimens  from  Missouri  agree  well  with  examples  in  the  col- 
lections of  the  United  States  National  Museum  derived  from  the  type 
locality,  Cannelton,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  labeled  with  the  above  name  by 
Professor  Lesquereux.     On  one  slab  three  specimens,  slightly  smaller  than 

'  Steinkohleufl.  V.  Stradonitz,  pl.  vi,  fig.  4. 
^Coal  Flora,  vol.  ill,  p.  813,  pl.  ex,  figs.  14-17. 
3  Cond.  Dep.  of  Coal,  pl.  xii,  fig.  74. 


268  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOLTRL 

the  average,  lie  nearly  in  a  row,  theii*  axes  parallel,  close  by  the  side  of  a 
striated  branching  stem  over  2  cm.  in  diameter.  No  dii-ect  attacluuent  of 
the  fruits  to  the  stem  is  clear,  thoug-h  the  aiTangement  is  sti'ongh"  suggestive 
of  a  former  organic  union. 

Although  Rliahdocarpos  Mamfieldi  is  described  by  Lesquereux  as  the  fruit 
of  Cordaites  Mansfieldi,  it  having  been  found  by  him  on  a  branch  refen-ed  to 
that  species  and  occm-riug  in  the  same  beds,  no  leaves  have  yet  been  found  in 
Missouri  that  can,  I  believe,  safely  be  identified  with  the  Cannelton  Cordaites. 

Bhahdocarpos  Mansfieldi  resembles  in  size  Pachytesta  incrassata  Brongn., 
to  which  it  is  so  obviously  closely  related  that  there  is  little  room  for  doubt 
that  its  structure  is  in  general  the  same  as  that  of  the  latter  species,  so  thor- 
oughl}'  and  beautifully  illustrated  by  Brongniai*t  in  his  Recherches  sur  les 
Graines  Fossiles  Silifiees^  and  by  Renault  in  the  Flora  of  Autun  and 
Epinac."  Om-  American  fruit,  which  is  shorter,  proportionally  wider,  more 
distinctly  obovate,  with  wider  ribs  than  the  species  last  named,  is  much 
smaller  than  the  P.  gigantea  Brongn.  P.  intermedia  of  Grand  'Eury,^  another 
related  species,  is  longer,  much  more  slender,  and  more  pointed  at  the 
exti'emities.  Rliahdocarpos  Schidtziamis,  which  has  also  been  included  in 
Pachytesta  by  Grand  'Eury,*  is  much  smaller  than  R.  Mansfieldi,  oval,  and 
rounded  at  the  ends. 

Localities. — Owen's  coal  mine,  U.  S. Nat.  Mus.,  6178.  The  precise  locality 
of  the  slab  from  the  vicinity  of  Clinton  is  not  known;  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6170. 

Ehabdocarpos  multistriatxjs  (Presl)  Lx. 

1838.  Garpolites  multistriatu^  Presl,  iu  Sternberg :  Yersuch,  vol.  ii,  p.  208,  pi.  xxxix, 

figs.  1,  2. 
1880.  Bhabdocarpiis  multistriatus  (Presl)  Lesquereux,  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  578  (pars). 
1899.  Rhahdocarpus  multistriatus  (Presl)  Lx.,  D.  White,  19th  Aun.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol. 

Surv.,  pt.  3,  p.  53i. 

It  is  with  great  doubt  that  I  refer  several  specimens  to  this  species, 
the  interpretation  of  which  seems  to  have  led  to  much  confusion  both  in  the 
literatm-e  and  in  the  collections  pertaining  to  American  Paleozoic  plants. 
Much  of  this  material,  including  that  now  under  consideration,  would 
appear  to  be  referable  to  the  original  type  of  Trigonocarpum  Schultzianum  of 

'  Paris,  18Sil,  pis.  xlx,  xs.     See  also  pis.  xvii,  xviii,  xxi. 

-Bassin  honiller  et  permien  d'Autun  et  d'fipinac,  fasc.  iv;  Flore fossile,  2me  partie,  Atlas,  Paris, 
1893,  pi.  Ixxx. 

^G^ol.  et  pal.  bassin  houill.  Gard,  1890,  p.  308,  pl.  viii,  fig.  3.  *F\.  carb.  Loire,  p.  203. 


GYMNOSPE  liMS— CORD  AITALES— EH  ABDOCARPOS.  269 

Goeppert  and  Berger^  more  properly  than  to  CarpolUes  multistriatus  Presl.' 
The  former  type,  setting  aside  the  question  of  the  essential  Trigonocarpal 
character,  appears  to  be  longer,  more  distinctly  elliptical,  pointed,  with  the 
ribs  much  more  numerous  and  finer.  The  latter  is  oval,  with  -wider,  broadly 
convex  ribs,  apparently  about  fifteen  or  eighteen  in  number.  Some  of  the 
specimens  referred  to  the  former  are  undoubtedly  close  to  RJiabdocmyos 
apiculatus  and  B.  carinatns  of  Newberry,  as  Kidstou^  has  pointed  out. 
Others,  chiefly  from  the  Potts\nlle  series,  have  nutlets  resembling  the  last- 
named  form,  but  the  envelopes  appear  to  have  been  long,  extending  some 
distance  above  the  apex  of  the  nut,  with  broad  truncate-rounded  apex  and 
striated,  not  ribbed,  surface.  On  the  other  hand,  a  portion  of  the  material 
labeled  as  well  as  that  figured*  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Trir/onocarpus 
SchuUzianus,  appears  to  me  to  stand  closer  to  some  of  the  forms  illustrated 
by  Fiedler^  than  to  the  original  example  described  by  Goeppert  and  Berger, 
or  the  specimens  figured  by  Zeiller."  It  is  more  than  possible  that  the  incom- 
patibilities in  the  identification  of  these  two  species  in  our  native  collections 
are  very  largely  due  to  the  varied  conceptions  of  those  species  portrayed  by 
the  European  authors.  The  examination,  as  I  have  suggested  above,  of  the 
collections  to  which  I  have  had  access,  seems  to  show^  that  most  of  our  speci- 
mens determined  as  Bhahdocarpos  multistriatus  are  really  much  nearer  the 
Trigonocarpum  Schultzianum,  although  in  the  flattened  specimens  the  main  tri- 
costate  feature  is  often  obliterated.  On  the  other  hand,  some  of  the  examples 
labeled  as  Trigonocarpum  Schultzianum  often  lack  all  traces  of  the  tricostate 
character  and  are  probably  nearer  the  RJiabdocmyos  midtistriatus,  while  still 
others  approach  the  Bhahdocarpos  Jacksonensis  of  Lesquereux.'^  The  material 
from  Missouri,  although  lacking  a  distinct  Trigonocarpoid  aspect,  belongs 
among  the  large  number  of  specimens  which,  as  it  seems  to  me,  would 
better  be  placed  under  Trigonocarpum  Schultzianum.  However,  for  the  pres- 
ent I  follow  the  identification  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  leaving  the  final 
reference  of  this  fruit  to  a  revision  of  this  entire  group  of  species. 
Locality. — Owen's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6202. 

'  ijerger,  De  fruct.  et  semiu.  ex  form,  litbanthr.,  1848,  p.  20,  pi.  ii,  figs.  22,  23. 

-In  Sternberg:  Versuch,  vol.  ii,  appendix,  1838,  p.  208,  pi.  xxxix,  fig.  12. 

'Cat.  Pal.  PI.  Brit.  Mus.,  1886,  p.  213. 

<  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  819,  pl.  ex,  figs.  63-65. 

6Die  foss.  Fruchte  d.  Steink.-Form.,  1857,  p.  283,  pl.  xxiv,  figs.  18-20;  pl.  xxvi,  figs.  25-26. 

^Fl.  foss.  bassin  houill.  Valenciennes,  p.  651,  plate  xciv,  figs.  15-16. 

'Kept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  ii,  1860,  p.  461,  pl.  xlvi,  fig.  4. 


270  FLOKA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

TITANOPHYLLUM  Renault,  1890. 
Fl.  foss.  bassiu  houill.  Commentry,  pt.  2,  p.  622. 

Among  the  material  sent  by  Dr.  Britts  from  North  and  Wood's  coal 
shaft,  one-half  mile  east  of  North's  Station,  on  the  Kansas  City,  Clinton  and 
Springfield  Railroad,  there  was  found  what  appears  to  be  the  base  of  a  very 
large  and  very  thick  leaf,  like  Cordaites  in  several  respects.  In  a  memo- 
randum accompanying  it  was  the  statement  that  some  of  the  leaves  of  this 
plant  were  over  1  foot  wide  and  4  to  6  feet  in  length.  This  specimen, 
though  imperfectly  preserved,  seemed  so  strongly  to  resemble  the  large  leaf 
bases  figured  by  Renault^  that  further  inquiries  were  made  as  to  the  occur- 
rence and  form  of  these  specimens.  In  reply  Dr.  Britts  writes:  "They  are 
certainly  immense  leaves,  and  were  attached  without  foot-stalks  to  large 
stems  or  trees,  like  a  corn  blade.  *  *  *  I  found  several  bases  of  these 
leaves,  but  no  points.  *  *  *  The  bases  were  somewhat  contracted 
laterally  and  thickened  where  they  appear  to  have  been  attached  to  round 
stems,  some  of  them  at  least  6  inches  or  more  in  diameter." 

The  evidence  so  kindly  furnished  by  Dr.  Britts,  as  well  as  that  afforded 
by  the  fragment  in  hand,  leads  me  to  regard  it  as  probable  that  we  have  here 
to  do  with  an  American  representative  of  that  interesting  genus  of  Gymno- 
sperms,  Titanophyllum,  hitherto  known  only  in  the  Commentrj^  Basin.  The 
generic  description  given  b)^  Renault^  is  as  follows: 

Leaves  of  great  size,  measuring  70  to  7.5  cm.  long  by  20  to  25  cm.  wide,  with  smooth, 
shining  upper  surface,  traversed  by  longitudinal,  hypodermal,  parallel,  nonbifurcating 
bauds,  inserted  by  a  much  enlarged  elliptical  base;  outline  rectangular,  gradually 
tapering  toward  the  upper  end,  which  is  often  fissured,  the  opposite  extremity  being 
sometimes  concave  or  cordate.  The  bands  and  the  nerves,  which  are  parallel  for 
nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  leaf,  are  curved  in  to  terminate  in  the  surface  of  inser- 
tion; a  cuticle  very  thick  and  smooth  covers  the  epidermis. 

From  a  study  of  the  internal  structure  of  the  Commentry  species, 
Titanopliyllmn  Grand  ^JEuryi,  Renault  was  enabled  to  demonstrate  a  Cycadean 
organization  analogous  to  that  of  the  Colpoxylon  Brongn.  described  from 
silicfied  material  obtained  at  Autun. 

'  Fl.  foss.  bassin  houill.  Commentry,  pt.  ii,  p.  622,  pi.  Ixix. 
^Loc.  cit.,  p.  622. 


GYMNOSPERMS— (JOEDAITALES— TITANOPHYLLUM.  27 1 

?TlTANOPHYLLUM    BRITISH   n.  Sp. 

The  specimen  in  hand,  from  what  seems  to  be  the  thick  base  of  the 
leaf,  though  flattened,  seems  to  represent  a  system  of  bands  similar  to  that 
illustrated  by  Renault.'  They  are  somewhat  finer  than  those  in  the  French 
type.  The  surface  is  distinctly  and  zonally  striated.  The  incurving  of  the 
bands  and  nerves  accompanying  the  contraction  of  the  base  of  the  leaf  is 
very  clearly  seen.  As  flattened,  the  fragment  seems  to  have  a  thickness  of 
about  2  mm.  While  our  flattened  specimens  are,  possibly  as  the  result 
of  pressure,  thinner  at  the  base  than  are  the  French  specimens,  they  appear 
to  be  somewhat  larger. 

The  generic  identity  of  the  American  material  with  the  French  seems 
probable  from  the  description  communicated  by  Dr.  Britts,  though  it  can 
not  be  absolutely  assured  until  more  and  better  material  shall  have  been 
examined.  The  slightly  narrower  bands  in  leaves  apparently  less  thick  and 
much  larger,  the  leaves  measuring  6  to  12  inches  in  width  and  4  to  6  feet  in 
length,  distinguish  our  plant,  supposing  it  to  belong  to  Titanophyllum,  from 
the  Titanopliyllmn  Grand  'Euryi,  though  in  view  of  the  resemblance  of  the 
impression  to  certain  compressed  stems  or  large  branches,  the  formal  diag- 
nosis of  our  species  should  not  be  given  until  more  satisfactory  material, 
susceptible  of  good  illustration,  is  at  hand.  The  specimens  from  Missouri 
are  entirely  carbonized  and  strongly  compressed. 

Localities. — North  and  Wood  coal  shaft,  one-half  mile  east  of  North's 
Station  on  the  Kansas  City,  Clinton  and  Springfield  Railroad,  the  vein 
worked  being  an  extension  of  Jordan's  coal,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6168.  A 
smaller  fragment,  possibly  of  the  same  nature,  comes  from  Gilkerson's 
Ford,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6169. 

CONIFER.^. 

TAXACE^gEP 

DICEANOPHYLLUM  Grand  'Eury,  1873. 

Comptes  Eendus  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  Ixx,  p.  1021. 

The  genus  Dicranophylhmi,  as  founded  by  Grand  'Eury,  contains  certain 
arborescent  conifers  with  spirally  arranged,  long,  nan'ow,  dichotomous,  coria- 
ceous, rigid,  acute,  parallel-veined  leaves  with  decurrent  contiguous  cushion- 

'  Loc.  cit.,  pi.  Ixix,  fig.  4  or  fig.  13. 


272  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

like  enlarged  subrhomboidal,  slightly  oblique  flesh}'  leaf  bases.  The  aspect 
of  the  branches  is  somewhat  like  Trkliopitys.  The  male  element  is  gener- 
ated in  small  cones  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  while  the  female  organs  are, 
according  to  Renault,^  ovules  or  seeds  arranged  in  considerable  numbers 
along  the  very  oblique  linear  basal  poition  of  the  leaf.  The  leaves  bearing 
the  seeds  fork  but  once.  Generally  the  leaves,  wdiich  vary  greatly  in  length, 
adhere  to  the  branches  until  the  latter  are  quite  large.  The  leaf  bases  ai'e 
suggestive  of  Lejndodendron,  but  lack  the  lateral  traces  in  the  leaf  scar  and 
the  appendages,  though  they  are  carinate.  The  scars  are  described-  as  a 
little  above  the  middle  of  the  cushions,  oval,  and  marked  in  the  center  by 
a  small  depression  coiTesponding  to  the  single  vascular  bundle. 

Dicranophyllmn  should,  perhaps,  together  with  TricJiojntys,  Ginkgojihyllum, 
Saportcea,  and  Wliittleseya  be  associated  with  the  Salisburiece  in  the  Gink- 
goales,  to  which,  among  living  plants,  it  appears  to  be  most  closely  related. 

DlCRANOPHYLLlIJI?   sp, 

PI.  LXXIII,  Fig.  1;  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  10. 

Among  the  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Britts  from  Hobbs's  coal  mine 
is  a  fragment  of  shale,  on  one  side  of  which  is  a  forked  branch,  each  of  the 
slightly  unequal  divisions  being  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  between  10 
and  14  cm.  long,  very  thick  in  proportion  to  the  length,  and  clothed  rather 
densely  with  narrow  dichotomous  leaves.  The  back  side  of  the  thin  frag- 
ment of  shale  contains  a  robust  twig  of  the  same  character,  about  16  cm 
long  and,  like  the  others,  thickly  clothed  with  leaves.  This  twig  lies  in 
the  same  direction  as  that  on  the  other  side,  and  at  the  edge  of  the  shale 
where  the  branches  on  both  sides  pass  downward  off  the  rock  fragment  the 
broken  ends  are  inclined  toward  each  other  and  are  less  than  5  mm.  distant. 
It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  both  belong  to  a  common  parent  branch. 
Unfortunately  this  example  is  not  adapted  to  photograph}-,  while  the 
macerated  aspect  of  the  wliole  specimen  and  the  commingled  ramose 
leaves,  passing  on  all  sides  into  the  matrix,  render  its  delineation  without 
idealization  most  difficult.  The  leaves  are  very  oblique  and  appear  to 
overlap  at  the  decuiTent  bases.  They  are  generally,  as  seen  in  the  detail, 
PI.  XLI,  Fig.  10,  slightly  rigid,  though  often  forked  but  a  short  distance 

'Fl.  foss.  bassin  houill.  Commentry,  pt.  2.  p.  62S. 

*  Renault,  Fl.  foss.  bassin  houill.  et  perm.  d'Autuu  et  d'fipinac,  pt.  2, 1896,  p.  373. 


CONIFEE.E— DICRANOPHYLLUM.  273 

from  the  base.  The  dichotomies  are  repeated  three  or  four  times  at  a 
rather  narrow  angle,  and  the  ultimate  divisions  are  often  strongly  outward 
curved.  As  remarked  above,  the  branches  appear  to  have  been,  macerated ; 
so  that  while  it  is  obvious  that  the  axis  was  robust  and  of  considerable 
substance,  no  satisfactory  evidence  as  to  the  leaf  bases  is  at  hand,  while 
the  leaves  themselves  are  so  destitute  of  any  considerable  residue  of  carbon- 
aceous matter  and  so  lax,  particularly  toward  the  apex,  as  to  sug-gest  that 
the  fossil  should  be  rather  associated  nearer  the  Algje.  Usually  there  is 
left  not  even  any  other  trace  of  the  vascular  axis  of  the  leaves  than  a 
rugose  furrow  or  canal.  Often  this,  too,  is  lacking.  Numerous  spore-like 
bodies  of  various  dimensions,  some  of  which  equal  large  macrospores  in  size, 
are  mingled  with  the  leaves  and  seem  to  have  been  lodg-ed  there.  In  the 
form  'and  aspect  of  the  branches,  the  general  attitude  of  the  decurrent 
leaves  and  the  bifurcation  and  apparent  basal  rigidity  of  the  latter — in  fact, 
in  their  habit  and  such  superficial  characters  as  are  visible,  these  plant  frag- 
ments seem  to  represent  badly  macerated  twigs  of  Dicranophyllum.  It  is 
possible  that  specimens  better  preserved  will  show  characters  of  the  axes, 
leaf  bases,  or  even  the  leaves,  that  will  make  it  necessary  to  refer  them  to 
some  other  genus  or  even  to  a  different  class,  such  as  the  Thallophyta. 

The  specimen  in  hand  is  not  the  first  representative  of  this  genus  to  be 
reported  from  this  country,  D.  dichotomum  and  B.  dmorphmn  having  been 
described  by  Professor.  Lesquereux  from  Cannelton,  Pennsylvania.^ 

Of  the  few  species  of  Dicranophyllum  yet  described,  D.  gallicum  Grr.  'Ey. 
and  D.  tripartitum  Gr.  'Ey.  are  nearest  to  the  form  in  hand.  Our  specimens 
should  be  compared  with  the  illustrations  of  the  former  species  given  by 
Grand  'Eury,"  Wenceslau  de  Linaa,^  and  Renault,*  or  of  the  latter  species 
given  by  its  author.^ 

The  resemblance  to  several  of  the  figures  given  by  de  Lima*^  and 
Renault^  is  certainly  very  interesting  and  appears  to  indicate  a  closely 
related  species  in  the  flora  of  Missouri.  The  leaves  of  the  American  plant 
fork  more  frequently  and  nearer  the  base,  are  less  rigid,  while  the  lower 

'  Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  p.  553,  pi.  Ixxxvii  (bound  in  text),  figs.  9,  9a,  p.  554;  pi.  Ixxxii,  figs.  1-3. 
=  F1.  Carb.  Loire,  1877,  p.  275,  pi.  xiv,  figs.  8-10. 
^Moiiogr.  (1.  geu.  Dicrauophyllum,  1888,  p.  13,  pi.  i,  figs.  2,3;  pi.  iii. 
■•Fl.  foss.  bassiu  houill.  Corameutry,  pt.  2,  pp.  6,  26,  jils.  Ixx,  Ixxl. 
■^Grand  'Eury:  Gcol.  etpal.  bassin  houill.  Gard.,  p.  335,  pi.  vi,  figs.  12,  13. 
^Op.  clt.,  pi.  iii.  "Op.  eit.,  pi.  Ixx,  fig.  7;  pi.  Ixxi,  tig.  5. 

MON   XXXVII 18 


274  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

portions  of  the-  leaf  are  wider.  While  the  fragments  from  Missouri  appear 
to  represent  a  species  different  from  any  3^et  described,  a  specific  designation 
or  description  of  them  is  postponed  pending  the  discoA-ery  of  additional 
better-preserved  material. 

Locality — Hobbs's  coal  mine,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Xo.  6076. 

PAL^OXYRIS  PSroufjiiiart,  1828. 

1828.  Palmoxyris  Brougniart,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xv,  p.  456;  Prodrome,  p.  137. 

1840.  Carpolithes  Moixi.s,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  London,  (2)  vol.  v,  p.  489  (])ars). 

1852.  PaUeobromelia  Ettiugsbauseu,  Abli   d.  k.-U.  geol.  Reiebsaust.,  vol.  i,  no.  3,  p.  1. 

1860.  Sporlederia  Stiehler,  Bronieliaceeu  d.  Vorwelt,  p.  5. 

1872.  Spiranyixim  Schim])er,  Traite,  vol.  ii,  p.  514. 

Palmoxyris  appendiculata  Lx. 

1870.  Palwoxyris  appendiculata  Lesquereux,  Eept.  Geol.  Surv.  Illinois,  vol.  iv,  p.  465, 
pi.  xxvii,  fig.  11. 

1888.  Palwoxyris  appendiculata  Lx.,  Renault  and  Zeiller,  Fl.  loss,  bassin  bouill.  (Jom- 

mentry,  pt.  1,  p.  18,  pi.  xlii,  figs.  6,  6a,  Qh. 
1879.  Spirangium  appendiculatum  Lesijnereux,  Coal  Flora,  Atlas,  p.  16,  pi.  Ixxv,  tig.  12; 
text,  vol.  ii  (1880),  p.  520. 

1889.  Spirangium  appendiculatum  Lx.,  Saporta,  Paleont.  fraur.,  Veg.  Jurass.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  40,  pi.  ccxxxi,  tig.  3;  pi.  ccxxx,  tig.  3. 

Of  this,  the  most  common  American  species  of  PaJ(Fo.ti/ris,  I  have  seen 
but  a  sino-le  fragment  from  Missouri.  This  specimen  shows  the  narrow, 
sharp-keeled,  equivalvate  form  characteristic  of  the  species.  The  valves, 
which  are  probably  eight  in  number,  cross  the  flattened  capsule  at  a  A-ery 
wide  angle  to  the  axis. 

Mr.  Kidstou,  in  his  revie^A'  of  the  British  species  of  the  genus,  unites 
this  species  with  the  Old  World  Palceoxijris  carhonaria  Schimp.  The  two 
forms  are  undoubtedh^  very  closely  related,  but  from  an  examination  of 
material  representing  the  latter  species  from  the  vicinity  of  Dudley,  Eng- 
land, I  am  convinced  that  the  American  type  is  distinguished  by  the 
narrower  valves,  and  consequently  smaller  areolation  in  the  compressed 
specimens;  and  while  in  P.  apprndicidata  the  whole  organ  is,  in  general, 
smaller,  the  dilated  portion  is  ^jroportionately  larger.  No  otiier  ecjuivalvate 
American  species  has  yet  been  described  which  is  liable  to  be  mistaken  for 
the  one  in  hand. 


ANIMALIA?— PAL^OXYRIS.  275 

Palceoxyris  is  now  regarded  by  many  paleobotanists  as  representing 
the  eo-g  capsules  of  certain  Paleozoic  Selachians.  The  writer  has  at  present 
under  examination  a  series  of  specimens,  including  several  new  species, 
that  will,  it  is  hoped,  throw  some  additional  light  on  the  nature  and 
organization  of  these  very  interesting  remains. 

The  name  Spirangiuni,  proposed  by  Schimper  on  the  ground  of 
propriety,  should  be  abandoned.  While  it  has  long  been  known  that  these 
fossil  remains  have  no  relation  to  ths  living  Xyris,  the  generic  appellation 
Palwoxyris  is  clearly  understood  to  have  been  applied  exclusively  to  this 
type.  It  therefore  has  priority,  and  in  its  proper  function  as  a  generic 
designation,  not  as  a  description,  it  should  prevail. 

Locality. — Gilkerson's  Ford,  Grand  River,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6203. 


DISCUSSION  OF  THE  FLORA. 


SPECIES  REPORTED  FROM  THE  IjOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI, 
BUT  NOT  INCLUDED  IN  THE  FOREGOING  ARRANGEMENT. 

As  was  remarked  in  the  introduction  to  this  report,  the  descriptions  and 
discussions  given  herein  relate  only  to  species  of  which  I  have  been  able 
to  examine  specimens  from  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri.  Fortu- 
nately, nearly  all  the  Paleozoic  plant  material  from  Missouri  ever  published 
bv  Professor  Lesquereux  was  collected  by  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  of  Clinton, 
Missouri,  to  whose  enthusiastic  and  continued  researches  paleobotany  owes 
a  great  debt,  and  this  material  is  now  either  in  the  private  collection  of 
the  latter  or  in  the  national  collections.  The  latter  include  not  only  the 
extensive  consignments  forwarded  fi-om  time  to  time  by  Dr.  Britts  to  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey  and  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
but  also  the  private  collection  of  Professor  Lescjuereux,  which  passed  into 
the  great  collection  of  ^h:  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston,  Penn.s,vlvania,  through 
whose  generous  patriotism  and  disinterested  love  of  science  they  were 
transmitted  as  a  part  of  the  Lacoe  collection  to  tlie  L^nited  States  National 
Museum. 

Two  lists  of  the  fossil  plants  from  the  Coal  Measures  of  Missoiiri  have 

been  published.     The  first  of  these,  by  Professor  Lesquereux,  which  appears 

in  the  summaries  at  the  end  of  the  Coal  Flora'  comprised  an  enumeration 

of  the  species  described  or  identified  from  Henry  and  Vernon  counties  up 

to  the  date  (1884)  of  the  termination  of  the  manuscript  for  the  third  volume. 

I   repeat  in -the  following  list  the   enimieration  there  given,  the  species 

discussed  or    quoted  as  synonyms,    etc.,   in   the    preceding   pages    being 

marked  with  an  asterisk  (*): 

* Alethopteris  ambigua  *A.  Serlii 

*A.  lonchitica'^  *Annularia  longifoUa^ 

'  Second  Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania,  Report  of  Progress  P,  vol.  iii,  1884,  pp.  879, 880. 
^Speciiiieus  referred  to  A.  Serlii  Brongn. 
M.  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood. 
276 


DISCUSSION  or  THE  FLORA. 


277 


*A.  longifoUa  var.  anguxtifoKn 
*A.  splienophyUoides 

*  Asteivphyl  I  ites  fasciculatus 
*A.  rij/idus' 

* Galamites  Suckowii 
*C  Cistii 

*  CalUpteridium  membranaceum 
C.  Oicenii 

*G.  Snliivantii 

* Cordaites  communis 

*C,  ditersifolius 

*  Gordaiunthus  dichotoin  us 
*G.  genimifer- 
*Dictyopteris  ohliqua  '■' 

* Eremopteris  Missouriensis 

*  Lepidodendron  Br  iff  si  i 
*L.  cyclostignia'' 

*L.  lanceolatum 

*L.  marginatum-' 

*L.  scutatum 
L.  Sternbergii 

*Lepidophloios  dilatatus'^ 

*L.  sigillarimdes' 
Lepodophyllum  minus 
Lepidostrobus  Goldenbergii " 

*Lepidoxylon  anomalum 


* Megaphytum  Goldenbergii 
* Neuopteris  angustifolia  ^ 

N.  cordatu 
*N.  dilatata 

N.  flejcuosa 
*N.  hirsuta^" 

N.  Losvliii 
*N.  Missouriensis 
*N.  rarinerins 

Odon topteris  suhcrenulata 

0.  helerophylla 
*0.  splienopteroides^^ 
* I'eaipteris  arburescens 
*P.  Glintoni 
*P.  cristata^'^ 
*P.  dentata 
*P.  erosa 
*P.  pennceformis  " 
*P.  vestita 

* Pinnuluria  capillacea  " 
* Pseudopecopteris  acuta  "" 
*P.  irregularis '" 

P.  macilenta 
* Pseudopecopteris  nummularia '" 
*P.  ohtusiloba 

P.  Sillimanni 


'Specimens  referred  to  A.  luiigifoUiis  (Stb.)  Brongn. 

^The  spociraeiis  figured  fnim  ilissonri  under  tbis  na:iie  were  used  as  types  of  C.  ovafits  Lx.  and 
C.  dicholoinKS  I,x. 

'The  specimens  from  Cliutou  tlius  recorded  represeut  the  Linoplerh  yilkersonensis. 

••Type  of  the  genus  Omphalophloios. 

■'^Specimens  from  Missouri  referred  to  L.  lanceolatum  Lx. 

^Missouri  specimens  changed  to  L.  Van  Ingeni  n.  sp. 

'Transferred  to  SiijiUariu. 

** Probably  the  species  treated  as  L.  jyriiwepx  in  this  report. 

^  Nturopteris  Sclieuchzeri  var.  angustifolia  (Brongn.)  Lx. 

'"  Nfuroptiris  Scheuchzeri  Hott'm. 

"  Mariopieris  sphenopteroides  (Lx.)  Zeill. 

'-  Aloiopteris  ll'inslurii  u.  sp.,  from  the  Missouri  specimens. 

''A  species  concerning  which  there  is  much  uncertainty  iu  the  American  materiaL  All  the 
specimens  from  the  region  of  Missouri  found  by  the  writer  under  this  name  represent  the  Fecopteris 
dentata  of  Brongniart. 

'*  Badicites  capillacea  (L.  and  H.)  Pot. 

'•'' Specimens  from  Missouri  identified  with  this  species  are  referable  ti^  Mariopteria  sphenoptcruidcs 
(Lx.)  Zeill. 

'•■  The  Missouri  form  is  indistinguishable  from  that  described  as  Pseudopecaptcrin  ohtuHilnha 
(Stb.)  Lx. 

"  Tha  secondary  types  of  Splienopteris  mixta  Schimp.  were  labeled  by  Lesquereux  with  tliis  name. 
I  have  been  unable  to  discover  the  speci<-s  of  Gutbier  iu  any  of  the  collections. 


278  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

* Rhacophyllnm  adnascens^  * S.  filiculme' 

*R.  arbor eacens'^  *S.  lom/ifolium" 

*R.fiUc[forme''  *S.  ohlomjifolium^ 

R.  Jimhriatum  *S.  ScMofheimii^" 

*R.  liamiihisKm  *Sorocla(Jes  ophioglossokJes^^ 

*R.  hirsutum  * Sphenoi)teri>i  Brittsii 

*R.  hictuca'  *S.  fhivrophyllouJes 

*R.  memhranaceum  *S.  Biibuis.ionis" 

*R.  spinostim  *S.furcata" 

*SigiHarii(  Jissa^  *S.  GrarenhorsUi 

S.  Meiiardi  *S.  mixta 

S.  reniformis  *S.  spinosa" 

S.  sculpta  S.  spleiideus^^ 

S.  S2)iuiiIosa  S.  tridactyUtes^* 
*  Sphenophyllum  erosum '' 

Certain  of  the  above  species  may  with  a  high  degree  of  probability  be 
refeiTed  to  other  forms  described  in  the  preceding  pages,  though  the  names 
have  generally  been  omitted  from  the  discussion  for  the  reason  that  I  have 
not  seen  the  specimens  on  v/hich  the  deteiininations  were  based.  Sl^cll  are 
(1)  the  Lepidodendron  Sternhergii,  which,  as  seen  in  the  collections  identified 
by  Professor  Lesquereux,  was  sometimes  interpreted  so  broadly  as  to  include 
branches  hardly  distinguishable  from  L.  kmceolatuni,  to  which  I  am  inclined 
to  believe  the  fragments  from  Missouri  may  have  belonged;  (2)  the  Lepi- 
dostrohus  Goldenhergii,  which  is  no  doubt  the  cone  correlated  in  the  fore- 
going pages  with  Lepidostrohus  prhiceps  Lx. ;  (3)  Xeiiropteris  cordata,  which 
is  here,  as  in  most  other  cases  in  our  American  literature,  used  for  certain 

'Mentioned  in  connection  Tivith  Pecojtteris  dentata  Brongn. 

-Material  from  Jlissouri  referred  to  .Iplihbia  ci'.  fiJicifonnis  and  A.  crispa. 

'The  earlier  generic  name  Jpklehia  Presl  has  priority,  and  is  employed  for  this  and  other 
siiecies  included  by  Lesciuereux  and  Schimper  in  RhacophijUiim. 

^Cf.  A.  (iermari  Zeill. 

^ The  specimens  determined  as  Sbjillaria  fiaaa  belong  to  S.  siijillarioides  (Lepidophloioa  sigiUari- 
oidca  Ls. ). 

''■S.  ciiinifoliiiiii  (Stb.)  Zeill. 

"The  exiimples  found  under  labels  bearing  '•  S.  filieulme  Lx."  are  referable  to  .S'.  emargiiialum 
Brongn.,  or  S.  ciineifolium  (Stb.)  Zeill. 

"The  specimens  from  Missouri  appear  to  represent  the  S.  majus  of  Bronn. 

■'The  specimens  labeled  "  S.  oWoiujifoUiim  Germ."  are  included  in  a  new  siiecies,  S.Leacurianum. 

'"The  Missouri  specimens  and  most  other  American  material  recorded  as  this  species  belong  to 
SphenophjiUum  emarginatum  Brongn. 

"  Splienopterin  opliioglossoides  (Lx.). 

'-The  plant  listed  under  this  name  is  hereinbefore  described  as  .S.  Fan  Ingenii  n.  sp. 

''All  specimens  in  the  collections  from  Missouri  found  labeled  witb  this  name  are  here  referred 
to  Eremopieris  miaxoiirieiisis  Lx. 

'^The  exauiinatiou  of  the  ligured  specimens  froiu  .Missouri  shows  them  to  belong  to  the  species 
earlier  described  by  Lesquereux  as  Splietwpteris piuiiatifda. 


ADDITIONAL  SPECIES  REPORTED  FROM  MISSOURI.  279 

more  lanceolate  i)inniiles  of  iV.  Scheuchzeri  Hoffm.;  (4)  Odontoi)teris  hetero- 
phjlla,  which  represents  probably  but  heteromorjjhous  pinnules  of"  the  same 
type  of  Neuropteris,  and  (5)  Bhacophyllum  fimlriatum^-  a  wholly  obscure  and 
equivocal  species.  Nowhere  in  the  writings  of  Professor  Lesquereux  have  I 
found  any  other  mention  than  that  cited  above  of  a  LepidophyUum  [or 
Lepidosfivbus'}  minus.  In  Hambach's  list,  referred  to  below,  it  is  credited  to 
Lesquereux.  It  is  not  likely  t<i  be  Schenk's  L.  minus,^  for  I  can  find  no 
evidence  that  the  publication  of  the  latter  was  known  to  Professor  Lesquereux 
at  the  time  of  the  completion  of  the  Coal  Flora.  The  SUjiUaria  reniformis  of 
the  list  is  of  too  little  value  or  importance  as  a  species  to  merit  au}^  further 
consideration. 

If  we  accordingly  exclude  the  somewhat  doubtful  records  just  passed 
in  review  we  shall  have  left,  unaccounted  for,  species  as  follows: 

CalUpteridium  Owenii  Lx.  Ps.  Sillinuoini  (Brougn.)  Lx. 

Neuropteris  Jlexuosa  Stb.  Sigillaria  Menardii  Broiign. 

N.  Loschii  Brongn.  8.  sculpta  Lx. 

Odontnpteris  suhcrenulcda  Lx.  S.  apimdosH  Germ. 
Pseudnpecopleris  macUenta  (L.  and  H.)  Lx. 

It  is  appropriate  in  this  place  to  consider  bi-iefly  a  few  points  relating 
to  both  the  affinities  and  the  geologic  occurrence  of  these  species. 

Callipteridium  Owenii  is  a  species  in  general  characteristic  of  the  upper 
part,  or  Sewanee  group,  of  the  Pottsville  series;  and  I  have  not  yet  seen  it 
from  the  Lower  Coal  Measures. 

As  generally  differentiated  in  our  American  collections,  Neuropteris 
flexuosa  and  N.  Loscitii  extend  throughout  the  Coal  Measures,  but  the  plant 
most  commonly  found  under  the  latter  name  is  indistinguishable  from  Hoff- 
mann's N.  ovata,  and  should  be  so  designated.  Pseudopecopteris  macilenta,  as 
at  present  exemplified  in  our  collections,  includes  two  very  distinct  types, 
one  of  which,  from  the  higher  coals,  is  similar  to  the  species  of  Lindley 
and  Hutton,  while  the  other,  from  the  upper  beds  of  the  Pottsville  sei-ies, 
passes  by  transition  into  the  form  described  as  Pseudopecopteris  decipiens  Lx. 
It  is  uncertain  which  of  these  two  types  is  meant  in  the  above  list.  Odon- 
topteris  suhcrenidata  and  Pseudopecopteris  Sittimanni  are  both  rare  species, 
and  are  closely  identified  with  the  Mammoth  vein  in  the  Southern  Anthra- 
cite field.     Sigillaria  Menardi,  S.  sculpta,  and  *S'.  spinulosa,  the  remainino- 

'In  Kichthofen's  "China:"  vol.  iv,  1883,  p.  219,  pi.  xlii,  fig.  13. 


280  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSODEI. 

species,  are,  in  g-eneral,  to  be  found  only  in  the  higher  coals  of  the  anthra- 
cite series.  Thus,  from  a  cursory  glance  at  the  stratigraphic  range  of  the 
species  g'iven  on  the  high  authority  of  Professor  Lesquereux  in  the  above 
list,  it  appears  that  most  of  the  plants  of  limited  range  are  more  or  less 
distinctly  peculiar  to  the  coals  below  the  Freeport  in  the  bituminous  fields 
of  Pennsylvania  or  the  Mammoth  vein  in  the  region  of  the  Southern  Anthra- 
cite field  in  the  same  State. 

The  second  list  of  the  fossil  plants  of  the  Carboniferous  of  Missouri  is 
that  embodied  in  Mr.  G.  Hambach's  Preliminary  Catalogue  of  the  Fossils 
Occurring  in  Missouri.  ^  In  this  enumeration  we  find,  besides  the  species 
listed  by  Lesquereux,  a  number  of  others,  as  follows : 

Kenropterin  tenuifolia  Brongu., 

Sphenopteris  cristata  Stb., 

Lepidophylhim  majus  Brongii.,  and 

Taonurus  Colletti  Lx.  from  Henry  County. 

Neuropteris  fimhriata  Lx.  and 

Desmiopyhllnm  gracile  Lx.  from  Jasper  County. 

Lepidodendron  aculeatum  Stb.  from  Vernon  County. 

Trigonocarpus  Dawesii  L.  and  H.  and 

T.  olivwformis  L.  and  H.  from  Cedar  County. 

Since  there  is  no  statement  to  the  contrary,  we  may  infer  that  these 
additional  species  are  recorded  on  the  basis  of  identifications  made  by  Dr. 
Hambach. 

If  we  consider  these  species  from  the  standpoint  of  their  affinities  and 
stratigraphic  occun-ence,  we  may  note  that  Neuropteris  teindfolia  as  a  name 
is  somewhat  ambiguous  in  this  country,  some  of  the  material,  even  con- 
tiguous fragments,  included  thereunder  being-  identical  with  other  material 
known  as  N.  Loschii.  The  species,  in  any  case,  is  unknown  to  me  from 
below  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  though  it  ascends  probably  as  hig'h  as  the 
Lower  Barren  series  (XIV)  of  the  Pennsylvanian  sections.  Neuropteris 
fimhriata  Lx.  is  not  found  until  we  reach  some  distance  above  the  base  of 
the  Coal  Measures,  and  it  passes  up  into  the  higher  coals  of  the  Northern 
Anthracite  field.  BesmioplnjUum  gracile  is  verj"  close  to  Tmiiophyllum  laii- 
folium.  Lepidodendron  aculeatum  Stb.  should  have  a  wide  range  in  the 
upper  part  of   the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  while   Tricionocarpiis  Dawesii,  if 

1  Bull.  Geol.  Surv.  Missouri,  No.  1,  1890.     See  pp.  83-85. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FLORA.  281 

correctly  identified,  may  possibly  have  been  derived  from  a  terrane  of  upper 
Pottsville  age.  In  any  case,  it  can  avail  little  to  attempt  to  utilize  for  cor- 
relation the  species  listed  by  Hambach,  since  not  only  are  we  left  in  igno- 
rance, except  as  we  may  gain  some  idea  froru  a  general  geologic  map,  as 
to  which  of  the  three  divisions  of  the  Coal  Measures  any  of  the  specimens 
outside  of  Henry  County  came  from,  but  we  are  also  furnished  no  other 
geographic  localization  than  the  bare  name  of  the  county  in  which  the 
various  species  are  said  to  have  been  found. 

For  the  reasons  given  above,  little  if  any  weight  will  be  attached  to  or 
use  made  of  the  few  additional  species  said  to  have  lieen  found  in  the  Coal 
Measures  of  Missouri,  but  which  have  not  been  seen  in  any  of  the  collections 
to  which  I  have  had  access. 

EVIDENCE   OF    THE    FOSSIL   PLANTS   AS  TO  AGE   AND   EQUIVALENCE 

OF   THE   TERRANES. 

Preliminary  to  an  attempt  to  ascertain  the  stratigraphic  significance  of 
the  floras  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri,  it  will  be  necessary  first 
to  take  into  consideration  the  general  character  or  facies  of  the  combined 
flora;  to  review  the  vertical  distribution  of  the  species  and  diff'erentiate 
those  possessing,  so  far  as  is  known,  special  correlative  value,  and  to  con- 
sider some  of  the  relationships,  and  the  consequent  implied  chronologic 
data,  of  some  of  the  forms  made  known  in  this  report.  This  accomplished, 
we  may  proceed  to  the  comparison,  with  special  reference  to  the  contempo- 
raneities indicated  by  the  vegetable  remains,  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measui'es 
of  Missouri  (1)  with  sections  of  the  Carboniferous  in  other  portions  of  the 
eastern  United  States  and  (2)  with  several  of  the  sections  of  the  Carbonif- 
erous group  in  the  Old  World. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FLORA. 

In  the  consideration  of  the  relationships  of  the  plants  from  the  Lower 
Coal  Measures  of  Missouri  and  their  occurrence  in  other  regions  I  shall 
exclude  the  few  reported  ^  species  of  which  I  have  not  seen  specimens, 
limiting  my  discussion  to  the  species  examined  by  myself,  and  recording 
only  such  distribution  of  these  species  as  is  based  on  personal  observations. 

To  obtain  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  plants  treated  in  the  foregoing 

'  Eiiuiiievated  in  tbe  preceding  sections. 


282  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  JMEASURES  OF  MISSOUKL 

pages,  we  may  summarize  them,  somewhat  unsystematically,  as  follows,  the 
figm-es  given  representing  the  number  of  species  described: 

Algae,  2.  Cyclocladia  and  Macrostacbya,  2. 

Fungi,  2.  Radicites,  2. 

Eremopteris,  2.  SplieDophylhim,  5. 

Pseudopeciipteris,  3.  Lepidodeudro7i,  5. 

Mariopteris,  4.  Lepidopliloios,  1. 

Splienopteris,  19.  Lepidostrobus,  3. 

Oligocarpia,  3.  Lepidopbylluni  and  Lepidocystis,  2. 

Pecopteris,  10.  Omphalopliloios,  1. 

Spiropteris  and  Bi-ittsia,  2.  Sigillaria,  4. 

Aphlebia  and  Fern  trunks,  12.  Stigmaria,  2. 

Alethopteris  and  Twuiopteris,  3.  Ta^niopbyllum  and  Lepidoxylon,  2. 

Callipteridium,  5.  Coidaites,  2. 

i^Teuropteris,  ri.  Cordaiantbus,  2. 

Linopteris  and  Odoiitopteris,  2.  Cordaicarpon,  1. 

Calamites,  3.  Caidiocarpon,  1, 

Asterophyllites,  2.  Ebabdocarpos,  2. 

Annularia,  3.  Titanopbyllum "?  1. 

Calamostacbys  and  Volkniannia,  2.     Dicranopliylbim  ?  1. 

GENERAL  RANGE   OF    THE   MISSOURI    FLORA   IN   THE  COAL    MEASURES   OF  THE 

UNITED   STATES. 

From  the  summary  given  above,  it  will  be  seen  tliat  nearly  all  the  com- 
mon genera  of  the  ]\Iesocarboniferous  of  the  world  are  represented  in  the 
flora  of  Missouri.  Among  the  more  important  exceptions  are  the  genera 
Trigonocarpum,^  Bothrodendron,  LoncJiopteris,  and  the  newer  divisions  of  the 
old  genus  CordaUes.  The  second  genus,  Bothrodendron,  is  very  rare  in  this 
countrv  and  has  l^een  supposed  by  many  to  be  entirely  wanting.  There 
are,  however,  numerous  specimens  of  it  in  the  recent  collections  made  by 
the  Survey  from  the  Kanawha  series  (Lower  Coal  ]\Ieasures  in  the  European 
sense)  of  West  Virginia.  There  is,  moreover,  little  room  for  doubt  that  the 
fossil  described  by  Pi'ofessor  Lesquereux^from  "near  the  base  of  the  Middle 
Carboniferous  Measures"  near  Alta,  Illinois,  as  Cydostigma  Kiltorkense 
Haught.,  is  a  representative  of  the  same  genus,  though  the  identity  of  the 
fossil  with  the  species  found  in  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  of  Ireland  is  most 
imjDrobable.  The  genus  Lonchopteris  has  not  yet,  so  far  as  I  am  aware, 
been  found  in  North  America. 

'It is  possible  tliat  the  cnislaed  fruits  idfutitieil  as  Fhabiiucarpoa  miiltistriatiiK  may,  when  found 
Ijetter  preserved,  show  the  characters  of  Trigoiiocarpiiiii. 
i^Coal  Flora,  vol.  ii,  1880,  p.  4,29. 


GENERAL  VERTICAL  RANGE  OF  THE  FLORA.  283 

Several  biologic  featnrea  will  at  once  appear  from  a  casual  review  of 
the  species  discussed  in  the  preceding  portion  of  this  report.  One  of  these 
is  the  great  preponderance  and  considerable  diversity  of  the  ferns.  These 
are  especially  characterized  by  the  presence  of  a  large  number  of  species 
of  Sphenopteris  and  Pecopteris,  many  of  them  representing  types  generally 
found  at  no  little  distance  above  the  base  of  the  Lower  Productive  Coal 
Measures,  or  No.  XIII  of  the  system  of  denomination  emjDloyed  in  the  later 
State  geologic  reports  of  Pennsylvania.  In  fact,  the  aggregate  of  species 
is  distinctly  such  as  is  only  to  be  found  in  the  Coal  Measures  proper.  With 
the  exceptions  of  a  very  obscure  fragment,  doubtfully  referable  to  Sphenopteris 
Hoeninghausii  Brongn.,  and  a  solitary  specimen^  representing  a  new  species 
of  small  Mariopteris  usually  confined  to  the  Sewanee  group  (Upper  Potts- 
ville),  there  does  not  appear  to  be  a  species  in  the  collections  before  me  th.at 
is  not  at  least  varietally  different  from  any  I  have  yet  seen  in  the  rich  floras 
gathered  from  the  Pottsville  series  in  the  Appalachian  province.  Even  the 
exceptions  just  noted  are  represented  by  not  more  than  three  fragments  in  all. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  species  in  our  flora  appear  to  range  through 
a  considerable  thickness  of  the  Mesocarboniferous  in  America,  and  ofl"er 
us,  accordingly,  but  little  correlative  aid,  except,  in  some  cases,  by  refer- 
ence to  their  first  ascertained  appearance.  Others,  like  Spiropteris,  Hysterites 
Cordaitis,  Conosticlms,  Caulopterisf  acantophora,  and  ExciptiUtes  CalUpteridis 
are  presumably  little  adapted  for  stratigraphic  use  on  account  of  their  nature 
and  mode  of  occurrence,  though  the  last  named  has  not,  I  believe,  been  found 
on  any  other  host  than  Pseudopecopteris  squamosa  (Splienopteris  neuropteroides^. 
As  representing  the  former  categor}^,  or  as  species  insufficiently  defined  in 
general,  or  species  whose  distribution  has  not  yet  been  properly-  studied  in  the 
American  collections,  we  maj'  exclude  from  further  consideration  S^ihenopteris 
pinnatifida,  Pecopteris  dentata,  the  Aphlebice^  CaUipteridium  Sullivantii,  Neurop- 
teris  rarinervis,  N.  Scheuchzeri,  the  Calamites,  Asteropliyllites  equisetiformis, 
■  the  Annularice,  SphenophyJJum  cuneifolmm,  S.  majus,  Sigillaria  tessellata,  Stig- 
maria  verrucosa,  Cordaifes  diversifoUus,  and  Rlmhdocarpos  multlstriatus. 

Before  dismissing  these,  however,  I  should  add  that  a  close  inspection 
of  many  of  the  species  of  wide  vertical  range  shows  some  very  interesting 
chronologic  modifications  or  phases,  which,  though  they  may  be  local,  appear 

'  Callipteridiiim  Owenii  enumerated  by  Lesqiiereux  in  the  list  of  species  from  Henry  County, 
Missouri,  should  pcrh.aps  also  be  included,  although  I  have  not  seen  the  specimens  or  specimen  on 
which  the  record  is  based. 


284  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 

to  be  vertically  limited  and  to  promise  in  many  cases  as  great  aid,  within  cer- 
tain conditions,  as  distinct  species.  Thus,  among-  the  plants  just  mentioned, 
the  Pecopteris  dentata  from  Henry  County,  Missouri,  represents  the  robust 
type,  larger  than  the  typical  P.jjlmnosa  of  the  lowest  of  the  Coal  Measures, 
yet  not  so  flat  and  broad  as  the  one  found  above  the  Wa}aiesburg  coal  in 
the  Upper  Barren  or  "Dunkard  Creek  series"  (XVI)  of  Pennsylvania  and 
West  Virginia.  The  form  in  hand  is  like  that  seen  in  the  higher  coals 
of  the  Lower  Productive  Coal  Measures.  On  the  other  hand,  the  small, 
narrow  form  of  Neuropteris  Scheuchzeri  and  the  more  delicate  AsterojjJiyUites 
equisetiformis  found  in  the  Missouri  material  are  as  yet  unknown  in  any  of 
the  coals  above  the  Kittanniug  group  of  the  bituminous  series  of  Pennsyl- 
vania or  the  E  coal  of  the  anthracite  region. 

So,  too,  the  species  which  have  not  hitherto  been  found  outside  of  the 
Missouri  terranes  under  consideration  have  but  a  subordinate  correlative 
value,  based  chiefly  on  analogies  and  inferences  drawn  from  their  relations 
to  other  species.  The  species  which,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  are,  with  refer- 
ence to  their  American  distribution,  peculiar  to  the  flora  under  discussion, 
are  given  in  the  following  list: 

Rysterites  Cordaitis.  Toeniopteris  missouriensis. 

Eremopteris  hilobata.  SphenophyUum  fascictdatum. 

Sphenopteris  Broadheadi.  Cyclovhidki  Brittsii. 

S.  missouriensis.  Macroxtachya  longifolia. 

S.  Van  Inyeni.  SphenopIiyUum  Lescuriamim. 

8.  suspecia.  Lepidodendron  Brittsii. 

ki.  capitata.  L.  lanceolatam. 

S.  opMoglossoides.  L.  scutatum. 

S.  hilobata.  Lejiidophloios  Van  Ingeni. 

OUgoi'arpia  missouriensis.  Lepidophyllum   missouriense    [Lepi- 

Pecopteris  Jenneyi.  dostrobus    and   Lepidocystm  mii- 

P.  Clintoni.  so^iriensis). 

P.  mertensides.  L.  Jenneyi  [Lepidostrobns  Jenneyi). 

P.  pseudorestita.  Omplialophloios  cyclostigma. 

Britfsia  problematica.  Lepidoxylon  anomalum. 

Aphiebia^  membiatiacea.  Sigillaria  ovata. 

A.  subgoldenbergii.  Corduites  communis. 

CaUipteridium  membranaceum.  Gordaicarpus  cerasiformis. 

G.  Jenneyi.  Cardiocarpus  Branneri.^ 

Neuropteris  missouriensis.  Titanophyllum?  Brittsii. 

Dictyopteris  gilkersonensis. 


'  This  species  is  also  found  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  Arkansas,  though  the  report  in  which  it  is 
described  by  Prof.  H.  L.  Faiichild  and  myself  for  the  State  !;e"log'cal  survey  is  not  yet  publislied. 


SPECIES  HAVING  LIMITED  VERTICAL  EANGE.  285 

STRATIGRAPHIC    RANGE  OF    SPECIES    HAVING  A   RESTRICTED    VERTICAL    DIS- 
TRIBUTION. 

The  remaining  species  of  our  flora  may,  on  account  of  either  their 
specific  solidarity  or  their  somewhat  limited  vertical  range,  be  regarded  as 
compositely  possessing  a  more  direct  and  accurate  chronologic  significance. 
In  the  following  table  is  shown  the  summarized  distribution  of  these 
species  in  the  bituminous  fields  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  in  the  Northern  Anthracite  field,  based  on  a  personal  examina- 
tion of  the  collections  that  have  formed  the  subjects  of  the  principal  printed 
reports.  Several  of  the  species  here  tabulated  are  recorded  in  some  of  the 
American  literature  relating  to  these  collections  as  having-  a  vertical  rano-e 
greater  than  that  shown  in  the  table;  but  an  examination  of  the  sj)ecimens 
serving  as  bases  for  the  greater  number  of  those  extended  records  shows 
that  materials  from  vertically  widely  separated  horizons  have  often  been 
assigned  to  the  same  species,  although  when  closely  inspected  it  is  seen  that 
they  represent  entirely  distinct  species,  and  frequently  also  no  transitional 
or  intermediate  forms,  varieties,  or  species  have  been  found.  Numerous 
examples  are  seen  among  the  specimens  from  the  Pottsville  series  ("sub- 
conglomerate"  and  "conglomerate"),  which  have  been  recorded  under  the 
names  of  distinctly  Coal  Measures  specie*.  Those  who  may  wish  to  con- 
sult the  extended  distribution  as  recorded  in  the  literature  will  find  a  nearly 
complete  compilation  in  the  publications  of  the  Second  Geological  Survey 
of  Pennsylvania.^ 

In  the  following  table  no  account  is  taken  of  the  variations  or  modifica- 
tions which  some  of  the  species  have  undergone  within  the  time  of  their 
ascertained  duration. 

The  distribution  of  the  species  in  Rhode  Island  is  omitted  on  account 
of  lack  of  information  relating  to  both  the  geographic  and  the  stratigraphic 
sources  of  much  of  the  material.  It  would  seem,  however,  from  the  large 
number  of  species  in  the  Rhode  Island  collections  that  are  identical  with 
those  in  Missouri  and  the  affinities  of  others,  that  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  specimens  from  the  former  State  ma}^  have  come  from  a  fossiliferous 
horizon  of  perhaps  not  much  later  date  than  the  fossils  from  Missouri. 


'  See  Reports  of  Progress,  P,  vol.  iii,  1884;  PP,  1880;  and  P  4,  vols,  i-iii,  1889-90. 


286 


FLOKA  OF  LOWEK  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOUKI. 


Occurrence  of  Missouri  species  observed  in  other  basins  of  the  United  States. 


Species  in  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri  liaviDg  re- 
stricted distributiou  in  the  United  Stjites. 


Eremopleris  missoiiriensis  Lx 

Pseiidopecopleris  ohtiisiloba  (Stli.)  Lx 

Ps.  squamosa  (Lx.) 

Mariopteris  uphenopteroides  (Lx.)  ZeiU... 

Splienopieris pinnalifida  (Lx.) 

Sphinopteris  mixta  Seliimp 

S.  iacoei  AVhi  tc 

5.  cluvrophylloide-i  Brougn 

S.  cristaia  Broiigu 

S.  Biittsii  Lx 

S.  iJlinoiseiisis  u.  sp 

S.  canneltouiinsis  n.sp 

S.  suhcreiinlaia  Lx 

Oligocarpiu  cf.  Giitbieri  Goepp 

Aloiopteris  irinslorii  u.  sp 

A.  erosa  Gutb 

Pecopieris  arboresceiis  Brougn.  ? 

P.  lieinitelioides  Brougu 

P.  squamosa  Lx 

P.  Caiidolliana  Brongn 

P.  clintoni  Lx 

P.  vestita  Lx 

Caulopteris  oralis  Lx.  Mas 

Aphlebia  hamulusa  (Lx) 

A.  spinosa  (Lx) 

Alethopteris  ambigua  Lx 

A.  Serlii  Brongn 

Callipteridium  Mansfieldi  Lx 

C.  inwquale  Lx 

C.  Sullivantii  (Lx.)  Weiss 

Neuropleris  fasciculata  Lx 

N.  dilatata  (L.  &  H.)  ScUimp 

Megaphyton  Goldeitbergii  Weiss 

AaterophylUies  longifolius  (Stb.)  Brougu. 

Calamostachys  oralis  Lx,  ? 

Sphenopltylliim  emarginatum  Brougu 

&  majus  Broun 

Volkmannia  pralonga  Lx 

Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb 

L.  clypeatinn  Lx 

Lepidosirobns  princeps  Lx 

Sigillaria  camptotamia  Wood 

Stigmaria  Evenii  Lx 

Twniophyllitm  latifoHum  White 

Cordaiaii  thus  ovatns  Lx 

C.  dichotomus  Lx 

Rhabdocarpos  Mansfieldi  Lx 

PaUvoxyris  appendiculata  Lx 

Total  (48) 


Illinois: 

Morris  coal, 

ur  Mazou 

Creek. 


Kittauuiug 
coals,  Indi- 
ana or  Ohio. 


Darlington 
coal.  Can- 
neltou,  Pa. 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


X 

? 
? 

X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


X 

X 


X 
X 
X 


28-30 


6-10 


X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


? 

X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 


Anthracite 
coals,  North- 
ern iield. 


E  &  D 


E  ? 
E  ? 


D  &  E 


D  &.E 
E 


E&F 


D? 


D 
C,  D,E,E? 


D  E? 


D  &  E 
D 
D 


D  &  E 

E 

D 

E 
B,  C,  Df 


E 


E? 


22-24 


19-23 


Higher 
coals. 


Kuus 


Kans 


Kans 
G 

G  + 
Kans 


G  Kans 


Kans 


7-10 


COMPARATIVE  STAGE  OF  MISSOUEI  FLOEA.  287 

PROBABLE  STAGE  OF  THE  LOWER   COALS  OF  MISSOURI  IN  EASTERN  SECTIONS. 

A  review  of  the  preceding  table  shows  (1)  that  nearl)^  all  the  species 
from  Missouri  which  have  a  relatively  restricted  vertical  range  have  also 
been  collected  from  near  the  horizon  of  coal  B  near  Morris  or  Mazon  Creek, 
Illinois,  or  in  the  Kittanniug  coals  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania,  and  that  the 
plants  from  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri,  especially  in  Heniy 
County,  appear  to  be  most  nearly  related  to  those  floras;  (2)  that  the  greater 
portion,  or  nearly  two-thirds,  of  these  species  are  present  in  the  floras  of 
Mazon  Creek  and  Morris;  (3)  that  over  one-half  of  them  have  been  gathered 
from  the  Kittanniug  (chiefly  the  Darlington  and  Middle  Kittanniug)  of  Ohio 
and  Pennsylvania,  and  (4)  that  nearly  one-half  are  also  present  in  the 
collections  from  coals  D  and  E  (the  "Marcy"  and  "Pittston"  coals)  in 
the  Northern  Anthracite  field. 

If  we  take  into  account  the  stratigraphic  occurrence  of  the  species  most 
nearly  related  to  those  that  are  peculiar  to  the  Missouri  flora  the  prbj^ortions 
will  not  be  materially  changed.  Thus  Oligocarpia  alahaniensis  Lx.,  the 
nearest  American  ally  of  0.  Missouriensis,  is  found  in  the  upper  beds  of  the 
Pottsville  series.  The  fern  figured  by  Lesquereux^  as  Pecopteris  abbreviataf 
Brongn.,  the  Lepidodendron  Wortheni  Lx.,  and  LepidophyUum  ovaiifolium, 
which  are  correspondingly  related  to  Sphenopteris  ophioglossoides,  Lepidoden- 
dron Brittsii,  and  LepidophjUum  Jenneyi,  respectively,  are  fiiund  at  Mazon 
Creek;  Tceniophyllum  deflexum  Lx.,  LepidophyUum  3Iansfieldi,  and  Lepido- 
phloios  dilatatus  Lx.,  the  relatives  of  T.  latifolium,  LepidophyUum  Missouriense, 
and  Lepidophloios  Van  Ltgeni,  are  typically  from  the  Darlington  coal  at 
Cannelton,  while  Pecopteris  oreopteridia,  P.  pennceformis  (as  seen  in  some 
American  collections),  related  to  P.  Jenneyi  and  P.  piseudovestita  in  the 
Missouri  flora,  are  abundant  in  the  E  and  D  coals,  respectively,  of  the  Lack- 
awanna anthracite  field.  On  the  other  hand,  little  information  of  immediate 
use  in  correlation  is  to  be  derived  from  the  distribution  of  the  species 
excluded  from  the  table,  on  account  of  their  great  stratigraphic  range,  except 
the  very  important  fact  that  most  of  them  have  not  yet  been  discovered 
below  coal  B  of  the  northern  bituminous  fields. 

If  we  assume,  then,  that  the  table  furnishes  a  fair  representation  of  the 
average  or  mean  vertical  distribution  of  our  flora,  it  becomes  quite  apparent 

'  Coal  Plciva,  Atlas,  p.  8,  jil.  xlvi,  tigs.  4-6. 


288  FLORA  OF  LOVVEE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

that  the  flora  from  Missouri  is  not,  as  a  wliole,  older  than  the  Morris  coal, 
while  a  large  proportion,  more  than  one-half,  of  the  species  are  to  be  found 
in  the  Middle  or  Upper  Kittanning  coal  of  western  Pennsylvania.  For, 
with  the  exception  of  the  obscure  fragment  which  may  possibly  belong  to 
Sj)heno2)tens  HoenmghausU,  the  two  specimens  of  a  new  species  of  Pseuclo- 
pecopteris,  and  the  solitary'  fragmental  impression  somewhat  doubtfully 
referred  to  Lepidodenclron  clypeatum,  there  is  not,  I  believe,  in  all  the 
material  before  me  a  specimen 'in  any  degree  characteristic  of  or  usually 
limited  to  the  Pottsville  series.  Extensive  collections  of  the  plants  from 
the  latter  series  in  western  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  the  Virginias,  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee,  are  now  under  examination.  The  flora  of  the  uppermost 
beds  of  this  series  in  the  anthracite  regions  in  eastern  Pennsylvania,  is, 
however,  largely  unknown.  It  is  certain  that  the  exceedingly  slight  Potts- 
ville element,  which  is  astonishingly  small  when  we  consider  the  local  strati- 
graphic  position  of  the  coals,  is  no  greater  than  that  found  in  the  coal  at 
Morris,  Illinois,  although  the  stratigraphic  interval  between  the  latter  and 
the  Millstone  grit  or  Pottsville  is  much  greater  and  more  uniform.  The 
coals  with  the  fine  clays  and  shales  in  Henry  County,  Missouri,  are  seldom 
over  100  feet  above  the  Lower  Carboniferous  terranes,  while  in  some 
instances  the  lower  coal  appears  to  rest  on  the  eroded  surface  of  the  latter. 
On  the  other  hand,  a  great  part  of  the  flora  under  consideration  lies  on 
the  other  side  of  the  ]\Iorris  coal,  in  the  direction  of  the  Kittanning  horizons 
of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania.  Thus,  in  evidence  of  a  later  age  for  our  flora 
we  find  a  number  of  types  of  a  generall}^  higher  range  than  the  flora  of 
Morris  and  Mazon  Creek,  apparently  higher  than  the  plants  from  the  Brook- 
ville  and  Clarion  coals  in  the  western  Pennsylvania  region,  and  far  higher 
than  the  A  and  B  coals  of  the  Northern  Anthracite  field.  The  presence  of 
some  of  the  younger  types,  especially  the  representatives  of  some  of  the 
later  species  of  Pecopteris,  in  our  flora  is  of  far  greater  importance  than 
mere  numerical  ratios.  And,  if  we  take  the  testimony  of  these  elements 
into  consideration,  we  can  only  conclude  that,  while  the  preponderant 
identity  of  the  vegetation  under  examination  is  found  near  the  horizon  of 
the  Morris  coal  in  Illinois,  it  can  not,  as  a  whole,  be  of  quite  so  early  a 
date.  The  intimate  relations  of  the  Missouri  plants,  especially  of  the  later 
types  unknown  in  the  stage  of  the  Morris  coal,  with  those  of  the  Darlington 
coal  point  strongly  to  a  stratigraphic  position  for  the  synchronous  beds  ia 


COMPARISONS  WITH  NORTHEEN  ANTHRACITE  SECTIONS.        289 

the  interval  between  the  Morris,  or  supposed  Clarion  coal,  and  the  Upper 
Kittanuing.  In  other  words,  if  we  take  Henry  County,  from  which  most 
of  our  evidence,  both  stratigraphic  and  paleontologic,  is  drawn,  as  the 
stratigraphic  type  of  the  base  of  the  Coal  Measures  of  the  State,  and 
assume  that  the  conditions  are  constant  along  the  margin  of  the  coal  field 
in  other  counties,  the  evidence  of  the  fossil  plants,  so  far  as  they  are  now 
obtainable,  appears  to  indicate  the  deposition  of  the  lowest  coals  in  the 
State  at  a  time  subsequent  to  the  formation  of  the  lower  coals  of  the  Lower 
Coal  Measures  of  the  eastern  regions,  including  the  Morris  coal  of  Illinois, 
the  Brookville  and  probably  the  Clarion  coal  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania, 
yet  perhaps  earlier  than  the  formation  of  the  Darlington  or  Upper  Kittan- 
uing- coals  of  the  two  States  last  named. 

The  difficulties  attending  correlation  by  fossil  plants  in  the  bituminous 
fields  will  presently  be  pointed  out.  In  the  Northern  Antln-acite  field,  how- 
ever, in  which,  thanks  to  the  systematic  and  scientific  methods  of  collec- 
tion pursued  by  Mr.  R.  D.  Lacoe,  of  Pittston,  Pennsylvania,  plants  have 
been  assembled  from  nearly  every  fossiliferous  horizon,  the  paleobotanic 
section  is,  as  compared  with  all  other  areas  in  this  country,  relatively  com- 
plete. The  study  of  the  distribution  of  the  Henry  County  flora  in  this  field 
shows  its  closest  relations  in  coals  D  and  E,  locally  known  as  the  "Marcy" 
and  the  "Big,"  or  Pittston,  coals.  But  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  E  coal 
of  the  Pittston  and  Wilkesbarre  regions  seems  to  carry  many  types  of  a 
more  modern  cast,  it  is  not  likely  that  the  Missouri  stage  is  so  high  in  the 
series  as  that  coal.  In  the  plants  of  the  D  coal,  not  only  are  a  large  part 
of  the  species  identical  with  those  from  Missouri,  but  the  flora  as  a  whole  is 
of  a  similar  type.  Compared,  however,  with  the  somewhat  equivocal  com- 
bined flora  reported  from  the  C  coal,'^  the  material  from  the  Mississippi 
Valley  appears  on  the  whole  fully  as  recent,  while  lacking  many  of  the 
older  types  found  at  several  of  the  mines  correlated  by  stratigraphy  with 
that  coal.  Hence  I  am  inclined  to  regard  the  plants  from  Henry  County, 
Missouri,  as  more  nearly  contemporaneous  with  those  in  the  roof  of  the  D 
or  "Marcy"  coal  in  the  Northern  Anthracite  field,  though  they  are  possibly 
as  old  as  the  C  coal.  Even  in  the  latter  case  it  is  clear  that  several  hundred 
feet  of  the  sandstones,  conglomerates,  shales,  and  coals,  comprising  the 
lower  part  of  the  Coal  Measures  and  the  Pottsville,  which  lie  between  the 

'  See  Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p.  859. 
MON   XXXVII 19 


290  FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOURI. 

contemporaueous  beds  and  the  top  of  tlie  Lower  Carboniferous  iu  the  Wj-o- 
miug  Valley,  are  represented  by  an  uneonformability  in  portions  of  Missoiu'i. 
But  very  little  is  known  of  the  plants  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures 
south  of  the  Kentucky-West  Virginia  boundary.  But  extensive  material, 
showing  a  rich  and  highly  -saried  flora,  has  been  collected  from  the  Kana- 
wha series,  about  1,200  feet  in  thickness,  along  the  Great  Kanawha  River, 
in  the  latter  State.  Although  these  collections  will  properly  form  the  sub- 
ject of  a  special  report,  it  may  be  remarked  in  this  place  that  few  of  the  spe- 
cies tabulated  above  are  met  with  below  the  middle  of  the  Kanawha  series, 
while  many  common  species,  such  as  Anniday'ia  sphenophyUoides  or  Neurop- 
teris  Scheuchgeri,  are  found  only  in  the  upper  third  of  that  series.  In  fact,  the 
paleontologic  features  of  the  Kanawha  series,  are  more  nearh"  \i\le  those  of 
the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Europe,  as  will  iu  due  time  be  shown. 

TEMPORARY  OBSTACLES  TO  ACCURACY  IN  CORRELATION. 

Far  more  serious  than  all  the  natural  limitations  of  fossil  plants  as  a 
means  for  geologic  correlation  in  our  American  Carboniferous  terranes  is 
the  difficulty  resulting  from  the  lack  of  standard  paleobotanic  sections  for 
comparison.  By  paleobotanic  section  is  here  meant  a  knowledge  of  the 
j)lants  that  may  be  found  in  all  the  various  phytiferous  beds  that  comprise 
or  may  with  assured  accuracy  be  referred  to  a  single  section.  Such  sections 
would  become,  according  to  their  completeness,  with  reference  to  the  num- 
ber or  nearness  of  the  fossiliferous  beds  and  the  degree  of  exj^loitation  of 
the  floras,  their  extent,  or  their  geographic  and  geologic  positions,  standards 
not  only  for  the  comparison  and  reference  of  isolated  beds  or  plant-bearing 
horizons  in  the  same  vicinity  or  region,  but  for  the  determination  of  time 
equivalents  in  different  fields  or  basins. 

The  surprising  and  painful  inadequacy  of  the  materials  relating  to 
stratigraphic  paleobotany,  which  has  been  referred  to  in  the  above  discus- 
sion of  the  distribution  of  the  Missouri  plants,  and  which  constituted  so 
serious  an  obstacle  in  the  attempt  to  ascertain  the  age  of  the  outlying  small 
basins  in  southwestern  Missoui'i,  has  ah'eady  been  set  forth  in  another  place.' 

'Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, No.  98,  1893,  pp.  118-120.  The  couclusion  that  in  these  basins  coals 
were  probably  formed  near  the  close  of  the  time  of  No.  XIII,  or  during  the  deposition  of  the  Lower 
Barren  Measures,  No.  XIV,  reached  in  the  report  on  these  basins,  has,  so  far,  been  supported  by  sub- 
sequent studies  of  the  plants  in  other  fields.  Several  of  the  peculiar  forms  then  described  have  since 
been  met  in  the  McAlester  coal  field  of  Indian  Territory. 


DIFFICULTIES  IN  THE  WAY  OF  COREELATION.  291 

Since  the  report  ou  these  basins  was  written,  comprehensive  collections 
have  been  made  from  the  lowest  coals  (including  the  Brookville  and 
Clarion)  of  the  Bernice  semi -anthracite  basin,  the  bituminous  fields  of 
northwestern  Pennsylvania,  and  the  lowest  coals  above  the  Potts^^lle 
series  in  the  anthracite  regions.  But  our  knowledge  of  the  floras  of  the 
different  stages  above  these  or  the  Morris  coal  of  Illinois,  and  below  the 
Upper  Barren  Measures  (XVI)  in  the  bituminous  fields  north  of  the  Ohio 
and  Potomac  rivers  is,  ^y\th.  the  exception  of  several  small  floras  in  Illinois, 
practically  still  limited  to  the  rich  collections  from  the  Darlington  coal  at 
Cannelton,  Pennsjdvania;  small  collections  from  three  or  four  points  in  the 
"Kittanning"  in  Ohio,  and  a  small  number  of  species  from  near  the  Pitts- 
burg coal  at  Wheeling,  West  Virginia,  and  a  few  points  in  Ohio.  But  from 
all  the  bituminous  fields  of  Pennsylvania  no  systematic  collecting-  of  fossil 
plants  has,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  been  done  fron:i  any  horizon  between  the 
Clarion  coal  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Lower  Productive  Coal  Measures  and 
the  Waynesburg  coal,  except  at  Cannelton,  near  the  Upper  Kittanning. 
Not  only  are  we  ignorant  of  the  floras  of  the  various  coals  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  Lower  Productive  Coal  Measures  (XIII),  or  Alleghan>'  series, 
in  that  State,  but  also  of  the  plants  of  the  entire  Lower  Barren  Measures 
(XIV)  and  of  the  Upper  Productive  Measures,  or  Monongahela  series  (XV). 
With  these  facts  in  mind,  not  only  will  it  be  easy  to  understand  the  great 
difficult)^  in  coiTelating  the  various  stages  in  the  bituminous  fields  with 
either  definiteness  or  confidence  by  means  of  the  fossil  plants,  but  it  will 
also  be  clear  why,  in  studying  the  range  or  correlative  affinities  of  the 
species  in  these  fields,  the  smaller  or  isolated  floras  ai'e  drawn  as  by  mag- 
nets toward  the  stages  of  Cannelton  or  Morris.  It  is  paradoxical  that  these 
two  stages  at  Mazon  Creek  and  Cannelton  should  have  been  paleobotani- 
cally  exploited  nearly  to  exhaustion,  while  east  of  Illinois  the  plant  fossils 
of  the  succeeding  measures  have  remained  essentially  untouched.  So  long 
as  paleontologists  and  museum  curators  remain  content  with  filling  their 
collections  from  the  two  famous  localities,  Cannelton  and  Mazon  Creek, 
without  an  effort  to  ascertain  the  floral  characters  of  any  other  stages, 
we  shall  continue  without  knowledge  of  the  paleobotanic  characteriza- 
tions necessary  for  the  definite  or  satisfactory  recognition  in  the  northern 
bituminous  fields  of  any  stage  between  the  Kittanning  and  Waynesburg 
coals. 


292  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOFRL 

COMPARATIVE  POSITION   OF  THE  COALS. 

NotwithstandiiiD-  the  difficulties  which  attend  any  attempt  to  ascertain 
the  contemporaneity  of  terranes  in  the  upper  half  of  the  Mesocarboniferous 
in  the  United  States,  the  study  of  the  elements  in  the  floras  in  hand  and 
their  distribution  in  the  lower  two-thirds  of  the  Lower  Productive  Coal 
Measures,  which  are  better  known  j^aleobotanically,  shows  that  the  Lower 
Coal  Measures  of  Missouri,  as  represented  by  the  coals  of  Henry  County, 
were  laid  down  soon  after  the  Morris  coal  ^  in  Illinois,  though  probably  earlier 
than  the  Upper  Kittanning-  of  western  Pennsylvania,  or  very  likely  about 
the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  D  coal  in  the  Northern  Anthracite  field.^ 
Thus  the  clu'onology  of  the  plants  shows  that  the  process  of  the  deposition 
of  the  Mesocarboniferous  terranes  was  well  advanced,  so  that  in  the  bitu- 
minous fields  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  Illinois  not  only  the  Pottsville 
series  (XII),  ranging  from  60  to  1,200  feet  or  more  in  thickness  north  of  the 
Potomac  River,  but  also  the  lower  poition  of  the  Lower  Productive  Coal 
Measures,  or  "AUeg'hany  series"  (XIII),  extending  as  far  upward  at  least 
as  the  Clarion  coal,  had  been  laid  down  on  the  Lower  Carboniferous  (Eocar- 
boniferous)  group  by  the  time  the  lower  coals  of  Henry  County  were  sedi- 
niented  in  fringing  ponds  or  marshes  along-  the  coast  of  eroded  Eocarbon- 
iferous  rocks  in  Missouri. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  in  some  places  the  lower  of  the  two  coals 
(the  interval  between  them  being  reported  as  40  to  60  feet)  rests  directly  on 
the  uneven  Eocarboniferous  surface,  while  at  other  points  a  variable  arena- 
ceous formation  intervenes.  The  latter,  which  is  very  iiTegular,  sometimes 
conglomeratic,  and  nowhere  of  great  thickness,  appears  to  represent  a  wash 
derived  from  the  decomposed  underlying  rock,  whose  hollows  it  tends  to  fill, 
and  is  generally  regarded  by  the  local  geologists  as  belonging  to  the  "Mill- 
stone grit"  (Pottsville).  So  far  as  the  writer  is  aware,  however,  no  primary 
fossils  have  been  procured  from  it  to  show  its  true  age,  and  it  would  seem 
that  it  niay  represent  simply  the  subaerial  surface  material  of  decomposition 
accumulated  subsequent  to  the  Eocarboniferous  uplift  and  but  imperfectly 
distiibuted  and  soiled  when  the  subsidence  of  the  coast  lirought  about  the 

'  Supposed  by  mauy,  for  stratigrapbic  reasons,  to  be  the  equivalent  of  the  Clarion  coal  of  the 
eastern  bituminous  field,  and  therefore  commonly  designated  by  the  same  letter  (B). 

-The  letters  in  use  to  designate  the  coals  iu  the  anthracite  fields  are  not  to  be  construed  as  indi- 
cating their  equivalency  with  the  coals  similarly  designated  iu  the  bituminous  regions. 


COMPARISONS  WITH  THE  FLOEAS  OF  EUROPEAN  BASINS.      293 

coal-forming-  conditions  at  or  below  water  level.  This  superficial  wash  may 
be  developed,  supplemented,  or  replaced  by  other  formations  in  other  coun- 
ties of  the  State,  but  in  portions  of  Henry  County,  at  least,  it  seems  to 
have  been  eroded  and  sometimes  entirelj^  cut  through  to  the  subjacent  rock 
before  the  fire  clays  or  lower  coal  were  deposited  on  the  une^-en  surface. 

The  transgression  of  the  water  level  during  the  early  Mesocarbonifer- 
ous  time  has  already  been  discussed  by  Broadhead,^  Winslow,"  and  Keyes,^ 
the  State  geologists.  The  evidence  of  the  fossil  plants  not  only  con-oborates 
their  views  in  general,  but  it  also  fixes  the  time  of  the  encroachment  of  the 
sea  on  the  old  coast  in  the  region  of  Clinton.  The  paleobotanic  criteria 
indicate  that  the  minimum  time  represented  by  the  unconformity  between 
the  Jordan  or  Owen  coal  and  the  subjacent  Eocarboniferous  terrane  is 
measured  by  the  period  required  for  the  deposition  of  the  Pottsville  and 
the  Clarion  group  of  the  Lower  Productive  Coal  Measures,  a  series  of  rocks 
reaching  a  thickness  of  oA'er  1,200  feet  in  portions  of  the  anthracite  regions, 
and  exceeding  2,400  feet  in  southern  West  Virginia. 

RELATION  OF  THE  MISSOURI  FLORA  TO  THOSE  OF  EUROPEAJ^"  BASIISrs. 

ZONE  OF  THE   FLORA  IN  THE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

In  the  preceding  pages  it  has  been  shown  that  the  coals,  resting-  in 
places  directly  on  the  Lower  Carboniferous  terranes  in  Heniy  County,  Mis- 
souri, are  probably  of  a  rather  later  date  than  the  plants  of  Mazon  Creek 
and  the  Morris  coal  in  Illinois,  and  that  they  are  very  likel}^  older  than  the 
Upper  Kittanning  coal  of  Pennsylvania. 

It  is  customary  to  consider  the  flora  of  Mazon  Creek,  the  plants  from 
which  are  preponderant!}'  identical  with  those  from  Missouri,  as  typically 
representative  of  the  flora  existing-  immediately  at  the  beginning  of  Lower 
Coal  Measures  time,  there  being  but  little  difference  between  the  plants 
from  Illinois  and  those  of  the  bituminous  Brookville  and  Clarion  coals  in 
northwestern  Pennsylvania,  which  are  probably  fully  as  old  as  those  of  tlie 
Buck  Mountain  coal,  long  since  made  the  boundary  between  the  Pottsville 
series  and  the  Productive  Coal  Measures  of  the  typical  section  in  the  South- 

'Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  xiv,  1894,  pp.  380-388. 

^Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  iii,  1892,  pp.  109-121;  Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  sv,  pp.  81-89;  Prelim.  Kept, 
on  Coal,  Geol.  Surv.  Missouri,  1891,  p.  19. 
'Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  xii,  1893,  p.  100. 


294 


FLORA  OF  LOWEE  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 


eni  Anthracite  field.  It  will  be  interesting,  therefore,  in  a  brief  comparison 
of  the  Missouri  flora  with  the  floras  of  the  European  basins,  to  note  the 
positions  of  our  species  in  several  of  the  paleobotanically  better  known 
Old  World  Carboniferous  sections. 

This  task,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  Great  Britain,  is  made  easy  through 
reference  to  a  late  publication  in  which  Mr.  Robert  Kidston,  the  highest 
British  authority  on  the  Paleozoic  floras,  has  combined  and  tabulated  the 
results  of  his  most  valuable  and  interesting  studies  of  the  fossil  floras  of  the 
British  Carboniferous  rocks.^ 

In  the  following  table  is  given  (1)  the  vertical  distribution  by  groups 
of  the  species  found  Ijoth  in  our  Missouri  flora  and  in  Great  Britain,  and 
(2)  the  distribution  of  a  number  of  Old  World  species  (parenthesized) 
whose  relations  to  our  sjDecies  are  sufficiently  intimate  to  lend  aii  inferential 
significance  to  their  stratig-raphic  occurrence.  But  in  drawing  conclusions 
of  a  clu'onologic  nature,  relatively  little  weight  should  be  given  to  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  related  species,  whose  evidence  is  subject  to  other  and  per- 
haps more  important  elements  of  uncertainty  than  those  of  mere  personal 
opinion  and  interpretation  of  figures  and  descriptions. 

Table  showing  distribution  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  Great  Britain  of  the  plants  of  the 
Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri  or  of  certain  closely  related  speeies^^ 


Species. 


ExcijyuHtea  CalUpteridis  {%ciiixsrp.)  Kidst 

PaeudopecojHeris  ohtuailoba  (Brongn.)  Lx 

Ps.  squamosa  (Lx.) 

Mariopleris  cf.  nerroaa  (M.  nervosa  (Brongn.)  Zeill.) 

J/,  sphenopteroides  (Lx.)  Zeill.  (J/,  acuta  (Brongn.)  Zeill.). 
Mariopterit  u.  sp.  {Spheiiojiteris  Jacquoti  (Zeill.)  ICidst.)  ... 

Sphenopteris  mixta  SchimiJ 

S.  Lacoei  D.  W.  {S.  rotundifoUa  Andrii) 

<S.  Broadlieadi  D.  W.  (Htjmenoiheca  Dathei  Pot.) 

S.  missouriensis  J).W.  (S.  Woodwardii  Kidst.) 

S.  pinnatijida  (Lx.)  {S.  quadridactylites  Giith.) 

S.  cristata  (Brongn.)  Presl 

S.  auicrenulata  (Ls.)  {Pecopieris  crenulata  Brongn.) 

OUgocarpiamisaouriensUX>.V7.  (0.  Brongniarlii  Stnv)    


MiUstone     \°,Zf 
sriit  ^'"'' 

o      ■      Measures, 


X 
X 


Middle 

Coal 

Measures. 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


Tran- 
sition 
series. 


X 
X 


Upper 

Coal 

Measures. 


'On  the  A'arious  Divisions  of  British  Carboniferous  Rocks  as  determined  by  their  Fossil  Flora. 
Address  of  the  retiring  vice-president.     Proc.  Roy.  Phys.  Soe.  Edinb.,  vol.  xii,  1894,  pp.  183-257. 

-Names  of  foreign  related  species,  whose  distribution  is  given,  are  in  parentheses  immediately 
following  the  names  of  the  American  species  to  which  they  bear  relation. 


COMPARISON  WITH  BRITISH  CARBONIFEROUS  FLORA. 


295 


Table  showing  distribution  in  the  Goal  Measures  of  Oreat  Britain  of  the  plants  of  the 
Lower  Goal  Measures  of  Missouri  or  of  certain  closely  related  species — Continued. 


Specitjs. 


Aloiopteris  Winslovii  D.  W.  {A.  Sternbergii  (Ett.)  Pot.) 

A.  erosa  Gntb 

Pecopteris  dentata  Brougn 

P.  cf.  arborescens  (P.  arboresceiis  (Scbloth.)  Brongn.) 

P.   hemiielloides    Brongn.  i    (P.    arborescens    vav.    cijathea 

(Brougn.)  Kidst.) 

P.  Jenneyi  D.  W.  (P.  oreopteridia  (Sohloth.)  Brongn.) 

P.  Candolliana  Brongn 

P.  squamosa  Lx.  (P.  lamuriana  Heer) 

P.  restita  Lx.  (P.  villosa  Brongn.) 

Aplilebia  spinosa  (Lx. ) 

A.  crispa  (Gutb.)  Presl 

A.  Jilicifonnis  (Gutb.)  Sterz 

A.  siib(joJdenhergii  D.  W.  {A.  Goldenbergii  Weiss) 

Alethopteria  avibiguah^.  {A.  aquilina  (Schloth.)  Goepp.) 

A.  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp 

CaUipteridium     Maiisfieldi      Lx.      (Alelkopieria     Grandini 

(Brongn.)  Goepp.) 

C.  hwquale  Lx.  (A.  Darreiixii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.  ?) 

Odoiitopteris  Bradley i  Lx.  (Od.  LindUyana  Stb.) 

Xeuropteris  rarinerris  Bunb 

iV.  missoariensis  Lx.  {N.  Jfexuosa  Stb. ) 

N.  faacieulata  Lx.  {N.  macropliylla  Brongn.?) 

N.  Scheucli^eri  Ploftm 

^V.  dilatata  (L.  &  H.)  Lx 

Linopteris    gilkersonensis    D.    W.    {L.   Milnsten    (Eichw.) 

Brongn. ) 

Calamites  ratnosus  Artis 

C.  Suclioxoii  Brongn 

C.  Cistii  Brongn 

Asteropltyllites  eqiiisetiformis  (Scbloth.)  Brongn 

A.  lonyifoUus  (Stb.)  Brougn 

Calamostachys  oralis  Lx.  ?  {Palmostachya pedunculata  Will.). 

Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood 

A.  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb 

A .  ramosa  Weiss  ( A .  radiata  ( Brongn. )  Stb. ) 

Cyclocladia  Brittsii  D.  W.  {Macrostaehya  in/tindibuliformis 

(Bronn)  Scbimp. ) 

Padicites  capillacea  (L.  &  H. )  Pot 

Sphenophyllum  ciineifolium  (Stb.)  Zeill 

S.  emarginatum  Brongu 

5.  majiis  Broun 


Millstone 
grit. 


Lower 

Coal 

Measures. 


Middle 

Coal 

Measure.?. 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


Transi-       Upper 
tion  Coal 

series.    Measures. 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X? 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


X 
X 


296 


PLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURI. 


Table  shotinng  distribution  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  Great  Britain  of  the  plants  of  the 
Lower  Coal  Pleasures  of  Missouri  or  of  certain  closely  related  species — Continued. 


Species. 


Lower    I   Middle  1  Transi- 
jf  Coal      !      Coal     (      tiou 

^     ■      Measures.  Measures     series. 


Millstoue 


,S.  Leacurianum  D.  W.  {S.  oWoJigi/oUnm  {Geim.)  Ung.) 

Lepidodendron  Brittsii  Lx.  {L.  Worlheni  Lx. ) 

i.  lanceolatum  Lx 

X.  rhnosum  Stb i 

X.  scutetemLx.  (i.  ophiurus  Brongn.) j 

Lepidostrobus prmceps  Lx.  (i.  Geinitzii  Schimp.) 

LejndophyUttm  Jenneyi   DAY.  (L.  triangulare  Zeill.)  

'  X.  Misaouriense  D.  W.  (X.  majiis  Brongn.) ' 

Siflillarhi  camptoioeiua  'Wood 

S.  tessellata  (Steinh. )  Brongn j       X 

S.  ovata  Sauv 

Stigmaria  verrucosa  (Mart.)  S.  A.  Mill X 

S.  Eren  ii  Lx — 

Cordailes  communis  Lx.  (C.  iorassifoliiis  (Stb.)  Ung.?) 

Cordaianihus  ovaius  Lx.  (C.  Volhiiantii  (Ett.)  Zeill.) 

Blidbdocarpos  mvltistriatus  (Presl. )Lx 

Palmoxyris  appendiculata  Lx.  (P.  earbonaria  Schimp.)  .... 


SUMMART. 

Identical  species 34 

Related  species 35 


X 
X 


X? 
X 


X 
X 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 


Upper 

Coal 

Measures. 


X 
X 


X 
X 


12 

9 


22 
22 


X 
X 


X 
X 


14 

4 


X 
X 

X 


25 
19 


A  glance  at  the  accompanying  table  shows  that  the  greater  portion  of 
our  species  are  found  in  the  Upper  Coal  Measures  and  the  Middle  Coal 
Measures  of  Great  Britain.  Whether  in  this  table  of  distribution  the 
related  species  are  excluded  or  taken  into  consideration,  we  find  nearly- 
equal  proportions  of  the  floras  occurring  in  either  of  these  two  groups. 
The  number  of  species  found  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  is  but  about 
one-half  that  in  either  of  the  above-mentioned  groups,  and  is,  moreover, 
composed  largely  of  plants  of  wide  vertical  range,  found  in  one  or  all  of 
the  above  groups.  It  is  important  to  note  that  the  percentage  of  species  in 
the  Millstone  grit  of  Great  Britain,  as  well  as  in  the  Pottsville  series  of  the 
United  States,  is  very  small,  being  practically  insignificant. 

On  the  face  of  the  numerical  proportions  it  would  seem  that  the  Henry 
County  flora  is  so  evenlj"  divided  between  the  floras  of  both  the  Upper 
and  the  Middle  Coal  Measures  as  to  deserve  consideration  as  intermediate 
between  them.     The  Sphenopteroid  species,  both  identical  and  related,  appear 


ZONE  OF  MISSOURI  FLORA  IN  BRITISH  SERIES.  297 

to  bind  our  flora  to  the  Middle  Coal  Measures.  But  the  characteristic  floras 
of  these  British  g-roups  are  more  conspicuously  marked  by  the  important 
additions  which  enrich  the  variety  of  plant  life  as  we  pass  upward  than  by 
the  disappearance  of  the  older  forms,  though  the  latter  feature  is  clearly 
indicated  and  of  great  service.  The  development  of  the  Pecopteroid  flora 
appears  to  be  confined  in  Great  Britain  almost  exclusively  to  the  Upper 
Coal  Measures.  And  it  is  largely  to -the  proportion  of  identical  or  related 
species  of  Pecopteris  and  the  intimately  connected  Apldebice  that  the  approxi- 
mate equality  of  the  percentages  in  this  table  is  due.  It  must,  however,  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  Middle  Coal  Measures  of  England  contain  a  number 
of  more  recent  species,  such  as  Pecopteris  polymorpha  Brongn.,  P.  Miltoni 
Artis,  and  P.  pteroides  Brongn.,  which  are  of  generally  younger  rank  than 
the  flora  from  Missouri.  Among  the  extensive  material  from  the  Radstock 
coal  field  in  the  Lacoe  collection  the  higher  forms  are  in  abundance,  not- 
withstanding the  presence  of  very  many  species  in  common  with  those 
from  the  trans-Mississipjjian  region.  On  the  other  hand,  the  younger  types^ 
such  as  Pecopteris  Jenneyi,  P.  CandoUiana,  P.  hemitelioidesi,  and  P.  cf.  arho- 
rescens,  are  very  rare  in  our  flora. 

In  view  of  the  foregoing  considerations  it  appears  very  evident  that 
the  flora  of  Henry  County  is  not  older  than  that  of  the  Middle  Coal  Meas- 
ures of  Great  Britain.  The  presence  in  our  flora,  not  only  of  an  equal 
number  of  species,  but  also  of  a  considerable  number  of  younger  types 
identical  with  or  closely  related  to  those  of  the  Upper  Coal  Measures  justi- 
fies the  belief  that  our  flora  is  not  much  younger  than  the  Upper  Coal 
Measures,  and  that,  considering  its  almost  equall}'  close  relation  to  that  of 
the  Middle  Coal  Measures,  it  may  safely  be  considered  as  intermediate 
between  the  two,  or  as  occupying  approximately  the  position  of  the  "tran- 
sition beds,"^  with  a  very  intimate  connection  with  the  flora  of  the  Upper 
Coal  Measures.  The  plants  of  these  beds  are  very  imperfectly  known,  but 
from  the  common  facies  of  their  flora  as  yet  revealed  I  am  at  present  dis- 
posed to  regard  these  terranes  as  not  younger  than  the  lower  coals  of 
Henry  Count}'.  The  flora  of  the  latter  may  even  correspond  in  part  to 
that  of  the  basal  portion  of  the  Upper  Coal  Measures  in  the  British  coal 
fields. 

'The  "New  Rock"  and  the  "Vobster  Series"  of  the  Bristol  and  Somerset  coal  field  and  the 
"Lower  Pennant"  of  the  South  Wales  coal  field. 


298  FLOEA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASUEES  OF  MISSOUEL 

ZONE    OF    THE    MISSOURI    FLORA    IN    THE    CARBONIFEROUS    BASINS    OF 

CONTINENTAL  EUROPE. 

A  comparison  of  the  fossil  plants  from  Henry  Connty,  Mazon  Creek, 
or  Cannelton  with  the  floras  of  the  different  stag-es  of  the  Carboniferous  in 
the  Old  World  coal  fields  reveals  a  series  of  paleontologic  and  chronologic 
relations  that  are  full  of  significance  and  interest  to  American  students. 

One  need  but  glance  at  the  monographs  of  the  floras  of  the  various 
stratigi-aphic  groups  in  the  Carboniferous  basins  of  western  Europe  to 
recognize  the  strong  similarity  between  the  forms  familiar  in  our  American 
Lower  Coal  I\feasures  of  the  Northern  States  and  those  from  the  Valen- 
ciennes or  Franco-Belg'ian  Basin,  the  Westphalian  coal  field  in  Germany, 
or  the  Schatzlar  group  in  Bohemia. 

The  broadest,  niost  general,  and  most  valuable  results  of  a  compai-a- 
tive  study  of  these  forms  would  be  reached  by  a  view  of  the  identities, 
affinities,  and  distribution,  as  well  as  the  vertical  range  and  sequence,  of 
the  plants  of  those  European  basins  in  which  the  Middle  Carboniferous 
is  present  combined  with  those  of  the  American  Lower  Coal  Measures. 
But  since  such  a  study  would  be  laborious  on  account  of  its  extent,  and 
would  encounter  numerous  difficulties  in  local  stratigraphic  correlations  and 
nomenclature,  it  would  be  much  simpler  to  consider  each  basin  separately, 
regarding  the  succession  of  floras  from  the  various  levels  as  constituting 
a  single  2Daleobotanic  section  of  that  basin. 

Since,  however,  the  series  in  the  Valenciennes  Basin  is  more  limited 
in  vertical  extent,  and  since  its  flora,  exhaustively  elaborated  with  special 
reference  to  the  stratigraphic  problems,  is  more  readily  adapted  to  an  epit- 
omized comparison,  it  may  be  chosen  as  typically  illustrating  the  general 
continental  position  of  the  flora  under  consideration. 

In  his  admirable  monograph  of  the  fossil  flora  of  the  Valenciennes 
Basin,'  M.  Zeiller  divides  the  terranes  on  the  basis  of  the  floral  characters 
into  three  well-marked  zones,  viz:  1.  The  lower  zone,  or  zone  of  Vicoigne, 
represented  at  numerous  points  in  the  horizons  of  Annoeulin  and  Vicoigne, 
Departments  of  Nord  and  Pas-de-Calais,  and  populated  with  Sphenopteris 

'Etudes  des  gites  min^raux  de  la  France.  Publi^es  sous  les  auspices  de  M.  le  Miuistre  des 
travaux  publics  par  le  Service  de  topographies  souterraines.  Bassin  bouiller  de  Vallencieunes. 
Description  de  la  flore  fossile,  par  R.  Zeiller,  Ingenienr  en  cbef  des  mines.  Text,  Paris,  1888, 
pp.  1-731,  4^.     Atlas,  1886,  pp.  i-vi,  pi.  i-xciv,  4°. 


COMPARISONS  WITH  FLORAS  OF  CONTINENTAL  EUROPE.      299 

Hoeninghausii,  Mariopteris  muricata,  Pecopteris  aspera,  P.  denfata,  AletJiopteris 
lonchitica,  Neuropteris  Schlehani,  Lepidodendron  Veitheimii,  Bothrodendron 
punctatwm,  and  Sigillaria  elegans}  This  zone  is  presumably  next  above  the 
Millstone  grit.  2.  The  middle  zone,  or  zone  of  Anzin-Meurchin,  is  divisible 
on  paleobotanic  lines  into  three  horizons,  of  which  the  lower  is  character- 
ized by  the  great  abundance  of  Sphenopteris  (Pseudopecopteris)  trifoUolaia, 
Dipjlothmema  {Sphenopteris)  furcatum,  Aletliopteris  Davreuxii,  Sphenoplujllum 
myriopJiyUum,  and  Sigillaria  rugosa,  as  well  as  rarer  specimens  of  Sphenop- 
teris (Psemlopecopteris')  obtusiloba,  Pecopteris  ahbreviata,  Asterophyllites  equi- 
setiformis,  Sigillaria  Icevigata,  and  Cordaltes  horassifoliiis ;  the  middle  horizon 
by  the  continuation  of  Sphenopteris  Hoeninghausii,  Aletliopteris  lonchitica, 
Bothrodendron  punctatum,  and  the  rare  appearance  of  Alethopteris  valida, 
A.  Serlii,  and  Sigillaria  camptotcenia^  while  the  third  horizon  is  marked  by 
the  excessive  rarity  of  the  species  typical  of  the  lower  zone,  the  absence 
of  the  Stephanian  species  found  in  the  upper  zone,  and  the  abundance  of 
Pecopteris  ahbreviata.  3.  The  third  or  upper  zone,  that  of  Bully-Grenay, 
in  the  Franco-Belgian  Basin,  includes  among  its  typical  species  the  Sphe- 
nopteris (Pseudopecopteris)  obtusiloba,  S.  neuropteroides,  Pecopteris  abbreviata, 
Alethopteris  Serlii,  Neuropteris  rarinervis,  JSf.  tenuifolia,  Linopteris  Sub- 
Brongniartii  (near  to  L.  obliqua  Bunb.),  Asterophyllites  equisetiformis,  Sphe- 
nophylhmi  emarginatum,  Sigillaria  tessellata,  S.  camptotcBnia,  and  Cordaites 
borassifolius  in  abundance,  and  the  first  examples  of  the  Stephanian  types, 
Alethopteris  Grandini,  Anmdaria  sphenophylloides,  A.  stellcda,  Pecopteris  crenu- 
lata,  and  Linopteris  Miinsteri,  while  the  characteristic  species  of  the  lower 
zone  are  entirely  wanting. 

The  reader  will  already  have  recognized  the  names  of  the  common 
American  species  in  this  upper  zone,  which  belongs  to  the  upper  portion  of 
the  "  Westphalian"  group.:  The  Westphalian  (Houiller  Moyen)  is  succeeded 
in  the  stratigraphic  column  of  Europe  by  the  Stephanian,  on  which  rest  the 
Autunian  and  other  Permian  subdivisions. 

The  relation  of  our  flora  to  the  European  series  is,  however,  somewhat 
concisely  represented  by  the  accompanying  condensed  tabulation  of  tlie 

'In  this  discussion  no  attention  will  be  paid  to  tlie  horizons  or  minor  geologic  subdivisions  of 
■which  the  various  species  are  characteristic  or  at  which  their  distribution  begins  or  ends.  These 
features,  which  have  been  worked  out  with  brilliant  results  by  M.  Zeiller,  are  too  detailed  to  warrant 
consideration  in  an  intercontinental  comparison. 

-  It  seems  possible  that  the  Valenciennes  series  may  hardly  extend  to  the  top  of  the  Westi)haliau. 


300 


FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 


abridged  distribution  of  (1)  the  identical  and  (2)  the  apparently  closely 
related  (parenthesized)  species  iu  the  Westphalian  as  represented  in  the 
Valenciennes  Basin : 

Table  showing  distribution  in  the  Valenciennes  Basin  ( Westphalian)  of  species  identical 
jcith  or  probably  closely  related  (parenthesized)  to  those  from  Missouri. 

[  X  =  present ;  C  =  common ;  R  =  rare.  ] 


Species. 


Eremopteria  missourieiisis  Lx.  {Diplolkmema  furcatum  (Brongu.)  Stur) 

Fseudopecopteris  oblusiloha  (Brougn.)  Lx 

Pa.  aquamoaa  (Lx.) 

Mariopteris  cf.  nervoaa  (Brongn.)  ZeilL  {M.  miiricata  (Schloth. )  Zeill.) 

M.  aphenopteroidea  (Lx.)  Zeill 

Mariopteris  n.  ep.  {Biptotlimema  Jaoquoii  Zeill.) 

Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp > 

S.  pinnatifida  (Lx.)  (S.  quadridactylites  Gutb.) 

S.  charophi/Uoidea  (BroDgn.)  Presl 

iS.  crtatata  (Brongu.)  Presl  (S.  Douvillei  Zeill.) 

S.  eanneltonenais  D.  W.  {Diploihmema  Zeilleri  Stur) 

S.  capitaia  D.  W.  (5.  Poiieri  Zeill.) 

S.  ophiogloaaoides  (IjX.)  (S.  Crej»ni  Zeill.) 

S.  subcrentilata  (Lx.)  {Pecopteris  crenulata  Brongu.) 

Oligocarpia  miaaourienaia  D.  W.  ( 0.  Brongniartii  Stur) 

Aloiopte)ia  Winalorii  D.  W.  {A.  Sternhergi  (Ett.)  Pot. ) 

Pecopteris  dentata  Brongu 

P.  paeudoreatiia  D.  AV.  (P.  abireviata  Brongn.  ?) 

P.  vestita  Lx.  (P.  Volkmanni  Sauv. ) 

P.  clintoni  Lx.  ( P.  integra  ( Andrji)  Schimp. ) 

Aphlebia  crispa  (Gutb.)  Presl 

Alethopteria  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Goepp 

CaUipteridium  cf.  Manajieldi  Lx.  (Alethopteria  Grandini  (Brongn.)  Goepp.). 

Neuropteria  rarinervis  Bunb 

N.  miaaourienaia  Lx.  {X.  flexuosa  Stb. ) 

^.'.  ScheucJizeri  Hoffm 

Linopteria  r/ilkeraonensis  D.  W.  (L.  Miinsteri  (Elchw.)  Brongu.) 

Calaviites  ramoaua  Artis 

C.  Suckoifii  Brougn i 

C.  data  Brongu 

Asierophrjllites  erjuiaeti/ormia  (Schloth. )  Brongn 

A.  longifoUus  (Stb.)  Brongn 

Calamostachys  ovalia  Lx.  ?  ( Palceoatacliya pedunculata  Will. ) 

Anniilaria  sphe)i02>liyUoidea  (Zenk.)  Gutb 

d.  atellata  (Schloth.)  Wood 

Sadidtea  capiHacea  (L.  &  H.)  Pot,  (Pinnidaria  cohimnaria  (Artis)  Zeill)  ... 


Lower 
zone. 


R 


X 
X 
X 


Middle 
zone. 


E 
X 
X 
R 


R 
E 
X 
R 
R 


X 
X 


X 
R 
X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
R 


Upper 
zone. 


R 
C 
C 
R 
X 
R 
X 
R 
X 
R 
R 
R 
R 
R 
R 
E 
X 
E 


R 
X 
C 
R 
C 
E 
X 
R 
X 
C 
X 
C 
? 


c 

X 
R 


COMPAEISON  WITH  FLORA  OF  VALENCIENNES  BASIK         301 

Table  shoiving  dinirihution  in  the  Valenciennes  Basin  (Westphalian),  etc. — Contiuiied. 


Species. 


Lower 
zone. 


Middle 
zone. 


Upper 
zone. 


X 
C 
X 


Spheyiophyllum  ciineifoHiim  (Stb.)  Zeill 

6'.  emarginatum  Brougii 

S.  majtts  Bronu 

Lepidodendron  BritUii  Lx.  {L.  Wortheni  Lx.) 

L.  rimosam  Stb 

L.  lanceolatum  Lx.  (L.  hjcopodioides  Stb.?) 

L.  scutatmn  Lx.  (L.  opMurus  Brongn.) 

Lepidoatrobus  princeps  Lx.  (i.  Geinitsii  Schiinp. ) 

Lepidophyllum  Jeniieyi  D.  W.  {L.  triangulare  Zeill.)  .- 

SigiUaria  camptotania  Wood 

S.  tesaellata  (Steinh.)  Brongn 

5.  orata  Sauv 

Siigmaria  verrucosa  (Martin)  S.  A.  Mill 

S.  Evenii  Lx 

Cordaites  communis  Lx.  (C  horassifolius  (Stb.)  Ung. ). 
Cordaianthus  ovatus  Lx.  (C,  Tolkmanni  (Ett.)  Zeill.)  . 


SUMMARY. 

Itlentical  species 26 

Supijoscd  related  species 26 


X 
X 


R 
X 
R 
R 
R 
R 
X 
X 
X 
X 


19 
15 


R 
C 
C 
X 
X 
X 
R 
R 


25 
21 


The  compai'ative  distribution  of  identical  or  closely  related  species 
exhibited  in  the  foregoing  table  is  at  once  striking  and  instructive.  A 
glance  at  the  columns  shows  that  many  among-  both  identical  and  related 
species  are  found  in  the  middle  zone.  But  the  conspicuous  and  significant 
fact  is  the  occurrence  of  24  or  25  of  the  26  of  the  identical  Missouri  species 
in  the  upper  zone  of  the  Franco-Belgian  basin.  If  we  take  account  of  the 
distribution  of  the  related  species,  we  find  21  of  the  27  in  the  same  zone. 
Thus  our  flora  has  a  very  marked  and  preponderant  afiinity  with  the  flora 
of  the  zone  of  Bully-Grenay. 

The  evidence  afi"orded  by  the  distribution  of  the  species  needs  only  to 
be  supplemented  by  a  review  of  the  profuse  and  admirably  executed  figures 
of  the  species  from  the  upper  zone  given  in  Professor  Zeiller's  great  memoir 
to  insure  a  conviction  that  in  that  upper  zone  of  the  Valenciennes  coal  field 
we  find  terranes  of  the  age  of  the  lower  coals  in  Henry  County,  Missouri. 
In  fact,  assuming  a  uniform  distribution  for  the  plants,  there  can  be  little 
doubt  that  the  floras  are  nearly  synchronous. 


302  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

But  although  the  identical  species  coincide  so  nearly  exactly  in  their 
occurrence  in  the  upper  zone,  we  may  profitably  inquire  as  to  the  relations 
of  the  Missouri  flora  to  that  of  higher  beds  not  represented  in  this  field,  and 
therefore  not  tabulated,  or  whether,  while  the  main. body  of  our  flora  is 
most  closely  allied  to  the  zone  of  Bully- Grenay,  the  flora  as  a  whole  is  not 
more  closely  bo^lnd  to  the  succeeding  floras  or  those  of  the  lower  zone. 

The  testimon}'  of  the  related  species  recorded  in  the  table,  so  far  as  it 
concerns  this  inquirj-,  would  seem  to  indicate  less  strongly  the  similarity  of 
our  flora  to  that  of  the  upper  zone,  although  nearly  the  same  ratio  prevails 
in  the  distribution  in  the  middle  zone.  As  tending,  however,  to  explain  this, 
it  should  be  stated  that  in  a  few  cases  the  species  from  the  Valenciennes  Basin, 
tabulated  for  the  comparison,  are  not  really  so  intimately  bound  in  their 
specific  details  to  the  corresponding  Missouri  plants  as  are  other  Stephaniau 
species  not  occurring  in  the  Valenciennes  series.  Thus  Sphenopteris  Van 
Ingeni  is  probably  most  closely  related  to  Sphenopteris  Matheti  from  the  Com- 
mentrj^  Basin  (Stephaniau),  Pecopteris  Jenneyi  to  P.  densifoUa  or  P.  oreopteridia 
of  the  same  group,  while  Lepidostrohns  princeps  is  much  nearer  L.  Goldenhergii 
than  to  L.  Geinitzii,  used  for  comparison  with  the  Valenciennes  flora. 

But  besides  the  evidence  of  related  species,  which  is  after  all  of  very 
subordinate  weight,  we  have  in  the  material  from  Henry  County  a  number 
of  species  of  Stephaniau  identity  or  affinity.  Among  the  former  are  Sphe- 
nopteris cristata,  S.  suhcremdata,  Pecopteris  hemitelioides  f ,  and  P.  CandoUiana 
and  P.  cf  arhorescens,  Avhile  Sphenopteris  chcBrophylloides  is  regarded  as  essen- 
tially a  Stephaniau  species.  Still  other  types  are  more  modern  in  their 
characters  or  generic  occurrence.  Examples  of  these  are  possibly  present 
in  Brittsia,  which  is  perhaps  related  to  the  Stephaniau  genus  Zygopteris,  and 
in  the  plants  provisionally  referred  to  TitanophyllvMi  and  Dicranophyllum,  both 
genera  of  the  Stephaniau,  or  in  Callipteridiiim  SuUivantii,  perhaps  most  nearly 
related  to  Odontopteris  obtusa,  SphenophyJlum  Lescurianum,  which  seems  to 
belong  to  the  later  group  represented  by  S.  angustifolium,  etc. ;  the  Rhabdo- 
carpiis  Mansfieldi,  which  is  undoubtedly  very  closely  allied  to  Pachytesta 
insignis  of  the  higher  Measures,  and  perhajDs  the  Tceniopteris  missouriensis. 

The  presence  of  these  later  types  in  the  flora  of  Henry  County,^  as 

'  Of  the  26  species  represented  in  both  the  Missouri  and  Valenciennes  floras,  only  1,  Lepidodendion 
rimosum,  is  lacking  in  the  upper  (Bully-Grenay)  zone.  This  species  was  found  only  in  the  lower 
horizon  of  the  middle  zone  of  the  Franco-Belgian  Basin. 


ZOXE  OF  MISSOURI  FLORA  IN  EUROPEAN  COAL  FIELDS.       303 

well  as  the  comparative  absence  of  species  characteristic  of  the  middle 
zone  of  the  Valenciennes  Basin,  indicates  for  our  flora  a  greater  and  more 
significant  affinitj'  with  that  of  the  beds  succeeding  the  zone  of  Bully- 
Grenay  than  with  those  below  it;  and,  if  the  Old  World  deposits  which  are 
contemporaneous  with  the  Henry  County  Coal  Measures  transgress  either 
boundary  of  the  upper  zone  of  the  Valenciennes  series,  the  transgression 
or  overlap  is  undoubtedly  on  the  side  of  the  beds  succeeding  the  Valen- 
ciennes series  and  perhaps  infringing  on  the  Stephanian.  For  my  own 
part,  I  am  inclined  to  consider  our  flora  as  perhaps  in  a  measure  transi- 
tional; and  that,  ^vhile  it  is  probably  contemporaneous  with  a  portion  at 
least  of  the  upper  zone  of  the  Valenciennes  Basin,  its  marked  affinities 
with  many  of  the  types  of  the  Stephanian,  as  j^resented  in  the  basins  of 
Commentry  or  the  Saar,  make  it  far  from  impossible  that  it  may  repre- 
sent a  slight  paleontologic  transgression  on  the  Stephanian  ("Houiller 
superieur"). 

The  above  conclusions  as  to  the  contemporaneit}^  of  the  Henry  County 
flora  with  the  plants  of  the  upper  zone  of  the  Westphalian  ("Houiller 
moyen")  in  the  Franco-Belgian  Basin  are  in  striking  harmony  with  the 
conclusions  drawn  from  our  comparisons  with  the  British  Coal  Measures- 
For  the  study  of  the  respective  floras  by  Kidston^  and  Zeiller"  has  shown 
that  the  variations  of  the  flora  in  the  different  stages  of  the  British  series 
are  ver}'  nearly  parallel  with  those  in  the  Valenciennes  Basin,  so  that  the 
Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Great  Britain  are  regarded  as  essentially  contem- 
poraneous with  the  lower  (Vicoigne)  zone  of  the  Valenciennes  Basin. 
The  Middle  Coal  Measures  are  correlated  with  the  middle  zone,^  while  the 
transition  beds  of  the  British  series,  the  plants  of  which  are  less  completely 
known,  are  referred  with  little  doubt  to  the  zone  of  Bully-Grenav.  Thus  we 
find  that  those  portions  of  the  Old  World  terranes  in  (1)  the  British  Coal 
Measures  and  (2)  the  Franco-Belgian  Basin,  which  as  the  result  of  entirely 
independent  and  distinct  paleontologic  comparisons  I  have  been  led  to 
regard  as  contemporaneous  with  our  Missouri  flora,  have,  in  the  course  of 
the  paleobotanic  studies  of  the  Old  World  series,  been  correlated  by  the 

1  Foss.  Fl.  Radstock  Ser.,  1887,  p.  408. 
2 Bull.  Soc.  g^ol.  Fr.,  (3)  vol.  xxii,  1895,  p.  494. 

'In  the  case  of  the  Potteries  coal  field  in  North  Stafi'ordsliire,  the  uppermost  beds  are  regarded 
by  Zeiller,  from  their  paleophytologic  characters,  as  extending  a  little  above  the  middle  zone. 


304  FLORA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

European  paleobotanists.  In  the  uniformity,  consistency,  and  definition  of 
the  correlative  evidence  the  fossil  plants  here  offer  an  example  seldom 
equaled  in  any  other  class  of  paleontologic  evidence. 

If  we  compare  the  Missouri  plants  with  the  floras  of  the  other  Euro- 
pean basins,  we  shall  find  the  synchronologic  evidence  essentially  the  same. 
Thus,  in  brief,  just  as  our  flora,  while  it  is  largely  identical  and  probably 
contemporaneous,  in  part  at  least,  with  the  "Transition  series"  of  Great 
Britain  and  the  zone  of  Bully-Grrenay,  in  the  Valenciennes  Basin,  seems  to 
transgress  slightly  on  the  Upper  Coal  Measures  and  the  Stephanian,  so  we 
find  it  in  the  basin  of  Saarbriick  near  the  top  of  the  Westphaliau  (^Saar- 
hriicker  Schichten),  where  in  the  Geislautern  beds,  which  probably  extend 
higher  than  the  top  of  the  Valenciennes  series,  being  in  partial  coiTespond- 
ence  with  the  British  Upper  Coal  Measures,  a  number  of  Stephanian 
(Ottweiler  Schichten)  types  make  their  appearance. 

In  the  basin  of  Zwickau,  in  Saxony,  the  treatise  on  the  plants  of  which 
by  Geinitz  is  among  the  classics  in  paleobotanic  literature,  the  closely 
related  and  probably  synchronous  beds  are  toward  the  base  of  a  continuous 
series  marked  in  passing  upward  by  a  mingling  of  Westphalian  and  Ste- 
phanian forms,  ^  which  give  way  to  the  predominance  of  the  ordinary  species 
of  the  latter  division. 

In  the  basins  of  lower  Silesia  and  Bohemia  we  shall  find  large  rejDre- 
sentations  of  our  species  in  the  Schatzlar  and  Radnitz  groups.  With  the 
flora  of  the  ^^  Schaslarer  Schichten,"  the  monographic  elaboration  of  which 
was  unliappily  interrupted  by  the  death  of  Director  Stur,  there  is  a  close 
relation,  especially  between  plants  from  the  upper  beds  of  that  group  and 
those  which  form  the  subject  of  this  report.  Of  the  groups  in  central 
Bohemia,  the  "Badnit^er  Schichten"  whose  plants  have  received  treatment 
by  Sternberg,  Corda,  Ettiugshausen,  and  0.  Feistmautel,  are  of  the  greatest 
present  interest  to  us.  The  presence  in  this. series,  especially  in  the  Swina 
and  Mostitz  beds,  of  a  large  number  of  species  either  identical  or  closely 
related  to  those  from  Missouri  is  at  once  apparent  from  an  inspection  of 
Ettingshausen's  plates  or  the  memoirs  of  0.  Feistmantel,^  though  the  nomen- 
clature in  the  former  is  largely  different. 

'  See  Sterzel :  Paliiont.  Char.  A.  Oberen  Steiuk.  u.  Rothl.,  p.  70. 
-  Verst.  (1.  biihui,  Kohleu-Ablag.,  i-iii,  1874. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  MESOOAHBONIFKROiJS  FLORAS.  305 

GENERAL,  COXSIDERATIOXS. 

General  comparisons,  such  as  those  summarized  in  the  preceding  pages, 
of  the  flora  in  hand  from  Missouri  with  the  floras  of  the  Mesocarboniferous 
series  in  the  principal  basins  of  Europe  show  (1)  so  large  a  number  of 
identical  species,  (2)  so  great  a  proportion  of  related  species,  (3)  so  impor- 
tant a  predominance  of  the  same  floral  elements,  and  (4)  so  close  a  general 
parallelism  in  the  appearance  and  disappearance  of  the  types  as  shown  in 
their  vertical  distribution  and  occurrence  in  the  upper  beds  of  the  West- 
phaliaii  (^Hoidller  Moyen,  Saarbrilcker  Schichten),  that  the  conclusion  that 
the  lower  coals  of  Henry  County,  Missouin,  were  deposited  near  the  close 
of  that  period  is  not  on  any  demonstrable  grounds  avoidable.  The  evi- 
dence of  uniformity  in  the  climate  prevailing  over  Europe,  within  the 
Arctic  Circle,^  in  North  America,  Asia,  and,  to  some  extent  at  least,  in  the 
southern  hemisphere,  during  early  Carboniferovis  time,  is  too  generally 
recognized  to  require  discussion  as  to  the  fact.  The  astonishingly  large 
proportion,  not  only  of  genera,  but  of  species  as  well,  found  to  be  identical 
in  the  Culm  and  Mesocarboniferous  in  all  the  basins  of  Europe,  North 
America,  and  China,  and  the  comparative  regularity  in  the  sequence  of  the 
floras  in  these  basins,  are  so  strongly  marked  as  to  leave  little  room  for  doubt 
as  to  the  extremely  intimate  connection  of  the  floras  living  about  the  respec- 
tive basins,  or  the  existence  of  continental  conditions  necessary  to  their 
rapid,  almost  simultaneous  and  uniform,  distribution.  The  extremely  close 
relationship,  so  well  known  to  paleobotanists,  between  the  respective  floras 
of  the  Culm,  Millstone  grit  (Pottsville  series),  and  basal  poitious  of  the 
Lower  Coal  Measures  in  the  fields  of  Europe  and  America  necessitates  the 
assumption  of  v/onderful  facilities  for  plant  distribution  during  Culm  and 
early  Mesocarboniferous  time,  facilities  which,  with  the  aid  of  an  even  climate 
and  presumably  relatively  low  topography,  made  possible  the  comparatively 
regular  distribution  and  sequential  order  of  probably  nineteen-twentieths 
of  the  genera  and  an  unknown  proportion  (perhaps  over  one-half  between 
North  Ameiica  and  Europe)  of  the  identical  species.  The  degree  of  iden- 
tity  in   the  types  is  not    less   remarkable  than  the  geographic  range  of 

'  The  plants  of  Bear  Island  aad  Spitzbergen  are  shown  by  Nathorst  not  only  to  have  included 
the  common  genera,  but  largely  identical  species,  while  the  individuals  are  as  I'ully  developed  and 
robust  as  those  found  in  the  contenjporaueous  beds  of  southern  Eurojie  or  tlie  Ignited  States.     (See 
Zur  Paliiozoischeu  Flora  d.  Arkt.  Zone,  Stockholm,  1893.) 
MON   XXXVII 20 


306  FLOKA  OF  LOWER  COAL  MEASURES  OF  MISSOURL 

individual  species,  aud  this  in  turn  is  much  less  impressive  than  the  uni- 
formity of  the  sequence  and  the  parallelism  of  their  appearance  and 
extinction  during  this  epoch,  or  the  similarity  of  the  elements  which  com- 
posed each  flora.  The  writer  is  disposed  to  believe  that  the  conditions 
favorable  for  plant  distribution  and  the  consequent  comparatively  homo- 
geneous dispersion  of  the  successive  floras  of  the  northern  hemisphere 
during  the  period  extending  from  the  later  Culm  to  near  the  middle  of  the 
Mesocarboniferous  have  never  been  equaled  since.  That  there  was  plant 
migration  can  not  for  a  moment  be  questioned.  Yet  the  evidence  of  dis- 
tribution, of  vertical  range,  of  characteristic  associations,  and  of  the  suc- 
cession of  the  floras  bespeaks  for  the  terrestrial  plant  species  of  that  period 
such  geographic  uniformity  of  climate  and  such  facility  of  intermigratiou, 
probably  over  a  minimum  distance,  as  to  justify  us  in  regarding  the  aston- 
ishingly similar  associations  of  identical  or  closely  related  genera  and 
species  which  characterize  each  stage,  zone,  or  group  of  the  Culm  and 
Mesocarboniferous  as  essentially  contemporaneous  in  all  the  basins  of  the 
northern  hemisphere. 

Whether  the  Carboniferous  flora  was  developed  within  the  arctic  zone 
or  some  other  region  of  the  earth  is  hardly  more  than  a  subject  for  specu- 
lation. Personally  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  many  of  the  species  or 
genera  of  the  Mesocarboniferous  were,  under  similar  local  conditions, 
evolved  in  difl"erent  portions  of  the  land  surface,  whence  they  spread,  with 
a  rapidity  difficult  to  conceive  in  the  present  day,  over  the  greater  part  of 
the  northern  continents.  Such  a  mode  of  generation,  at  different  points, 
of  the  various  elements  comprising  a  given  flora  might  be  described  as 
polychthanous. 

The  suggestion  offered  at  different  times  by  several  European  paleo- 
botanistsHhat  the  flora  of  Mazon  Creek,  which  is  generally  cited  in  America 
as  the  familiar  illustration  of  the  plant  life  of  the  lower  part  of  our  Lower 
Productive  Coal  Measures,  really  represents  a  stage  much  higher  than  the 
lowest  series  above  the  Millstone  grit  of  Europe  seems  to  be  fully  corrobo- 
rated by  a  comparative  examination  of  the  floras.  Such  an  examination 
will  show,  if  we  accept  the  synclu'onology  of  the  respective  floras,  that  the 
plants  of  the  Middle  Kittanning,  or  of  the  E  coal,  fall  within  and  are 
apparently  nearly  contemporaneous  with  the  Geistlautern  beds  orth^-upper- 

'  See  Zeiller:  Fl.  foss.  liassin  hoiiiU.  Valeucieuaes,  p.  195. 


EELATION  TO  FLORA  OF  POTTS\^ILLB  SERIES.  307 

most  beds  of  the  Westphaliau,  while  the  Pittsbui-g  coal  of  the  bituminous 
basins'  and  the  G  coal  of  the  Northern  Anthracite  field  are  clearly  referable 
to  the  Stephanian  (Ottweiler  Schichten). 

There  is  a  strongly  marked  contrast  between  the  known  flora  of  the 
lowest  coals  of  Missouri,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  western  Pennsylvania 
and  that  of  the  Pottsville  series,  or  Millstone  grit,  which  lies  in  most  cases 
close  beneath  them,  there  being  in  fact  relatively  few  species  in  common. 
The  latter  flora  agrees  in  its  later  phases  with  the  flora  of  the  Millstone 
grit  of  Europe. 

The  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Great  Britain  and  the  zone  of  Vicoigne 
in  the  Franco-Belgian  Basin,  with  their  intermingling  of  Millstone  grit  or 
Culm  species  with  the  earliest  of  the  Coal  Measures  types,  appear,  so  far 
as  we  know  at  present,  to  be  unrepresented  by  any  interval  in  the  Lower 
Productive  Coal  Measures  in  the  bituminous  regions  mentioned  above.  It 
is  not  improbable,  however,  that  this  interval  is  concentrated  in  some  cases 
in  the  deposition  of  the  highly  variable  upper  benches  of  the  Pottsville  series 
in  the  Northern  States,  rather  than  that  it  is  represented  by  a  time  break  or 
that  there  is  homotaxis  without  contemporaneity  in  the  floras.  For  in  the 
greatly  expanded  sections  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  in  the  Kanawha 
region  in  West  Virginia,  which  is  in  the  same  Appalachian  trough  and  was 
throughout  Mesocarboniferous  time  united  with  the  northern  areas  by  con- 
tinuous shore  lines,  the  characteristic  forms  of  the  lowest  coals  of  the  Lower 
Productive  Coal  Measures  of  the  States  north  of  the  Ohio  and  Potomac 
rivers  are  not  met  until  we  arrive  at  a  point  several  hundred  feet  above  the 
Pottsville  series  as  hithex-to  limited.  The  floras  of  the  Kanawha  series, 
extensive  collections  from  which  are  now  in  my  hands  for  examination, 
will  be  found  to  show  a  lower  zone  of  mingled  types,  corresponding  very 
closely  to  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Great  Britain  or  the  lower  zone  of 
the  Franco-Belgian  Basin. 

'  The  flora  of  the  Freeport  coals  is  so  nearly  uuknown  that  its  relations  to  the  floras  of  any 
other  stage  outside  of  the  anthracite  series  is  still  quite  uncertain. 


PLATES. 


309 


PLATE   I 


311 


PLATE    I. 

strip  coal  pit  at  Hobbs's  l)aiik,8  miles  south  of  Clirfton,  MlBSonri,  showing  basin-shaped  bedding 
of  coal  and  overlying  plant- bearing  shales.     (From  a  photograph  by  Dr.  W.  P.  Jenney.) 

312 


PLATE  II. 


313 


PLATE   II. 

CONOSTICHUS   BBOADHEADI   Lx. 

(Pages  12  and  13.) 

Fig.  1.  Basal  ( ?)  view  of  the  type  of  the  species,  Coal  Flora,  Plate  B,  figures  1  and  2.  The  trira- 
diate  character  is  not  very  distinctly  shown  in  the  photograph.  No.  250,  Lacoe  collection, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 

2.  Lateral  view  of  the  same  type.     The  side  exposed  is  not  that  illustrated  in  the  original  figure. 

3.  Lateral  view  of  No.  251,  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.     Identified  by  Professor  Lesquereux 

4.  Basal  (?)  view  of  the  same  example,  showing  profile  of  top  and  small  concave  point  of  sup 

posed  separation  from  its  anchorage. 

5.  Apical  ( ?)  view  of  the  same  specimen,  showing  concave  surface. 

OONOSTICHXIS  PROLIFEE  Lx. 

(Page  13.) 

Fig.  6.  Side  view  of  characteristic  discoid  extensions,  concave  above,  convex  below.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
p.  6035. 

314 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL   $URV£V 


MONO'^RApH    XX^vII      PL.    II 


CONOSTICHUS,    A   SUPPOSED    FOSSIL   ALGA. 


PLATE   III. 


315 


PLATE  III. 

Hysterites  Cordaitis  Grand  'Eury 

with 

CoRDAiTES  Communis  Lx. 

(Pages  14  and  260.) 

Fig.  1.  Portion  of  a  rock  slab  bearing  fragments  of  several  leaves  of  Cordaites  communis  Lx.,  between 
the  nerves  of  which  are  seen  the  small  oblong  pits,  with  raised  borders,  jirodnced  by  the 
fungus,  Hysterites  Cordaitis  Gr.  'Ey. 
la.  Photographic  enlargement  of  portion  of  Cordaites  leaf,  showing  pits  produced  by  the  fungus. 
U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5418.     x2. 

316 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


h 

N--, 

:li 

mil 

Cii; 

FUNGI:    HYSTERITES   ON    LEAVES   OF   CORDAITES. 


PLATE   IV 


317 


PLATE    IV. 
Eremopteris  bilobata  D.  W. 

(Page  19.) 

The  large  flexuose  axis  of  the  fern  frond,  with  faintly  ribbed  central  zone  and  broad  border  zones, 
traverses  vertically  the  center  of  the  slab.  Two  pinnaj  are  given  off  ou  the  left  and  three  on  the  right 
of  the  axis  or  rhachis. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5699. 

318 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.    IV 


FERNS:    EREMOPTERIS. 


■t. 


PLATE   V. 


319 


PLATE  V. 

Eremopteris  missouriensis  Lx. 

(Page- 16.) 

Fig.  1.  Fragment  with  distant  slender  piunules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5G70. 

2.  Segment  showing  small  pinn;u  and  pinnules.     U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  5681. 
•2a.  Pinna  of  the  same  specimen  enlarged  x2. 

3.  Fragment  of  segment  with  very  large  piuunles.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5l>59. 

3a.  Enlarged  pinnule  of  the  same  to  show  characteristic  surface  and  dentitiou. 

Eremopteris  bilobata  D.  W. 

(Page  19.) 

Fig    4.  Small  pinna  and  pinnules.      IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5700. 

5.  Fragment  of  compound  pinna.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6036. 

5a.  Enlarged  pinniu  of  the  same,  showing  epidermal  striato-rugositv.     x2. 

6.  FrSkgment  with  large  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  .5701. 

6«.  Enlarged  detail  of  two  pinnules  from  the  same  specimen.     x2. 

320 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVH      PL.    V 


FERNS:   EREMOPTERIS. 


PLATE   \I. 


321 
MON   XXXVIl 21 


PLATE     VI. 

EREMOPTEBIS   MISSOURIENSIS    Lx. 

(Pa<;e  16.) 

Fui.  1.  Sections  ol'  parallel  piunii',  sliowiug  the  t'oiiii  auil  iiioijortions  of  the  ultimate  piuua-  aud 
pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  56i57. 
la.  Enlarii;ed  detail  of  pinnules  from  same  slab.      X2. 

322 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH     XXXVK        PL      VI 


FERNS:    EREMOPTERIS, 


PLATE   VII. 


323 


PLATE'  VI  T. 

PSEUDOPE(!OPTERIS    OBTlSILUiiA    i  HroilgU.)  Lx. 

I  Page  24.) 

Fig.  1.   I'ragment  with  very  small,  dei-ply  lobi'd  pinnules.     U.  8.  Xat.  Mus.,  56315. 

2.  Segment  showing  the  polymoi-phoii.s  chai-acter  of  the  interior  pinna'  and  pinnules  in  the  lower 

portion  of  the  froud.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5717. 

3.  Apieal  portiou.s  of  the  primary  pinna',  showing  fle.xuons  rachis  ami  rather  lax  pinna-,     l'.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.,  571S. 

PaEUDOPEOUPTElUS    SJ).  UOV.  ? 

( Page  29. 1 

Fit;.  4.   Fragment  showing  compactly  placed,  thick,  leathery  pinnules,  or  pinna',  teiuiiuatiug  in  spinous 
prolongation  of  the  rachis.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  .5667. 
4n.  Enlarged  detail.     x2. 
5.  Apical  portion  of  a  compound  pinna  showing  long,  naki'd  I'Xteusiou  of  the  rachis.     U.  S.Nat. 
.       Mus.,  561S. 

Mariopteris  .sp. 

^  Page  34.; 

Fig.  6.   Fragment  showing  short  triangular  i)inna'  with  broad  pinnules  or  lobes,  the  landna  convex 
between  the  nerves.     U.  S.  Nat.  ilus  ,  5666. 
6(1.  P^nlarged  detail  of  piuuule.      x2. 

324 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    VII 


FERNS:   PSEU  DOPECOPTERIS   AND    MARIOPTERIS. 


PLATE  VIII. 


325 


PLATE    VIII. 

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS   OBTUSILOBA   (BrODgll.)  Lx. 

(Page  24.) 

Contiguous  apical  jiortions  of  two  bi-  or  ([uadripartite  piunir.     11.  S.  Nat.  >Iiis.  5627. 
326 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVir       PL.    VIII 


FERNS:    PSEUDOPECOPTERIS. 


PLATE   IX. 


327 


PLATE    IX. 

Makiopteris  sphenopteeoides  (Lx.)  Zeill. 

{Page  :;i.) 

Fig.  1.  Portions  of  two  sections  of  a  primary  pinna.  The  lower  sj)cciuieLi  illnstrates  the  heteroniorphy 
of  the  inferior  pinna-  and  pinnules.  U.  8.  Nat.  ilus.,  5709. 
la.  Knlargi'd  detail  of  pinna  showing  heteroniorphy  and  dinititiou.  The  teeth  are  generally 
longer  than  i.s  shown  in  the  figure,  and  the  lamina  of  the  jiinnuh'  is  strongly  convex 
between  the  nerves.  X2. 
2.  Fragment  from  near  the  apes  of  one  of  the  iiuadri-sections  of  the  primary  pinna.  V.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  5710. 

Mariopteris  (sp.  uov.). 

( Page  33. 1 

Fig.  3.  Fragment  very  closely  related  to  At.  iiijlala,  an  unjiubli.-ihcd  ]\IS>^.  species  of  Dr.  Newberry, 
from  Ohio.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1438. 
3(1.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinna  from  the  same  specimen.      X'2. 

PSEUDOPECOPTERIS    SQUAMOSA  L\.  .Sp. 

with 
ExciPULiTES  Oallipteridis  (Scbiuip.)  Kidst. 

(Pages  15  and  27.) 

Fig.  4.  Fragments  of  the  PseiiiJopecopteris  squamosa,  the  pinnules  of  which  are  dotted  by  the   fungus, 
ExcipitUtes  CaUipln-idia.     No.  325  of  the  collection  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Jlissonri. 
4a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnules  of  the  same  fern  showing  the  fungus  between  the  nerves.     x2. 

328 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVll       PL.    rX 


FERNS;    MARIOPTERIS   AND    PSEU  DOPECOPTERIS. 


PLATE   X. 


329 


PLATE    X. 

Mariopteris  sphenopteroidbs  (Lx.)  Zeill. 

(Page  31.) 

Flir.    1.  Portions  of  iiiiailriseftions  of  priiuiirv  pinuiB,  showing  characteristic  apices.     U.  S.  Nat.  Miis. 
.5708. 
la.   Enlarged  detail  of  pinna  of  same  specimen,      x'2. 

2.  Terminal  portions  of  primary  pinnie.  The  convex  lamina  between  the  nerves  is  partially 
abraded  so  as  to  reveal  the  more  deeply  impressed  nervation  in  the  photograiih.  U.  S., 
Nat.  Mus.,  .5707. 

330 


U.   S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    X 


FERNS:    MARI0PTERI5, 


PLATE    XI. 


331 


PLATE    XI. 

Sphenopteris  Wardiana  D.  W. 

(Page  39.) 

Fig.  1.  Small  compact  pinna'.     IT.  S.  Nat.  Miis.,  5617. 
lo.  Enlarged  detail  of  portion  of  tbe  same.     x2. 

2.  Segment  from  one  side  of  middle  portion  of  a  seiondary  (  ?)  pinna.    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5615. 
2a.  Enlarged  detail  from  the  same  showing  tbrtic  ultimate  pinna-  Tvitli  form  of  pinnnles  and  nerva- 
tion.    X2. 

Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp. 

(Page  o5.) 

Fig.  3.   Upper  part  of   a   primary  piijua.   shnwing  compact   pinnules   near  the  top.  and   i)lnnatifid 
pinnules,  developing  as  tertiary  piumu,  in  the  lower  jiortion.    U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  5712. 

332 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEV 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    Xl 


FERNS:  SPHENOPTERIS 


PLATE   XII. 


333 


PLATE    XII. 

Sl'HENOl'TERIS    MIXTA    SfbilUp. 

(Page  35.) 

Fk;.  1.  Fragiueut  of  seioudary  piuna  sbowiuj;  form  with  compact  pinuiiles  and  slender  racbis.     The 
apex  of  oue  of  the  tertiary  i)iuu;c  of  this  species  is  seen  on  the  far  right,  a  .small  fragiiient 
of  CaJVipleriilium  Sullivantii  (Lx.)  Weiss  lying  between.     U.  S.Nat,  Mns.,5714. 
la.  Detail  of  pinnnle  of  the  same  specimen,  showing  characteristic  slightly  crennlate  margin. 

X2. 
2.  Portion  of  a   primary   (?)   pinna  of  the   sijecies.     The   spucimeu,  tbiJiigb    somewhat   dim,  is 
interesting  as  showing  the  delicacy  of  the  slender  gracefnl  piun;e  and  the  smaller  ordi 
nary  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  .t>6S7. 

Sphenopteris  Lacoei  D.  W. 

(Page3.S.) 

Fig.  3.  Pinuic  showing  small  ultimate  [linua'  or  lobes.     Original  described  in  Bull.  U.  S.  Geul.  Survey, 
No,  98,  ]i.  56.     I'.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  5802. 
3a.  Enlarged  detail  showing  broadly  rounded  pinnules  or  lobes.  '  X2. 

334 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    Xll 


FERNS;   SPH  ENOPTERIS. 


PLATE    XIII. 


335 


PLATE    X  1 1  T  . 

SPHBNOPTER18    BrOADHBADI    D.  W. 

(Pase41.) 

Fi<i.    1.   Fragment  tiom  near  the  apex  of  a  fertile  pinna.      U.  S.  Xat.  Mus.,  5620. 

1((.   Einlargecl  detail  of  portion  of  the  same  to  show  the  fruit  clots  (sori)  on  the  ends  of  the  lobes  ; 

the  sori,  whiek  are  not  well  represented,  appear  to  be  referable  to  Hijiiicnolheca.     x2. 
2.   Larger  segment  lower  in  the  frond  of  thesamespecies;  also  fertile.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus..  5619. 
2a.  One  of  the  lateral  pinnce  enlarged  to  show  the  loljatioii  and  the  position  of  the  fruit.      X2. 

Sphbnopteris  Van  Ingeni  D.  W. 

(Page  47.) 

Fl(i.    3.   Pennltim:itB  anil  ultimate  piuuii'.     The  very  delicate,  membranaceous  iiuality  of  the  J^mina  is 
imperfectly   indicated.     Fragments   of  Aloiopteris    IFiiisIorii  D.   \V.   are  seen   at  tlie  top. 
U.S.  Nat.  Mus... 5616. 
3a.  Enlarged  detail  from  the  former.      X2. 

Sphenopteris  mixta  Schiuip. 

(Page  35.) 

Fig.    -1.  Portions  of  several  gracelul,  curving,  secondary  (?)  pinuie.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mvis., 5713. 
4a.  Enlarged  detail  from  same  showing  slightly  creunlate  lobes  or  pinnules.      x2. 
5.  Fragment  of  lateral  pinn;e  with  pinnules  or  lobes  connate  to  an  unusual  decree.     U.  S.  Nat, 
Mus.,  5692. 
5a.  Enlarged  detail  from  the  same  specimens.      x2. 

336 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVtl       PL.    XIM 


FERNS;   SPH  ENOPTERIS. 


PLATE   XIV. 


337 
MON   XXXVII 22 


PLATE   XIV. 
Sphenopteris  missouriensis  D.  W. 

(Page  43.) 

Fig.    1.  Segment  showing  lateral  pinnaj  in  lower  part  of  a  primary  (?)  pinna.     Tiie  liroad  racliis 
indicates  a  large  pinna  of  considerable  length.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5663. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  of  ultimate  pinna  of  the  same,  to  illustrate  obtuse  and  imperfect  lobatiou. 

X2. 
2.  Apical  portions  of  lateral  pinna*  of  the  same  species.     U.  S.  Nat,  Mus.,  5664. 
2a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnules  from  the  same.     x2. 

338 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURV3Y 


PONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    XIV 


FERNS:   SPHENOPTERIb 


PLATE  XV. 


339 


PLATE    XV. 
Sphenopteeis  Brittsii  Lx. 

(Page  53.) 

Fig.  1.  Fragment  showing  the  long,  slender,  secondary  (?)  pinnip,  in  which  the  teeth  of  the  jjinuules 
are  less  buried  in  the  matrix  than  nsual.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5626. 

1(1.  Enlarged  pinnule  from  upper  part  of  the  same  segment,  showing  punctatious  caused  by 
minute  glands  or  the  bases  of  hairs.     X2. 

lb.  Similar  detail  from  the  lower  pinna  in  the  same  specimen.     x2. 

Sphenopteris  CANNELTONEKSIS  D.  W. 

(Page  55.) 

Fig.  2.  Fragment  showing  the  form  of  the  pinnules  and  lobes,  drawn  natural  size.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
5567. 

Sphenopteris  capitata  D.  W. 

(Page  57.) 

Fig.    3.  Section  showing  the  rather  lax  aspect  of  the  pinn*  and  pinnules.      U.S.  Xat.  Mus.,  5662. 
3a.  Enlarged  detail  of  ultimate  pinna  showing  very  obtuse  erect  lobation  of  broad  pinnules 
marked  by  appressed  short  hairs,  which  are  really  much  more  numerous  than  the  drawing 
indicates.     x2. 

340 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    XV 


FERNS:   SPH  ENOPTER  IS. 


PLATE   XVI. 


341 


PLATE    XVI. 

OORDAITES   COMMUNIS   Lx. 

with 
Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lx. 

(Pages  53  and  260.) 

The  large  leaf  of  the  Coi'daites,  on  the  left,  is  slightly  above  the  average  in  size;  the  base  is 
wanting.  A  basal  fragment  is  shown  in  PI.  XLVI,  while  another  small  medial  portion  is  seen  in  PI. 
XXVII.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5702. 

The  specimen  of  Sphenopteris  Brittsii,  on  the  right,  represents  the  ordinary  aspect  of  the  frag- 
ments of  that  fern,  though  the  photograph  is  obscure,     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5706. 

342 


uj  a 
Q.  o- 


a.  S 

LU    > 


f 


PLATE  XVII. 


343 


PLATE    XVII. 
Sphenopteris  British  Lx. 

(Page  53.) 

The  photograpli  shows  the  ordinary  aspect  of  portions  of  the  fronds  of  this  species,  in  -ivhich 
the  margins  are  usually  curved  backward,  burying  the  teeth  more  or  less  completely  in  the  matrix. 
U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5668. 
344 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    XVIt 


..  «!'!';= 


.^ ' 


>  -I 

>  s 


tu 


,>■ 


t'  ■     ■' 


fiAM 


1^^      j     %%,      '    I 


FERNS:  SPH  ENOPTERIS. 


PLATE  XVIII. 


345 


PLATE   XVTII. 
Sphenoptbris  Beittsii  Lx. 

(Page  53.) 

Fig.    1.  Fragment  with  spread  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus..  5705. 

2.  Upper  portion  of  young  pinna  on  which  the  pinnules  are  the  smallest  found.     This  form  is 
perhaps  identical  with  that  listed  from  the  same  beds  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Sphen- 
opieris  Gravenliorstii  Brongn.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6669. 
2a.  Enlarged  detail  of  small  pinna  of  same.     x2. 

Sphenoptbris  pinnatifida  Lx.  sp. 

(Page  45.) 

Fig.    3.  A  fragment  with  large  pinnules  of  this  species  occupies  the  central  and  lowei  portions  of  the 
rock.     Small  fragments  of  CaUipteridiiim  memhranacetim  Lx.  occur  on  the  left  center,  while 
pinnaj  of  Pecopteris  veHita  Lx.  lie  near  the  lateral  borders.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5807. 
4.  Apical  portion  of  pinna  of  Sphenopteris  pinnatifida  with  smaller  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
5803. 
4a.  Enlarged  detail  from  the  same,  showing  lobation  of  the  pinnules.     x2. 

346 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    XVIII 


FERNS:  SPHENOPTERIS, 


PLATE   XIX. 


347 


PLATE     XIX. 

SPHENOPTERIS    PINNATIFIDA    Lx.  Sp 

(Page  45.) 

Fig.   1.  Photograph  of  the  original  specimen,  a  portion  of  which  was  illustrated  in  fig.  9,  pi  Iv,  of 
the  Coal  Flora  as  Sj)he»02>ieris  iridactylites.     The  greater  portion  of  the  rock,  to  the  left,  is 
covered  by  a  fertile  segment;  a  sterile  fragment  is  on  the  right.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  4304. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  from  the  sterile  pinnae  on  the  right  in  the  same  specimen.     X4. 
16.  Similar  enlargement  of  reduced  fertile  pinnule  to  show  sporangia.     X4. 

SPHENOPTERIS  cf.  Gravenhorstii  Brongii. 

(Page  50.) 

Fig.  2.  Fragment  of  doubtful  specific  identity.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5720. 

2a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinna  to  show  margins  and  nervation  of  pinnules.     x2. 

SPHENOPTERIS   BRITTSII   Lx. 

(Page  53.) 
Fig.   3.  Pinnie  showing  rather  strong,  rugose,  ventrally  depressed  rachises.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5703. 
SPHENOPTERIS   ILLINOISENSIS  D.  W. 

(Page  58.) 

Fig.   4.  Terminal  portion  of  pinna.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5697. 

4a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnule  of  the  same  showing  simple,  very  oblique  lobation.     X2. 

348 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXV11      PL.   XIX 


FERNS:  SPH  ENOPTERIS. 


PLATE  XX. 


349 


PLATE    XX. 
Oligocarpia  missouriensis  D.  W. 

(Page  66.) 

Pig.    1.  Portion  of  primary  pinua  showiug  slender  flexuose  rachis  and  graceful  lateral  pinnse.    The 
piunie  in  the  upper  portion  are  fertile,  the  sori  being  expressed  as  small  rounded  eleva- 
tions on  the  ventral  surface  of  the  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5694. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  showing  sterile  pinnules  on  same  slab.     X2. 
2.  Small  sterile  pinnae.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5619. 

Sphenopteris  (Crossotheca)  ophioglossoides  Lx.  sp. 

(Page  60.) 

Fig.    3.  Portions  of  secondary  sterile  pinu;t.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5698. 

3a.  Enlarged  detail  to  show  outline  and  nervation  of  pinnules.     x2. 

36.  Pinnule  of  No.  5698  still  further  enlarged  to  show  the  nervation.     The  convex  margin  and 
slightly  depressed  nervation  are  imperfectly  indicated  in  Fig.  3.     x6. 
4.  Portion  of  the  same  frond  as  that  seen  in  the  left  of  Fig.  3.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  5698. 

Sphenopteris  subcrenulata  Lx.  sp. 

(Page  64.) 
Fig.    5.  Pinna  showing  pinnules  of  ordinary  type.     Collection  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Missouri. 
350 


U.    6.   GEOtOGlCAL    SURVEY 


MONOanAPH    XXXVII       PL.    XX 


FERNS.    OLIGOCARPI'*  AND  SPHENOPTER  IS. 


PLATE   XXI. 


351 


PLATE    XXI. 
Oligocarpia  missouriensis  D.  W. 

(Page  66.) 

Fig.  1.  Fragment  with  slender  fertile  lateral  pinme  supposed  to  he  referable  to  this  species.     The 
sori  are  impressed  in  the  lamina  and  show  on  the  upper  .surface  of  the  pinnules  as  minute, 
dome-shaped  elevations.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  4467. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnule  of  the  same.     x2. 

2.  Terminal  portion  of  pinna  of  same  chaiacter  as  that  shown  in  Fig.  1.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S. 

Nat.  llus.,  4468. 
2a.  Enlarged  small  pinna  from  the  same  specimen.     x2. 

3.  Fragment  of  secondary  pinna  of  0.  missoariensis,  representing  the  form  shown   in   PI.  XX, 

Figs.  1,  2.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5695. 

4.  Another  specimen  similar  to  that  in  Fig.  3,  but  smaller,  the  sori  showing  as  dark  spots  on  the 

pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5696. 

352 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


FERNS;   OLIGOCARPIA. 


PLATE  XXII. 


353 
MON   XXXVI  t 23 


PLATE    XXI  I. 
Aloiopteris  Winslovii  D.  W. 

(Page  72.) 

Fig.  1.  Portions  of  three  of  the  very  long  secondary  pinnae  bearing  ultimate  j)iuu;e  of  the  normal 
form  and  size.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5609. 

2.  Sterile  pinna;  of  same  species  on  right.      Fragments  of  several  fertile   pinnte  on  the  left. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5610. 

3.  lYagments  showing  very  large  pinnules  of  the  same  species.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5613. 

3.54 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.   XXII 


FERNS:   ALOIOPTERIS, 


PLATE  XXIII. 


355 


PLATE    XXIII. 
Aloioptekis  Wtnslovii  I).  W. 

(Page  72.) 

Fig.    1.  Small  ultimate  pinnse,  in  which  the  pinnules  are  but  partially  separated,  the  nerves  forking 
once  at  a  wide  angle,  more  than  halfway  from  the  rachis  to  the  margin.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
5721. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  of  the  same,  showing  dentition  and  nervation.     x2. 

2.  Macerated  pinnip,  revealing  skeletonized  nervation  of  the  same  species.     It  will  lie  noted 

that  the  nerves  fork  only  above  the  middle.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5611. 

3.  Enlarged  detail,  showing  pinnules  and  nervation  of  another  specimen  of  the  same  species 

U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5612.     x2. 

4.  Fragments  of  fertile  pinuiP  of  J.  Winslovii.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5690. 

5.  Portions  of  fertile,  secondary  (?)  piunie  of  the  same  species.     The  reduced  fertile  pinnules 

are  obscure,  the  margin  obliterated  by  the  projecting  elongated  sporangia.  A  fragment 
of  sterile  pinna,  with  large  pinnatifid  pinnules  is  seen  in  the  upper  part.  U.  S.Nat.  Mus., 
5689. 

Aloioptekis  erosa  Gutb.  sp.? 

(Page  70.) 

Fig.    6.  Ordinary  pinnie,  below  the  average  in  size.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5614. 

6a.  Enlarged  detail  from  same,  showing  character  of  margin,  and  nerves  forking  below  the  mid- 
dle at  a  not  very  wide  angle.     x2. 

356 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.    XXIII 


FERNS.  ALOIOPTERIS. 


PLATE  XXIV. 


357 


PLATE   XXIV. 

Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn; 

^  (Page  75.) 

Fk;.    1.  PinniB  with  pinnules  of  ordinary  form  anil  size.     U.  S.Nat.  Mns.,  5643. 
lo.  Photographic  enlargement  of  portion  of  the  same.     x2. 
16.  Similar  enlargement  of  s.ame,  showing  lamina  convex  between  the  nerves.     The  photograph 

is  inverted  in  the  plate.     X2. 
2.  Fertile  pinnae  of  the  species,  seen  from  the  upper  surface.     V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5739. 

Aloiopteeis  erosa  Gutb.  sp.? 

(Page  70.) 

Fig.    3A.  Portion  of  secondary  pinna  with  large  pinnules.    The  specimen  was  identified  as  Pecopteris 
erosa  Gutb.  by  Professor  Lesquereux.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  2386. 
3Ao.  Enlarged  detail  from  the  same  fragment,  showing  dentition  and  nerves  forking  below  the 
middle.      X2. 

Annularia  stellata  (Schloth.)  Wood. 

(Page  159.) 

Fig.  3B.  Verticils  with  rather  short  leaves,  on  the  left  of  Fig.  3.     Lacoe  collection,  I'.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
2386; 

Sphenophyllum  Lescurtanum  D.  W. 

(Page  182.) 
Fig.  3C.  Obscure  specimen ;  shows  frequent  branching.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  2386. 
358 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVIt       PL.    XXIV 


FERNS:    PECOPTERIS   AND    ALOIOPTERIS. 
EQUISETALES:   ANNULARIA. 
SPHENOPHYLLALES:   SPH  ENO  PH  YLLU  M. 


PLATE   XXV. 


359 


PLATE    XXV. 

Pecopteeis  dentata  Brougn. 

(Page  75.) 
Parallel  secondary(  f )  pinnae,  the  upper  portions  of  which  are  sterile.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5655. 
360 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


FERN;  PECOPTERIS. 


PLATE   XXVI. 


361 


PLATE   XXVI. 
Pecoptebis  vestita  Lx. 

(Page  91.)  • 

Fig.     1.  Pinna  showing  strong  punctate  lachis.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  5808. 

la.  Detail  of  portion  of  same  enlarged  to  show  villosity  and  nervation.     x2. 

Pecopteris  dentata  Brongn. 

(Page  75.) 

Fig.    2.  Small  pinnae  in  which  the  lobes  and  young  pinnules  are  unusually  connate  and  obtuse.    U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  5641. 
,      3.  Characteristic  aspect  of  large  pinna;  with  young  pinna?  and  pinnatifid  pinnules  of  this  spe- 
cies.    U.S.  Nat.  Mus..  5642. 
3a.  Enlarged  detail  of  apex  of  one  of  the  lateral  pinnae  of  the  same  specimen.     The  aspect  of  the 
lamina  and  border  are  not  well  shown.     x2. 
4.  Enlarged  detail  of  small  pinna  of  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5621,  shown  in  PI.  XXVII.     x2. 

362 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.    XXVI 


FERNS:    PECOPTERIS, 


PLATE   XXVII. 


363 


PLATE    XXVII. 
Pbcopteris  dentata  Brongn. 

(Page  75.) 

Upper  portion  of  a  primary  pinna,  showing  very  large  pinnules  in  the  uppermost  secondary 
plnn!¥,  and  ordinary  and  typical  pinnules  in  tertiary  pinnae  a  little  above  the  middle  of  the  specimen. 
The  lower  portion  of  the  segment  is  fertile,  the  margins  of  the  pinnules  being  rolled  backward  a  little 
and  buried  in  the  matrix.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5621. 

An  enlarged  detail  of  sterile  pinnules  of  this  specimen  is  given  in  PI.  XXVI,  Fig.  4. 

364 


PLATE   XXVIII. 


365 


PLATE    XXVIII.. 
Pecoptebis  pseudovestita  D.  W. 

(Page  85.) 

Fig.    1.  Typical  lateral,  secondary  (f)  piunns,  witli  characteristic  slightly  obtuse  ultimate  pinniB  of 
this  species.     This  specimen,  formerly  a  part  of  Professor  Lesquereus's  private  collection, 
was  uamed  by  him  as  Pecopteris  CUntoni  Lx.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3174. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnule  of  the  same.     x^. 
2.  Fragment  with  pinnte  similar  to  those  in  Fig.  1.     This  also  was  determined  by  Professor 

Lesquereux  as  P.  Clintoni.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3179. 
i.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnie  of  No.  5648,  partly  shown  in  PI.  XXIX.      x2. 

366 


M'jr^OGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.   XXVIK 


FERNS;    PECOPTERIS, 


PLATE  XXIX. 


367 


PLATE    XXIX. 
Pecopteris  pseudovbstita  D.  W. 

(Page  85.) 

Portion  of  a  slab  36  cm.  iu  heiglit  covered  by  parallel  sections  from  the  interior  of  large  pinme. 
The  large  size  of  the  rachises  of  the  two  segments  shown  in  this  plate  indicate  a  great  length, 
perhaps  more  than  5  meters  for  the  large  pinniB,  which  evidently  belonged  to  the  same  individual 
tree  fern.  It  is  not,  however,  certain  whether  these  large  fragments  of  rachis  proceeded  directly 
from  the  trunk  or  axis  of  the  fern  or  whether,  as  their  close  parallelism  suggests,  they  belong  only  to 
lateral  pinnjB  of  giant  fronds  of  the  fern.  A  detailed  enlargement  of  one  of  the  ultimate  pinnoe  of 
this  specimen  is  shown  in  PI.  XXVIII,  Fig.  3.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5648. 

In  the  lower  right-hand  corner  of  the  plate  are  seen  several  rathi'r  dim  fragments  of  Pecopteris 
cJiiitoni  Lx. 

368 


PLATE  XXX. 


369 
MON   XXXVII '-ii 


PLATE    XXX. 

PeCOPTERIS   PSEUDOVESTITA   D.  W. 

(Page  85.) 

Fig.  1.  Segment  showing  pinnatifitl  pinnules  and  young  i)inn;e  of  this  species.  Small  JjjAZeiio;  are 
present  at  the  bases  of  the  second  lateral  pinna  from  below  on  the  left,  and  of  the  fourth 
on  the  right.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5725. 

1«.  Enlarged  detail  of  piunatifid  pinnules  in  upper  portion  of  same.     x2. 

lb.  Detail  of  young  pinna  from  left  middle  of  Fig.  1.     x2. 

Ic.  Enlarged  detail  of  young  pinna  in  lower  right  of  the  slab.  The  nervation  is  too  close  and 
too  much  divided  in  the  upper  lobes.     x2. 

370 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XX>.V:|       PL.    XXX 


FERNS:   PEC0PTERI5, 


PLATE  XXXI. 


371 


PLATE     XXXI. 
Pecoptbkis  pseudovestita  D.  W. 

(Page  85.) 

Fig.  1.  Portion  of  lateral  pinua  similar  to  those  in  PI.  XXIX.     This  specimen  is  one  of  the  originals 
illustrated  in  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  2,  of  the  Coal  Flora  as  Jlethopteris  amhigiia  Lx.     Lacoe  collec- 
tion, U.  S.  Nat.  Mils.,  3093. 
1(1.  Pinnule  from  same  specimen  enlarged.     x2. 

2.  Pinna'  of  the  same  species,  in  which  the  sori  are  in  the  process  of  development  on  the  under 

surface  of   the  pinnules  and    the  lamina  is  slightly  reduced.     This  example  also  was 
labeled  as  Alethopteris  amiigiia  by  Professor  Lesquereux.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
3097. 
2a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnules  of  the  same.     x2. 

3.  Fertile  pinn:e  supposed  to  be  referable  to  the  same  species.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5809. 

3a.  Photographic  enlargement  of  a  portion  of  the  same  species.     The  oblong  sporangia  of  Astero- 
theca  are  dimly  indicated.     x2. 

372 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL   5URVE 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    XXXI 


FERNS:    PECOPTERIS. 


PLATE  XXXII. 


373 


PLATE    XXXII. 
Pecopteris  pseudovestita  D.  W. 

(Page  85.) 

Fig.  1.  Portion  of  secondary  (?)  pinna,  showing  robust  yonng  pinnse  of  this  species.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
5644. 
2.  Fragment  showing  form  of  lateral  pinofe,  and  portion  o'    large  rachis  similar  to  those  in 
PI.  XXIX.     U.S.Nat.  Mu-.,  5645. 

374 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    XXXIl 


FERNS:   PECOPTERlS, 


PLATE  XXXIII. 


375 


PLATE    XXXIII. 
Pecopteris  ybstita  Lx. 

(Page  91.) 

Fig.    1.  Pinna  of  ordinary  form,  tapering  gradually  toward  the  apes.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5685. 

la.  Pinnules  of  same  enlarged.     The  villosity  of  the  surface  is  not  shown  in  this  or  Figs.  2a  and  5a. 
X2. 

2.  Common  form  of  piuuatifid  pinna  of  this  species.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5G47. 

2a.  Enlarged  detail   from  the  same  to  show  nervation.     The  Yillosity  of  the  pinnules  is  not 
represented.      x2. 

3.  Young  pinna-.     U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  .5683. 

4.  Apical  portion  of  secondary  (?)  pinna.     Characteristic  slender  tapering  apex.     IT.  S.  Nat 

Mus.,  5646. 
4a.   Pinnules  of  the  same  enlarged  to  show  the  villosity.      X2. 

5.  Portion  of  secondary  ( f )  pinna,  showing  lateral  pinnfe  with  pinnules  a  little  larger  than  those 

figured  in  pi.  xxxi  of  the  Coal  Flora.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5684. 
5a.  Detail  of  pinnules  of  5684.     The  marginal  crenulation  is  exaggerated.     X2. 

6.  Pinna  of  same  species,  showing  tapering  form.     U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  5688. 

Pecopteris  cf.  akborescens  BroDgn.? 

(Page  78.) 

Fig.  7.  Specimen  with  mostly  simple  nerves,  doubtfully  referred  to  the  above  species.     U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  5686. 

376 


PLATE  XXXIV. 


377 


i 


PLATE    XXXIV. 

Pecopteris  clintoni  Lx. 

(Page  94.) 

Fig.  1.  Pinna'  of  lax  habit,  sliowing  irregularity  in  their  large  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5606. 
la.  Details  of  pinnules  in  upper  left  of  the  large  segment.      x2. 
16.  Detail  of  pinnule  in  middle  light  of  same  specimen.     x2. 
378 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXyll       PL.    XXXIV 


FERNS:    PECOPTERIS. 


PLATE   XXXV. 


379 


PLATE    XXXV. 
Sphenopteris  suspecta  D. W. 

(Page  51.) 

Fig.  1.  Fragment  with  large,  rather  lax,  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5650. 

2.  Portions  of  secondary  (?)  piunse  with  more  compact  pinnules.     U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  5652. 
2a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnules  in  the  lower  part  of  the  same  specimen.     x2. 

2h.  Similar  detail  of  pinnule  higher  in  position.     X2. 

3.  Enlarged  detail  of  small  pinnules  of  another  specimen,  No.  5649,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  doubtfully 

referred  to  the  same  species.     X2. 

Pecopteeis  clintoni  Lx. 

(Page  94.) 

Fig.  4.  Part  of  secondary  (?)  pinna  showing  lax  habit  of  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5605. 
4(1.  Pinnule  of  the  same  enlarged,  showing  distant,  thin  nerves.      X2. 

Pecopteris  hemitelioides  Brongu.  ? 

(Page  79.) 

Fig.  5.  Fertile  pinnai  provisionally  referred  to  this  species.     U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  5594. 

5a.  Enlarged  detail  of  portion  of  one  pinnule  to  show  the  two  rows  of  sori  of  the  type  of 
Jsieroilieca,  each  consisting  of  lour  or  five  slender  acute  sporangia,  inclined,  in  the  com- 
pressed specimen,  toward  the  midrib  of  the  pinnule.      X4. 

Sphenopteris  sp. 

(Page  66.) 

Fig.  6.  Fragment  showing  lax  pinnules,  slightly  stalked,  with  undulate  margins.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
5654. 
6a.   Enlarged  detail  of  two  pinnules  in  lower  part  of  the  same  specimen.     X2. 

380 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEV 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.    XXXV 


FERNS;    PECOPTERIS   AND   SPH  ENOPTER  IS. 


PLATE   XXXVI. 


381 


PLATE    XXXVI. 
Pecopteris  Jenneyi  D.  W. 

(Page  80.) 

Fig.  1.  Portions  of  two  Literal  pinnre  from  a  part  of  which  the  organic  residue  has  been  removed. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5598. 
la.  Single  pinnule  of  the  same  (slightly  enlarged). 

16.  Photographic  enlargement  of  pinna  of  same  specimen,  showing  very  coarse  nervation.     X2. 
2.  Another  example   of   the   same   species,  in   which  the  pinnules  are  proportionally  longer. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5599. 

Pecopteris  cf.  arborescens  Brongn. ! 

(Page  78.) 

Fig.  3.  Pinnie  on  the  lower  portion  of  which  the  sporangia  are  in  the  process  of  development.     U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.,  5596. 

382 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEV 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVtl       PL.    XXXVI 


FERNS:    PECOPTERIS. 


PLATE  XXXVII. 


383 


PLATE    XXXVII. 
Alethopteris  Seklii  (Brongn.)  Goepp.  var.  missouriensis  D.  W. 

(Page  117.) 

Fig.    1.  Yoiinj;  pinna  with  small  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3594. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnules  of  the  same.     x2. 
2.  Pinna  with  fully  developed  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3594a. 

Alethopteris  ambigua  Lx. 

(Page  113.) 

Fig.    3.  Young  pinna?  of  this  species.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5634. 
So.  Detail  showing  young  jjinuules.      X2. 
4.  Pinn;e  and  pinnules  showing  the  normal  form  and  size.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3590.     A  pinnule  of 
the  angustifoUa  form  of  the  Neuropteris  Scheudizeri  Hoflfm.  is  seen  on  the  left. 
4a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnule  of  J7e(Aop(e?H8  am6i(/Ma.     x2. 

384 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVE' 


MONOGRAPH    XXyVll      PL.    XXXVII 


FERNS;   ALETHOPTERIS   AND    NEUROPTERIS 


PLATE  XXXVIII 


385 
MON    XXXVII 25 


PLATE    XXXVIII. 
Gallipteridium  mbmbranaoeum  Lx. 

(Page  120.) 

Fid.  1.  Fragment  from  which   thi-   cnrbonaceous  matter  is  largely  removed.      Its  reference  to  this 
species  is  tentative.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5810. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnule  of  same.     x2. 

2.  Slender  pinna  showing  slightly  variable  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5625. 

3.  Fra"-ment  with  large  pinnules  separate  to  the  rachis.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5691. 
3a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnules  of  the  same.     x2. 

•1.  One  of  the  types   of  the  species.      Original   of  iig.  5,  pi.  xxvii,   p.   177,  of  the  Co;iI    Flora. 

Lacoo  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3182. 

4a.  Pinnule  from  the  upper  portiou  of  the  same  enlarged  to  show  the  nervation.     The  margiu;il 

gutter,  slightly  exa;j,gerated  in  the  drawing,  is  also  present  in  the  other  specimens.      x2. 

5.  Apical  segment  determined  as  this  species  hy  Profe.ssor  Lesquereux.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.,  3187. 
G.  Apical   fragment  with  young    pinu:e   doubtfully   referable  to   this   species.      It   appears   to 
represent  a  peculiar  form   with   very  broad   racbises  and   thin  midribs.      The  example 
jihotographed  is  the  only  one  yet  found.     Collection  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Missouri. 
6(1.  Enlarged  pinnules  from  the  same.     X2. 

386 


U.   S     GEOLOGICAL  SURVf 


MONOGRAPH  yXXVII       PL.    XXXVI 


FERNS;   CALLI  PTERI  Dl  U  M. 


PLATE   XXXIX. 


387 


PLATE    XXXIX. 

Gallipteridium  Suluvantii  (Lx.)  Weiss. 

(Page  123.) 

Fig.    1.  Portion  of  secondary  (?)  pinna  with  robust  lateral  pinme,  the  lower  pinnules  of  which  are 
constricted  in  Neuropteroid  form  at  the  base.     U.  S.  Nat.  JIus.,  5660. 
In.   Detail  sliowiug  one  of  the  basallv  constricted  lower  pinnules.      x2. 

2.  Ordinary  aspect  of  a  pinna  of  the  species.     U.  S.  Nat.  ilns.,  3589. 
2a.  Enlarged  detail  of  an  average  pinnule,  from  the  same.      x2. 

3.  Apex  of  secondary  (?)  jiinua.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  .5674. 

Gallipteridium  in.equale  Lx. 

(Page  123.) 

4.  Fragment  of  pinna.     U.  S.  Nat.  JIus.,  56U3. 

388 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    vyyvil       PL.    XXXIX 


FERNS:   CALLI  PTER  I  Dl  U  M. 


PLATE   XL. 


389 


PLATE    XL. 

T^NIOPTBRIS!   MISSOUBTBNSIS    D.  W.  , 

(Page  140.) 

Fig.  1.   Fragmeut  in  whicli  tlie  iiinnuU-s  ure  attai'hi-d  by  the  eutire  width  of  Hie  base.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
5557. 

2.  Upper  portion  of  pinna  with  lounate  Alethopteroid  piiauules.     U.  S.  Nat.  JIns.,  .5.556. 

3.  Alethopteroid  pha.se  from  still  higher  in  the  pinna.     U.  S.  \at.  Mns.,5560. 

4.  Apex  of  the  pinna,  Alethopteroid,  with  strongly  decurrent  pinnules.    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5558. 

5.  Fragment  low  in  pinna,  showing  basally  constricted  pinnules  attached  to  central  zone  of  a 

hi-oadly  bordered  rachis.     U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.,  .5557n. 

6.  Fragments  of  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus..  5556«. 

7.  Portiimof  a  very  large  pinnule.    .Specimen  in  the  collection  of  Dr. , I.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Missouri. 

390 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH  XXXVII       PL.    XL 


FERNS,    T/ENIOPTERIS?. 


PLATE  XLI. 


391 


PLATE  XLI. 

Calliptekidium  Sullivantii  (Lx.)  Weiss. 

(Page  123.) 

Fig.  1.  Young  iiinnai  tleveloping  in  Odontopteroid  form,  constricted  at  base.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  5479. 

2.  Apex  of  compound  pinna,  sliowing  Neuropteroid  constriction  of  large  pinnules,  before  passing 

into  tbe  pinnatitid  stage.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5481. 

3.  IncompUte  fragment,  becoming  .sublobate.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5482. 

Neuropteris  MISSOURIENSIS  Lx. 

(Page  130.) 

Fig.  4.  Pinuiu  sliowing  characteristic  forms  of  lateral  and  terminal  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5631. 
5.  Example  with  smaller  pinnules  of  the  same  species.     IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5472. 

Nburopteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lx. 

(Page  137.) 

Fig.  6.  Portion   of   No.    5672    (sho^YU    in    PL    XLII,   Fig.  1),   showing   the   nervation;    natural   size. 
6a.     Enlarged  detail  of  small  area  to  show  vascular  strands  in   the  lamina  between  the  larger 
nerve  bundles.     The  number  and  distribution  of  the  strands  is  greater  than  is  represented. 
They  are  somewhat  irregular.      x2. 

Linopteris  gilkersonensis  D.  W. 

(Page  139.) 

Fig.  7.  Slightly  undersized  pinnule,  showing  nervation.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  5485. 

8.  Laro-e  pinnule  showing  linear  form  and  peculi.ar  meshing  of  the  nerves.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5485. 

Alethoptbsis  AMBiaXIA  Lx. 

(Page  113.) 

Fig.  9.  Frao-meut  showing  young  pinna,  with  irregular  pinnules.     The  specimen  was  identified  by 
Professor  Lesquereus.     L.acoe  collection.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  3590. 

DlCRANOPHYLLUM'?  Sp. 

(Page  272.) 

Fig.  10.  Fragment  from  the  macerated  specimen  photographed  in  PI.  LXXIII,  Fig.  1.     It  should  per- 
haps be  regarded  as  an  Alga.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6076. 

392 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    XLI 


■  1  1 

1 

1 

1 

FERNS;   CALLI  PTERI  D  lU  ^yl.    NEUROPTERIS.    ALETHOPTERIS.   AND    LINOPTERIS. 


PLATE   XLII. 


393 


PLATE    XLII. 
Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lx. 

(Page  137.) 

Fig.    1.  Portion  of  relatively  small  pinnule.     U.  S.  Nat.  JIus.,  5672. 

la.  Detail  of  portion  of  surface  showing  vascular  bnuilles.     Another  detail  of  an  area  nearer  the 
base  is  shown  as  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  6o.      X2. 

OUONTOPTERTS?    BrADLEVI    Lx. 

(Page  12.5.) 

Fio.  2.  Apical  jiortion  of  jiinna,  on  right  of  which  are  seen  pinnules  representing  0.  liratllei/i,  while 
on  the  left  the  lamina  is  for  some  distance  entire  as  in  O.  Woriheni  Lx.  The  specimen  is 
perhaps  only  a  heteromorphous  pinna  of  the  Xeiiropteris  Sriieiichzeyi  Hoffm.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mas.,  ri(i28. 
'2a.  Enlar'ged  detail  of  jiortiou  of  the  same  showing  nervation  and  short  tine  hairs  appressed  on 
the  surface  of  the  piniiul&s.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mu.s.,  5623.     X2. 

Xeuroptbris  Schetjchzeri  Hoft'm. 

(Page  132.) 

Fig.    3.  Single  pinnule,  representing  a  small  narrow  form  of  the  species,  with  relatively  slender  apex, 
known  as  X  angunlifulia.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus..  .5633. 
3fl.  Portion  of  the  same  enlarged  to  show  the  asymmetrical  auriculate  and  pedicellate  base,  the 
nervation,  and  the  sliort  slender  hairs  appressed  on  the  surface.      X2. 

Neuroptekis  missoxjriensis  Lx. 

(Page  130.) 

FiG.    4.  Typical  small  pinme.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5632. 

in.  Enlarged  detail  of  a  jiinnule  of  the  same.      X2. 

Alethopteris  Serlii  (Brougn.)  Goepp.  var.  jmissouriensis  D.  W. 

(Page  118.) 

Fig.    5.  Characteristic  aspect  of  pinna  with  large  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  3591 B. 
5a.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnule.      x2. 

394 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH   XXXVll      PL.    XU\ 


FERNS;   NEUROPTERIS,   ODONTOPTER  IS,    AND   ALETHOPTERIS. 


PLATE    XLIII. 


395 


PLATE    XLIII. 

Neuropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lx. 

(Page  137.) 

Incomplete,  large,  Cyclopteiid  pinnule.     Original  of  the  description  by  Professor  Lesquereux 
under  the  above  name  in  Coal  Flora,  vol.  i,  p.  78.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6038. 

396 


PLATE   XLIV. 


397 


PLATE  XLIY. 

SPHENOPTBRIS  ir,BINOISENIS  D.  W. 

(Page  158.) 

Fig.  1.  Apex  of  componud  piiiiia.     U.  .S.  Nat.  Mus..  5661. 
1(1.   Detail  of  pinnule  sliowiiig  sinij>lf  dentition.      X2. 

Nei'kopteeis  dilatata  (L.  and  H.)  Lx. 

(Page  137.) 

Fig.  2.  Portion  of  a  pinnule  of  more  elong.-iteil  form.     The  luargin  i.s  seen  on  the  left  only.     U.  S.Nat. 
Mus.,  5658. 

Pecoptebis  abbokescens  Brongu.? 

(Page  78.) 

Fig.  3.  Fragment,  natural  size,  Laeoe  collection.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  4873. 
3(1.  Enlarged  detail  of  pinnule.s  of  the  same.     x4. 

Algoid  axis! 

Fig.  4.  The  figure  shows  the  finely  punctate  surface  of  the  impression  on  which  no  clear  traces  of 
vascular  bundles  are  seen.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5726. 

398 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURvE 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.   XLIV 


FERNS:    NEUROPTERIS,   SP  H  EN  O  PTER  IS.   AND    PECOPTERIS.     ALGOID   AXl 


PLATE   XLV. 


399 


PLATE    XLV. 

Aphlebia  sp. 

(Page  112.) 

Fig.  1.  Large  axis,  2.5  cm.  iu  diameter,  clothed  by  large,  oblong,  chafty  or  foliar  scales.     On  the  right 
is  seen  an  expanded  ApMehia  comparable  to  A.  Lactuca.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mn8.,  5727. 

Sphenopteris  sp. 

Fig.  2.  Fragment  showing  lax  habit  of  decurrent  pinn;B  and  lobes.     V.  S.  Nat.  JIus.,  5815. 
2o.  Enlarged  detail  showing  nervation  of  the  same.     x2. 

NEUROP'J'ERIS    MISSOURIENSIS    Lx. 

(Page  130.) 

Fig.  3.  Pinna  showing  very  large  pinnules  of  the  species.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5630. 

Lepidodendron  scutatum  Lx. 

(Page  198.) 

Fig.  4.  Cortex   of  compressed  branch  showing  leaf  cushions  and  leaf  scars.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6044. 
Other  examples  of  this  species  are  illustrated  in  Pl.  LIV,  Fig.  5,  and  Pl.  LV,  Figs.  1,2. 

400 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXMI      PL.    XLV 


FERN5:   SPH  ENOPTERIS,    MEUROPTERIS,   AND    APHLEBIA. 
LYCOPODIALES:   LEPl  DODEN  DRON. 


PLATE  XLVI. 


401 
>iON  xxxvii 26 


PLATE    XLVI. 
APHLEBiA  Germari  Zeill. 

CORDAITES   COMMUNIS   Lx. 

(Pages  106  and  260.) 

The  photograph  shows  the  greater  portion  of  a  large  froud  of  Jplilcbia  Geimari  Zeill.  spread  out 
on  the  slab.  The  spiuinis,  villose  aspect  of  the  surfaie,  especially  lu-ar  the  base,  is  im])erfectly  indi- 
cated.    U.  S.  Sat.  Mus.,  5546. 

On  the  right  lies  a  small  U-af  of  CorOailes  cumminis  Lx.  For  further  illustration  of  the  latter 
see  PI.  I. 

402 


U.   S,   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


FERN.  APHLEBIA 
GYMNOSPERM:  CORDAITES 


PLATE   XL VII. 


403 


PLATE    XLVTI. 
Beittsia  peoblematica  L).  W. 

(Page  98. ) 

Fig.  1.  View  of  frond  in  which  the  pinno;  are  rolled  back  on  all  sides,  showing  the  hroad  central 
rachis.  Portions  of  the  thalloid  expansions  are  seen  on  the  upper  right.  The  photograph 
is  inverted.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5683. 

2.  Opposite  side  of  the  same  specimen,  with  inrolled  pinnse. 

3.  Expanded  frond,  from  which  the  pinnules  have  heen  removed,  showing  the  hroad  lobular 

expansions  of  the  fleshy  or  thalloid  wing  of  the  rachis.  The  light  spots  in  the  sinuses  of 
the  lobes  correspond  to  the  attachment  of  the  imbricated  pinnules.  The  margins  of  the 
lobes,  though  thinning,  are  hardly  so  uneven  as  the  retouching  indicates.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
.5724. 

4.  Enlarged  detail  of  one  of  the  lobes  or  fleshy  expansions  of  the  rachis  of  a  lateral  pinna.     The 

vascular  buudles  are  seen  to  diverge  from  the  axis  and  pass  to  the  sinus  at  the  upper 
angle  of  the  lobe,  where  a  distinct  carbonaceous  residue  of  the  base  of  the  pinnule  usually 
remains.  The  character  of  the  surface  of  the  lobe,  which  is  destitute  of  vascular  trace, 
is  also  shown  in  the  enlargement.     x5. 

5.  Portions  of  two  of  the  "pinnules"  which  are  attached  at  the  sinuses  of  the  lobes.     TBe  detail 

enlargement  shows  the  nervation  and  a  very  small  portion  of  the  margiu,  including  one 
of  the  teeth.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5723.     X5. 

PECOPTERIS   cf.  ARBOEESCENS   BrODgU.? 

(Page  78.) 
Fig.  6.  Fertile  pinnte.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5595. 

Aphlebia  subgoldenbeegii  D.  W. 

(Page  110.) 

Fig.  7.  Fragment  showing  lateral  divisions  or  pinnte,  with  thin  lobes  or  pinnules  traversed  by  broad, 
flat  vascular  bauds.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  9599. 
7o.  Portion  of  the  same  enlarged  to  show  the  form  of  the  lobes.     x2. 

404 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVE 


MONOGRAPH   XXXVII       PL.    XLVII 


FERNS:    PECOPTERIS,   APHLEBIA,    AND    BRITT5IA, 


PLATE   XL VIII. 


405 


PLATE    XLVIII. 
Brittsia  peoblematica  D.  W. 

(Page  98.) 

Fig.  1.  Frond  showing  fleshy  expansions  of  the  central  axis  (rachis)  and  pinnae.  The  thicli,  appar- 
ently veinless,  thalloid  lobes  of  the  latter  are  seen  on  the  left.  In  the  loTver  left  fragments 
of  the  pinnules  overlying  the  fleshy  bordered  rachises  are  seen.  U.  S.  Kat.  JIus.,  5723. 
lo.  Enlarged  detail  of  the  lower  left  of  the  same  specinieii,  showing  portion  of  main  axis  and  four 
piuna»  with  their  fleshy  expansions  or  thalloid  lobes.  The  vascular  system  is  also  indi- 
cated. Toward  the  margin  jiortions  of  several  of  the  pinnules  expanding  in  a  plane 
above  the  rachis  are  seen,  with  their<leiitate  margins.  The  iudividnality  of  the  pinnules 
is  not  clear  in  the  flgure.     x2. 

2.  Photograph  of  portion  of  frond  from  which  the  rachial  plane  has  been  broken  away,  leaving 

the  imbricated  ))iuuulcs  in  the  matrix.     (See  2a.)     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  o.sU. 
2a.  Enlarged  photograph  of  the  same.     The  remains  of  the  double  (parallel)  rows  of  pinnules  of 

three  pinn:e  are  seen,  especially  the  two  rows  of  one  pinna  on  the  right.     x2. 
26.  Detail  of  the  same  showing  the  broken  remains  of  the  two  imbricated  rows  of  pinnules  or 

scales  of  the  pinna  on  the  right  of  Fig.  2a.     The  basal  portions  of  the  pinnules  which 

narrow  to  the  sinuses  between  the  lobes  of  the  rachis  are  broken  away.     The  pinnules 

are  not  so  striated  as  the  drawings  lo  and  2ft  indicate.     X2. 
2c.  Detail  showing  pinnules  in  left  of  Fig.  2.     The  thick  nerves  and  several  of  the  teeth  of  the 

pinnules  are  seen,  while  the  trend  of  the  nerves  toward  the  sinuses,  and  the  vascular  bands 

of  the  rachis  are  indicated.     The  impressions  on  th_i  underlying  fleshy  rachis  indicate  a 

considerable  length  for  the  basal  portions  of  the  pinnules.      X2. 

3.  Small  frond  showing  axis,  pinnae  which  are  somewhat  radiately  disposed,  and  fleshy  lobes  of 

the  rachis,  the  borders  of  the  lobes  being  overlain  in  places  by  fragments  of  the  over- 
lying compressed  pinnules.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5722. 

406 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


Monograph  xxxvii     pl.  xlviIi 


FERNS:    BRITTSIA 


PLATE   XLIX. 


407 


PLATE   XLIX. 
Cyclocladia  British  D.  W. 

(Page  169.) 

Fig.  1.  Fragment  of  stem  showing  large  exceutric  branch  cicatrices,  and  transversely  elongated  leaf 
scars.     Collection  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Missouri. 

ASTEROPHYLLITES   LONGIFOLIUS  (Stb.)  Brongn. 

(Page  153.) 

Fig.  2.  Stem  with  spreading  verticils.     U.  S.  Nat.  Muh.,  5677. 

3.  Fragment  with  more  nearly  erect  leaves.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  5676. 

4.  Distinctly  carinate  leaves.     IT.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5673. 

4a.  Enlarged  details  showing  cortex  of  stem  and   lineate,  minutely  carinate  leaves  from  same 
specimen.     X2. 

408 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEV 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       FL.   XLIX 


EQUlSETALES:   CYCLOCLAOIA  AND   ASTEROPH YLLITES, 


PLATE   L. 


409 


PLATE  L. 

SPHENOPHYLLUM    (ASTEKOPHYLLITESf)    FASOICULATUM   Lx.  Sp. 

(Page  183.) 

Fig.     1.  One  of  the  specimens  detiTtniued  by  Professor  Lesqiiereus  as  Js'erophyUiles  fascictiUitiis  Lx. 
Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  8296. 
Irt.  Photograi)liic  eiilargeraent  of  the  upper  jiortion  of  the  same,  showing  bifurcate  leaves.     X2. 
Ic.  Detail  of  a  portion  of  the  same  to  show  the  uervation.     x2. 

2.  Another  specimen  labeled  as  AsteropliyUites  fasciculalits  by  Professor  Lesrjuerenx.     The  bifur- 

cate form  of  the  leaves  appears  in  the  upper  part,  though  it  does  uot  show  well  in  the 
photograph.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  JIus.,  8295. 

3.  Branches  of  the  same  species.     Most  of  the  leaves  are  seen  in  profile,  but  several  in  the  front 

of  the  verticils  in  tlie  upper  jiart  of  the  specimen  show  the  forked  form.     U.  S.Nat.  Mus., 
5639. 

4.  Examples  of  small  branclilcts.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5637. 

SPHENOPHYLLUM   IWAJUS   BrODlt? 

(Page  180.) 

Fig.     5.  Two  verticils,  showing  form  of  leaves.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5679. 

6A.  Leaves  on  the  upper  part  of  the  rock,  showing  margin.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
8711. 

SPHENOPHYLLUM    LESCUKIANUM   ]).  W. 

(Page  182.) 

Fig.  6B.  Branches,  showing  verticils  of  pecnliariy  bidentate  leaves.     This  example  was  labeled  and 
recorded  by  Professor  Lcsquereux  as  SplienophxiUnm  ohJongifoVimn  Germ.     Lacoe  collection, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  8711. 
6b.  Enlarged  detail  of  leaves.     x2. 

The  entire  rock  is  photographically  enlarged  in  PI.  LI. 

410 


u,   "5.  r.Foi  nniTAL   "^iTivr 


ONC-.RflPH    XXXVII       PL.    L 


SPHENOPHYLLALES:  SPH ENOPHYLLU M. 


PLATE    LI. 


411 


PLATE    LI. 

Sphenophyllum  majus  Bronn? 

(Page  180.) 
Fig.  a.  Enlarged  pliotograiiU  of  Fig.  6A,  PI.  L.     x2. 

Sphenophyllum  Lescueianum  D.  "W. 

(Page  182.) 

Fig.  h.  Photographic  eulargement  of  No.  8711,  Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  shown  natural  size  in 
Fig.  6,  PI.  L.     The  enlargement  shows  well  the  form  and  dentition  of  the  leaves.     x2. 

412 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MO">JOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    LI 


5PHENOPHYLLALES:   SPH  ENO  PH  Y  LLU  M. 

(Twice  the  natuial  sue.) 


PLATE  LII. 


413 


PLATE   LII. 
Lepidodendron  Bkittsii  Lx. 

(Page  188.) 

Fig.    1.  Slab  covered  with  Ijiaucblets  and  leafy  twigs.     The  bifurcation  of  the  branches  is  seeif  at 
several  points.     U.  S.  Nat  Mus.,  5640. 

2.  Enlarged  detail  from  lower  right  of  the  same  slab,  showing  lower  portions  of  leaves  attached 

to  the  bolsters.      Xi. 

3.  Portions  of  the  cortex  of  old  truulis,  showing  the  form  of  the  bolsters  or  leaf  cushions;  the 

eresceutic  leaf  scars,  convex  upward,  and  the  corrugation  above  and  below  the  leaf  scar. 
U.S.Nat.  Mus.,  6039. 
3a.  Enlarged  detail  of  bolster  of  the  same.     The  limits  of  the  leaf  scar  are  hardly  so  clearly 
defined  in  the  specimen,  nor  are  the  appendages  so  distinct,  though  they  appear  to  be 
faintly  visible.     X2. 

414  V 


PLATE   LIII. 


415 


PLATE    LITI. 
Lepidodendron  Brittsii  Lx. 

(Page  188.) 

Fig.  1.  Branch  witli  many  nariDw.  tapering  leaves.     The  latter  are  slightly  reflexed.     The  outlines  of 
the  slender,  fusiform  l^olsters  are  faintly  seen,  the   corrugation  being  visible.     U.S.Nat. 
Jlus.,  6040. 
la.  Enlarged  detail,  showing  form  and  ornamentation  of  a  bolster  of  the  same.     The  appendages 
are  delineated  too  distinctly.     x2. 

Lepidodendron  LANCEOLAaTM  Lx. 

(Page  192.) 

Fig.  2.  Forking  branch,  showini;'  diamond-sliaped  bolsters.     The  latter  are  a  little  distant.     Collection 
of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts.  Clinton,  Missouri. 
2a.  Enlarged  detail  of  two  bolsters  of  the  same,  showing  the  very  slight  altitude  of  the  leaf  scars, 
which  are  distinctly  directed  upward,  and  the  ligular  trace  just  above  the  leaf  scar. 
X2. 

416 


U.    S.  GEOLOGICAL    SunvE' 


LYCOPODIALES:   LEPI  DOD  EN  DRON, 


PLATE   LIV. 


417 
MON    XXXVII 37 


PLATE    LIV. 
Lepidodendron  Beittsii  Lx.         ' 

(Page  188.) 

Fig.    1.  Branohlet  showing  leaves  attached.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6042. 

lo.  Enlarged  detail  of  same  to  show  the  bolsters  and  leaf  attachments.     x2. 
2.  Fragment  from  larger  lirauch  at  the  point  of  bifurcation.     The  leaf  scars  are  faintly  shown. 
The  specimen  was  determined  by  Professor  Lesquereux.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Jsat.  Mus., 

5488. 

Lepidodendron  rimosum  Stb.  var.  retocorticatum  D.  W. 

(Page  196.) 

Fig.  3.  Fragment  of  cortical  impression  in  which  the  outer  cortex  appears  to  have  been  longitudi- 
nally ruptured  in  elongated  diamond-shaped  breaks  by  the  expanding'  inner  cwrtex,  sepa- 
rating still  farther  the  already  distant,  linear,  fusiform  bolsters.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6043. 

3a.  Enlarged  detail  showing  linear,  elongated  bolsters  and  the  transversely  rhomboidal  leaf 
scars.     x2. 

36.  Single  bolster  of  the  same  still  further  enlarged  to  show  the  cortical  ornamentation  and  the 
cicatricules  of  the  leaf  scar.  x6. 
4.  Fragmentary  impression  of  cortex  of  old  trunk  in  sandstone.  The  specimen,  which  was 
labeled  as  this  species  by  Professor  Lesciuereux,  shows  the  distant,  greatly  elongated 
bolsters  and  the  complex  wrinkling  of  the  bark  between  the  bolsters.  Lacoe  collection, 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5280. 

4a.  Detail,  natural  size,  from  the  same,  to  show  the  features  of  the  leaf  scars.     It  is  hardly 
probable  that  the  features  of  the  actual  outer  surface  of  the  scar  are  here  presented. 

Lepidodendron  scutatum  Lx. 

(Page  198.) 

Fig.  5.  Enlarged  detail  of  No.  6044  photographed  in  PI.  XLV,  Fig.  4.  It  shows  the  character  of  the 
leaf  scars  and  the  appendages.     x2. 

418 


U.   S.  GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.   L1V 


LYCOPODIALES:    LEP  I  DODEN  DRON. 


PLATE   LV. 


419 


PLATE     LV. 
Lepidodendron  scutatum  Lx. 

(Page  198.) 

Fig.    1.  Slab  strewn  with  dichotomous  branches  of  this  species.     The  form  of  the  bolster  is  obscurely 
shown  on  the  right.     I'.  S.  Nat.  llus.,  6045. 
2.  Fragment  from  larger  stem.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6046. 
2a.  Detail  of  bolsters  and  leaf  scars  of  same.     x2. 

420 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVll       PL.    LV 


LYCOPODIALES;    LEPI  DOD  EN  DRON. 


PLATE   LVI. 


421 


PLATE    LVI. 
Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni  D.  W. 

(Page  205.) 

Fig.    1.  Portion  of  stem  from  which  the  epiilermis  haa  been  removed.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6047. 

2.  One  of  the  specimens  described  and  iigured  by  Professor  Lesquereux  (Coal  Flora,  vol.  iii,  p. 

781,  pi.  cv,  fig.  4^  as  Lepidophloios  dilatatiis  Lx.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  .S.  Nat.  JIus.,  5944. 
2a.  Photographic  enlargement  of  the  same,  in  different  light,  to  show  the  aspect  of  the  leaf 

scars.     x2. 
26.  Enlarged  detail  of  exposed  portion  of  bolster  of  No.  5944.     x2. 

3.  'Isolated  and  jjartially  decorticated  l)ol8ter  showing  portion  of  leaf  scar  and  the  pit  above  it 

on  the  bolster.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6050. 

4.  Similar  isolated  bolster  showing  vertical  wrinkles,  due  perhaps  to  flattening  of  the  bolster. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6048. 

5.  Bolster  from  which  nearly  all  carbonaceous  residue  has  been  removed,  showing  the  approxi- 

mate profile  of  leaf  soar  and  distiuct  "  ligular  pit."    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6049. 

6.  Detached  bolsters  grouped  on  rock.     U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  6051. 

7.  Very  large  bolster,  partially  decorticated.     U.  S.Nat.  Mus.,  6052. 

8.  Very  large  and  strongly  convex  bolster  in  shale.     It  shows  rounded  lateral  angles  and  base. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6053. 

422 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL-    LVI 


U.   S.    OEOLOT.ICAL    SURVEY 


LYCOPODIALES:    LEPI  DOPH  LOIOS, 


PLATE   LVII. 


423 


PLATE    LVII. 
Lbpidophloios  Van  Ingeni  D.  w. 

(Page  205.) 

Fig.  1.  Portion  of  large  slab  described  and  partially  figured  by  Professor  Lesquereux  in  Coal  Flora, 
vol.  iii,  pi.  cv.,  fig.  2,  as  Lepidopliloios  dilataius  Lx.  The  rhomboidal  profiles  of  the  com- 
pletely flattened  bolsters  are  visible  over  the  corticated  portion,  while  in  most  cases  the 
leaf  scar  is  seen.  The  Knorria  stage  of  the  trunk  is  indicated  in  the  lower  left.  Lacoe 
collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5947. 
la.  Enlarged  detail  of  bolster  of  same.     x2. 

424 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII        PL.    LVII 


LYCOPODIALES:    LEPI  DO  PH  LO  lOS, 


PLATE    LVIII. 


425 


PLATE    LVIII. 
Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni  D.  W.  ? 

(Page  205.) 

Via.  1.  The  large  leaf  fragments  on  the  left  half  of  the  slab  are  probably  referable  to  this  species. 
Small  branchlets  of  Lepidodendron  Brittsii  Lx.  appear  on  the  right.  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus., 
6061. 

Lepidophylltjm  missoxjeiense  D.  W. 

(Page  216.) 

Fig.  2.  Lower  part  of  bract,  dilated  at  the  point  of  union  with  the  large  sporangiophore.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  6062.     A  portion  of  an  isolated  bolster  of  Lejndophloios  Van  Ingeni  lies  to  the  left. 

426 


LYCOPODIALES;    LEPI  DOPH  LOIOS   AND    LEPI  DOPH  YLLU  M, 


PLATE   LIX. 


427 


PLATE    LIX. 

Lbpidostrobus  Jenneyi  D.  W. 

Lepidophyllum  Jenneyi. 

(Page  215.') 

Fig.  la.  TTpper  part  of  cone,  showing  bracts  along  the  profile,  the  interior  mass  being  composed  of 

the  long  sporangiophores  crushed  with  the  spore  cases  (Sporoci/stis).     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 

6054. 

Ifc.  Detached  fully  grown  bract  of  the  same  species,  illustrating  the  relatively  long  sporaugiophore. 

2.  Another  bract  {Lepidophyllum  Jenneyi)  showing  dilation  at  base  of  blade.     The  membraneous 

expansion  of  the  sporaugiophore  is  wanting.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6056. 

Lepidocystis  Jenneyi  D.  W. 

(Page  215.) 
Fig.     3.  Isolated  and  partially  compressed  spore  case  of  iepidos^cofeus  Jenneyi.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6055. 

Asteeophyllites  eqtjisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Brougu. 

(Page  151.) 
Fig.  Ic.  Branch  with  unusually  slender  leaves,  to  the  left  of  the  Lepidostrobus  on  the  slab. 

Sphenophylliim  emaeginatum  Brongu. 

(Page  177.) 
Fig.  Id.  Fragments,  with  very  small  leaves,  near  the  top  and  in  the  lower  right  of  slab. 

Pecopteeis  vestita  Lx. 

(Page  91.) 
Fig.  le.  Fragment  of  pinna  on  the  right. 
428 


U.    S.    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXX\II       PL.    LIX 


FERNS     PECOPTERIS. 

EQUISETALE3     ASTEROPH  YLLITES. 

SPHENOPHYLLALES;   SPH ENOPH YLLU M 

LYCOPODlALES     LEPI  DOSTROBUS,    LEPI  DOPH  YLLU  M,    AND    LtPI  OOCYST  IS. 


PLATE    LX. 


429 


PLATE    LX. 
Lepidostrobus  missouriensis  D.  W. 

LEPIDOPHYLLUM  MISSOURIENSE. 

(Pages  216  aud217.) 

Fig.  1.  Slab,  ou  the  left  of  which  is  a  fragment  of  a  large  cone  of  this  species,  while  scattered  bracts 
lie  on  the  right.     Collection  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Missouri. 

2.  Bract  {LepidophiiUtim  missouriense)  of  the  same  species,  showing  dilation  of  blade  at  junction 

with  sporaugiophore,  which  is  ineomplete.     U.  S.  Nat.  llns.,  6066. 

3.  Bract  of  same  species  showing  acuminate  apex  and  large  sporaugiophore.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 

6059. 

430 


PLATE   LXI. 


431 


PLATE    LXI. 

Ferrnginous  sandstone  from  Gilkevson's  Ford,  Grand  River,  Missouri.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5065. 

Lepldophyllum  missouriense  D.  W. 

(Page  216.) 

Fig.  la.   Fragments   scattered  over  slab.     The   sporangiopliore   and  midrib   are  well  shown  in   a 
specimen  in  tbe  upper  middle  of  the  plate. 

Lepidocystis  missouriensis  D.  W. 

(Page  218.) 

Fir,.  11).  Spore  cases  of  Lepidophyllum  (Lepidostrobits)  mis80urienae.     Most  of  them  are  longitudinally 
ruptured  and  are  spread  out,  the  spores  having  been  discharged. 
2.  Isolated  empty  spore  case. 

Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni  D.  W. 

(Page  205.) 
Fig.  Ic.  Detached  and  isolated  bolsters. 

CALLIPTEEIDIUM   IN^QUALE    Lx. 

(Page  123.) 
Fig.  Id.  Fragments  of  pinnae. 

Cardiocarpon  Branneri  Paircli  &  D.  W. 

(Page  266.) 
Fig.  le.  The  normal  form  of  the  seed  with  its  wing  is  shown  in  the  example  on  the  right. 

LiNOPTEEIS   aiLKEESONENSIS   D.  W. 

(Page  139.) 

Fig.  If.  Pinnule  of  ordinary  size  and  form.     It  lies  just  below  the  specimen  to  which  reference  was 
last  made. 

SiGILLAEIA   CAMPTOT^NIA   Wood? 

(Page  230.) 

Fig.  If/.  Sigillarioid  leaves,  probably  preferable  to  S.  camptotirniu  Wood,  which  is  found  associated  in 
the  same  stratum. 

432 


U.   8.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


FERNS:  CALLl'PT  ERI  D  I  U  M   AND   ^'''''-    J-^'^- 

LYCOPODIALES:   LEPI  DOPH  LOIOS,  tt    IDOPHYLLUM,   AND   LEPI  DOCYSTIS. 

CORDAITALES:    CARDIOCARPON 


PLATE   LXII. 


433 

MON   XXXTII 28 


PLATE    LXII. 

*  Ferruginous  sandstone  from  Giikerson's  Ford,  Grand  River,  Missouri.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5065. 

(Tlie  back  side  of  this  slab  is  photographed  iu  PI.  LXI.) 

LePIDOPHYLLTJM   MISSOURIENSB   D.  W. 

(Page  217.) 

Fig.  a.  Several  bracts  scattered  over  slab.     The  upper  one  on  the  right  is  the  most  slender  example 
yet  seen.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6065. 

Lepidocystis  missotjribnsis  D.  W. 

(Page  217.) 

Fig.  h.  Collapsed  spore  cases.     The  specimen  to  the  right  of  the  center  of  the  slab,  and  especially 
that  in  the  upper  extreme  left,  are  typical  of  the  size  and  form  of  the  ruptured  and  spread 
spore  cases  of  Lepidonirohns  missouriensis. 
c.  Spore  cases  compressed,  but  not  ruptured. 

Tbiletes  of  Lepidostkobus  missouriensis. 

(Page  217.) 

Fig.  (1.  Macrospores  of  the  above  species.     Ou  the  left  are  seen  the  agglomerated  spores  as  contained 
in  two  of  the  spore  cases.     The  masses  retain  the  size  aud  form  of  the  flattened  spore 
cases,  though  the  latter  have  been  removed. 
e.  Scattered  aud  isolated  macrospores  of  the  same.     The  triradiate  surface  sculpture  of  these  is 
shown  in  the  eularged  details  from  this  specimen  given  in  PL  LXIII,  Figs.  3.  3a. 

Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni  D.  W. 

(Page  205.) 
Fig.  /.  Isolated  bolsters. 

CALLIPTEBIDtUM  INJEQUALE   Lx. 

(Page  123.)  ^ 

Fig.  //.  Fragments  of  jiiunie. 

Lepidostbobus  princeps  Lx. 

(Page  212.) 

Fig.  h.  Portion  of  rather  suiall  cone  showing  long  sporangiophores  at   the  base  and  fragments   of 
bracts.     The  sporangiophores  are  very  oblique  in  this  example. 

SiGILLARIA    CAMPTOT^NIA   Wood? 

(Page  230.) 

Fig.  i.  Fragments  of  Sigillarioid  leaves,  presumably  referable  to  the  associated  species,  SigiUaria 
camptotmnia.     They  may,  however,  represent  a  Lepidodendron. 

434 


I.   fi.   GEOlOGICAI.   SURVE' 


FERNS:   CALLI  PTER  I  D  I  U  M, 

LYCOPODIALES:   LEPI  DOSTROBUS,    LEPI  DOPH  VLLU  M,    LEPI  DOCVSTIS.  TRILETES    LEP  I  DOPH  LOIOS.  AND   SIGILLARIOID    LEAVES 


PLATE   LXIII. 


435 


PLATE     LXIII. 
Lepidostrobus  princeps  Lx. 

(Page  212.) 

Fig.  1.  Fragment  of  broken  cone  showing  the  very  broad  axis  and  the  crowded  sporangiophores  on 
either  side.     The  blndes  of  the  bracts  are  brolcen  away.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6066. 
2.  Portion  of  cone  showing  long  bracts.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6071. 

Triletes  of  Lefidostrobxjs  missouriensis  D.  W. 

(Page  217.) 

Fig.  3.  Enlarged  detail  from  Fig.  <?,  PI.  LXII.     X2. 

3a.  Enlarged  detail  of  isolated  luacrospores,  PI.  LXII,  Fig.  (>.      X4. 

T^NIOPHYLLUM    LATIFOLIUM    D.  W. 

(Page  247.) 
Fig.  4.  Small  axis,  showing  leaves  on  the  right.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6070. 

Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni  D.  W. 

(Page  205.) 
Fig.  5.  Detached  bolsters,  slightly  deformed.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6075. 

Lbpidophyllum  Jenneyi  D.  W. 

(Page  214.) 
Fig.  6.  Specimen  showing  acuminate  apex.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6070. 
436 


Monograph  xicxvll     pl.  lxiii 


U.   S.   GEOtOGldAL   SURVEV 


LYCOPODIALES;   LEPl  DOPH  LOIOS.    LEPIDOSTROBUS,   TRILETES,   AND   T/tN  lOPH  YLLU  M. 


PLATE  LXIV. 


437 


PLATE    LXIV. 
Lepidostrobus  pbinceps  Lx. 

(Page  212.) 

Fuj.  a.  Segment  of  cone  from  which  a  large  portion  of  the  blades  have  been  broken  away.     U.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  6057. 

Lepidocystis  missoukiensis  D.  W.  ? 

(Page  216.) 
Fig.  /).  Specimen  very  small  for  this  species. 

LiNOPTEKIS   GILKEBSONENSIS   I).  W. 

(Page  139.) 
Fig.  r.  Pinnule,  showing  straight  form  of  the  species. 

Xeukopteris  Scheuchzeri  Hottm. 

(Page  132.) 
Fig.  ((.  Incomplete  pinnule  of  the  aiiijustifolia  form. 

SiGILLARIOID    LEAVES. 

(Page  230.) 

Fig.  e.  Very  long  Sigillarioid  or  Lepidodeuilroid  leaves,  probably  referable  to  Sigillaria  camptotwnia 
Wood. 

438 


U.    5.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVEV 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVll      PL.    LXlV 


FERNS:    NEUROPTERIS   AND    LINOPTERIS. 

LYCOPODIALES  :    LEPl  DOSTROBUS,    LE  P  I  OOCYST  IS,    AND   SIGILLARIOlD    LEAVES 


PLATE  LXV. 


439 


PLATE    LXY. 

OmPHALOPHLOIOS   CYCLOSTIGjVIA  Lx.  sp. 

(Page  218.) 

Fragment  of  impressii)u  of  compressed  trunk  showing  rhomboidal  bolsters  within  which  are 
crushed  or  folded,  rounded,  prominences  or  bosses.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6024. 

440 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.    LXV 


LYCOPODIALES  ;   OM  PH  ALOPH  LOIOS, 


PLATE  LXVI. 


441 


platp:  lxvi.     . 

Omphalophloios  cyclostigma  Lx.  sp. 

(Page  218.) 

P^IG.  1.  Impression  of  old  stem  in  wliich  the  bosses  are  crnslied,  witli  infolded  cortex  upon  the  bolster 
snrfaci'.     This  is  one  of  the  originals  described  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  Lepidodendrgn 
cyclofstiflma.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.,  5502. 
lo.  Enlarged  detail  of  bolster  of  the  same,     x  2. 

2.  Cortex  from  ■nbioli  the  eiiidermis  h.'is  partly  been  removed.     The  bosses,  resembling  Lepido- 

dendroid  leaf  scars,  are  not  so  compressed  as  in  the  other  cases.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6025. 
2a.  Detail  of  bolsters  from  No.  6025.     x2. 

3.  Impression  of  yoiiug  trnuU.  to  which  the  epidermis  has  adhered.     The  form  of  the  bolsters  is 

obscured  by  the  prominent  large  bosses,  in  which  may  be  seen  the  small  raised  oval  bosses. 
Collection  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Britts,  Clinton,  Missouri. 
3a.  Detail  of  bolsters  of  the  same.     x2. 

4.  Young  stem,  or  branch,  with  rounded  cortical  depressions  in  the  lower  portion.     The  aspect 

of  thi'  partially  decorticated  stem  is  also  seen.     The  photograph  is  inverted  on  the  plate. 
U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6027. 
4o.  Detail  from  the  same. 

5.  Fragment  of  young  branch  from  which  the  epidermis  has  been  removed.    U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6028. 

442 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


Monograph  xxxvii     pl.  lxvI 


LYCOPODIALES:   OM  P  H  ALO  P  H  LO  I  Ub 


PLATE  LXVII 


443 


PLATE   LXVII. 

Omphalophloios  cyclostigma  Lx.  sp. 

(Page  218.) 

Fig.  1.  Portion  of  flattened  and  apparently  forked  trunk.  The  mold  of  tlie  compressed  branch  has 
been  removed  from  the  upper  left,  leaving  the  impression  of  the  back  side  of  the  branch. 
The  back  side  of  the  cast,  or  branch  itself,  is  shown  in  Fig.  2.  On  the  right  and  in  the 
lower  part  of  Fig.  1  the  outlines  of  the  bolsters  are  discerned;  while  the  more  or  less  flat- 
tened and  deformed  bosses  are  seen  throughout.  In  the  left  center  the  inner  small  oval 
bosses,  including  the  shallow  oval  pits,  are  visible.  The  prominent,  transverse,  broken 
surface,  tangent  or  slightly  conuivent  with  the  lower  end  of  the  oval  boss,  is  construed  as 
representative  of  the  leaf  cicatrix.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  56.36. 

la.  Enlarged  details  of  bolsters  on  the  left  of  the  same  specimen,  showing  the  oval  boss  with 
central  oval  dejiression  containing  small  mammilla.     The  transverse   line  of  fracture, 
supposed  to  represent  the  leaf  scar,  is  not  so  well  shown.     x2. 
2.  Back  side  of  portion  of  branch  removed  from  the  left  of  the  trunk  shown  in  Fig.  1.     The 
opposite  side  of  this  fragment  is  shown  in  PI.  LXVIII,  Fig.  1.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6029. 

2a.  Detail  from  the  same;  showing  supposed  leaf  scar.     X2. 

444 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    JixXVII       FL 


LYCOPODIALES  .   OM  Ph  ALOPH  LOIOS, 


PLATE  LXVIII. 


445 


PLATE    LXVIII. 

Omphalophloios  cyclostigma  Ls.  sp. 

(Page  218.) 

Fig.  1.  Pbotographic  enlargement  of  face  of  the  portion  of  flattened  branch  removed  from  the  upper 
left  of  the  large  trunk  shown  in  Fig.  1,  PI.  LXVII.  The  bolster  outlines  are  moru  or  less 
distinctly  seen,  as  well  as  the  oval  bosses  and  central  depressions.  As  usual  tbe  promi- 
nent, sballowly  transversely  triangular  area,  just  beneath  tbe  oval  boss,  supposed  to 
represent  the  leaf  scar,  is  more  or  less  abraded.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6029.  X2. 
Id.  Enlarged  details  of  bolsters  in  same  specimen.  x2. 
2.  Fragment  from  impression  of  crushed  stem.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6030. 

446- 


S.   GEOLOGr'AL    SURVE' 


LYCOPODIALES.  OMPHALOPH  LOIOS. 
(Fig.  1  is  twice  the  natural  siie.) 


PLATE   LXIX. 


447 


PLATE    LXIX. 

SiGILLARIA    GAMPTOT^NIA    Wood. 

(Page  230.) 

Part  of  a  slal),  iu  the  lower  part  of  which  is  a  portion  of  a  flattened  trunk.  The  impression  of 
the  back  side  of  the  truuk  is  continued  to  the  top  of  the  slab.  Between  the  subepidermal  casts  of 
the  leaf  scars  are  seen  the  diagoual  systems  of  cross-striation  of  the  cortex  characteristic  of  the 
Subsigillarite.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6057. 

448 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL   SURVE 


MONOGRAPH    XXXVII       PL.     LXIX 


LYCOPODIALES:  SIGILLARIA. 


PLATE  LXX. 


449 
MON   XXXVII 29 


PLATE   LXX. 

SiGILLARIA    CAMPTOT.ENIA  Wood. 

(Page  230.) 

Fid.  1.  Fragment  from  young  stem,  partially  deprived  of  the  epidermis.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6063. 

3.  Another  stem  in  which  both  the  leaf  scars  and  the  diagonal  cross-striatiou,  usually  less  clearly 

seen  when  the  epidermis  is  preserved,  are  shown.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6064. 
3a.  Enlarged  detail  showing  leaf  scars,  supra-  and  subjacent  shields,  aud  cortical  aspect ;  frnm  the 

same  specimeu.      v2. 
3b.  Enlarged  detail  of  leaf  scar  aud  environment;  from  same.      x4. 

4.  Surface  of  fragment  of  old  trunk,  from  which  the  epidermis  is  partly  removed.     It  shows  the 

casts  of  the  narrow,  short  bolsters.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  60.52. 
4a.  Partially  decorticated  bolster  of  the  same.     x2. 
ib.  Bolster  of  same,  without  epidermis  aud  leaf  cicatrix.      X'2. 

Stigmakioid  impression. 

(Page  246.) 

Fk;.  5.  Impression,  apparently  Stigmarian  in  nature,  with  deep  diagoual  cross  wrinkling,  perhaps 
referable  to  Sigillaria  camptoiiriiia  Wood.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6067. 

SiGILLARIA    SIGILLARIOIDES    Lx.  Sp. 

(Page  230.) 

Fig.  2.  Portion  i>f  llattened  stem.  The  fragment  photograjihed  is  the  "reverse"  of  the  original 
type,  described  aud  illustrated  (Coal  Flora,  p.  425.  pi.  Ixviii,  figs.  8,  i<a)  as  Lcp'idophlo'ws 
sigillarioides  Lx.     Lacoe  cidlectiou,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6659. 

450 


U.    S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


MONOGRAPH    XXX\'II       PL-    LXX 


LYCOPODIALES:   SIGILLARIA. 


PLATE    LXXI 


451 


PLATE   LXXI. 

T^NIOPHYLLUM   LATIFOLIUM  D.  W. 

(Page  247.) 

Fig.  1.  Slab  covered  by  broad  parallel  leaves.  The  thin  carbonaceous  scale  is  removed  from  portions 
of  the  surface,  showin;^  faintly  the  position  of  the  loose  flesuose  vascular  band  traversing 
each  leaf.  Small  leaves  are  emitted,  distantly,  from  the  large  ones,  the  jjoint  of  union 
giving  a  somewhat  Stigmarioid  impression.  Such  an  impression  is  seen  about  2.5  cm. 
below  the  upper  end  of  the  broad  leaf  in  the  upper  center  of  the  rock.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 
6068. 

la.  Detail  of  same  showing  faint  lineation  of  the  leaf. 

16.  Fragment  of  leaf  showiug  position  of  two  branches. 

Ic.  Detail  of  the  attachment  of  a  small  leaf  near  the  top  of  and  on  the  back  side  of  the  large  leaf 
in  the  upper  center  as  expressed  through  the  leaf.  It  also  shows  the  lineation  of  the 
leaf.     x4. 

452 


PLATE   LXXII. 


453 


PLATE    LXXII. 

CORDAIANTHUS    OVATUS   Lx. 
(Page  262.) 

Fig.    1.  Fragment  with  very  small  gemimiles.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6073. 
la.  Detail  of  gemiimles  ami  spine  from  same.      X2. 

2.  Portion  of  .spilie  with  large  gemmules.     This  specimen  was  identified  under  the  above  name 
hy  Professor  Lesquereux.     With  it  are  fragments  of  a  Coi-daites.  probably  C.  commiiniis  Lx., 
and  of  a  macerated  Pecopicris  psciicloi-eslita.     Lacoe  collection,  U.  S.  Xat.  >Ins.,  9202. 
2o.  Enlarged  detail  of  geramiile  on  upper  left  of  the  fragment  of  Cordaiaiitkiis  ovatus.     x2. 

Cardiocarpon  Branneri  Faircli.  &  D.  W. 

(Page  266.) 

Fici.    3.  Specimen  showing  nucleus  and  wing.     The  basal  dilation  is  exceptionally  narrow  in  this 
example.     U.  S.  Nat.  JIus.,  6065. 

Lepidodendron  scutatum  Lx. 

(Page  198.) 
Fir,.    4.   Branchlets  showing  characteristic  altitude  of  the  leaves.     II.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6074. 
454 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVE 


MONOGRAPH     XXXVII       PL.     LXX 


FERNS:    PECOPTERIS. 

LYCOPODIALES     LEPI  DODEN  DRON. 

CORDAITALES:   CORDAITES,    CORDA  lANTHUS,    AND   CARD  lOCARPON, 


PLATE   LXXIII. 


455 


PLATE   LXXIII. 

DiCRANOPHYLLTJM?  Sp. 

(Page  272.) 

Fig.  1.  Photograph  showing  aspect  of  a  specimen  doubtfully  referred  to  the  above  genus,  but  which 
may  be  Algoid  in  its  nature.  The  fossil  is  somewhat  macerated.  A  detail  from  the  same 
is  given  in  PI.  XLI,  Fig.  10.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  6076. 

Lepidocystis  missoubiensis  D.  W. 

(Page  216.) 
Fig.  2.  Partially  compressed  spore  case  in  sandstone. 

Sphenophyllum  majus  Broun. 

(Page  180.) 
Fig.  3.  Verticils  showing  nervation  of  the  leaves.     U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  5680. 
456 


U.   S.   GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY 


^'ONOGRAPH    XXXVII      PL.    LXXIII 


LYCOPODIALES:    LEPI  D0CYSTI5. 
SPHENOPHYLLALES:  SPH  ENOPH  YLLUM. 
GYMNOSPERM:    DICRANOPH  YULU  M  ? 


INDEX. 


[Names  in  italic  are  synonyms;  figures  in  blackface  lypc  are  mimbers  of  pages  on  which  detailed  descriptions  appear.] 


J^,  Page. 

Acelabuiarije 11, 12 

Age  of  Missouri  flora 292 

Alethopteria  Sternberg 74. 90.  1 13- 1  'iO,  129. 14 1, 143 

Aletkopteris  ambigtia  Lx 85,  88. 101,  U5,  286,  295 

Alethopteris  arabigua  Lx 1  l:i-l  10 

PI.  XXVII,  figs.  3,  4 ;  PI.  XLI,  fig.  0 

Alethopteris  aquilina  (Schloth)  Goepp 28, 116,295 

Aletkopteris  crenulata  (Brongn.)  Goepp 64 

Alethopteris  Davreusii  (Brongn.)  Goepp 295,299 

Alethopteris  discrepans  Daws 142 

Aletkopteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Gein 70 

Alethopteris  Gibsoni  Lx 116 

Alethopteris  Grandini  (Brongn.)  Goepp 295,399,300 

Aletkopteris  Hannonica  Sauv 117 

Alethopteris  kymenophijUoides  Lx 58,59 

Alethopteris  ingens  Daws 142 

Alethopteris  lonckitica  (Schloth.)  Urongn 117, 119,299 

Alethopteris  macropbylla  Ne wb 141 

Alethopteris  magna  Gr.'Ey 143 

Alethopteris  maxim  a  Andr 141, 142 

Alethopteris  Jieruosat Brongn.)  Goepp 30,31 

Alethopteris  Serlii  ( Brongn . )  Goepp 110, 

117-118,  123,  276,  286,  295,  299,  300 
PI.  xxxvi;,  fig.  1 

Aletbopteria  Serlii  var.  missouriensis  D.  W II S-l'JO 

PI.  XXXVII,  fig.  2  ;  PI.  XLII.  fig.  5 

Alethopteria  Sternbergii  [Goepp.)  Ett 117,  118,119 

Alethopteris  Sullivanti  (Lx.)  Schimp 123 

Alethopteris  valida  Boul - 299 

Alg« 11-13 

Alleghany  series,  place  of  Missouri  flora  in 292 

Aloioptena  Potoni6 70-74 

Aloiopteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  D.  W 70-7I,  2S6.295 

PI.  xxni,  fig.6;  PI.  XXIV,  fig.  3a 

Aloiopteris  Sternbergii  (  Ett.)  Pot. . .' 295, 300 

Aloiopteris  Winslovii  D.  W 71.  277,  286.  295,  300 

Aloiopteris  (Corynepteris  ?)  \V'in3lovii  D.  W 7*2-74: 

PI.  XXII,  figs.  1-3 ;  PI.  xxin,  figs.  1-5 

Androstacbys  Grand' Eury 138 

Androstachys  cebennensis  Gr.'Ey 138 

Androstacbys  froudosus  Gr.'Ey 100 

Angiopteris  Hofi'man 142 

Anlmalia 374, '375 

Annularia  Sternberg 1 57- 1 05 

Annularia  angustifolia  Hamb 162, 163 

Annularia  brevi/olia  Brongn 163 

Annularia  calamitoidfs  Schimp 152 

Annularia  elegans  Gr.'Ey 163 

Annularia  fertilis  Sternb 159 

Annulai  ia  galioides  Daws 165 

Annularia  Geinxtzii  Stur 161 


Page. 

Annularia  inflata  Lx 162 

Annularia  longifolia  Brongn 159, 161 

Annularia  longifolia  Brongn  var.  anyustifolia  Lx...  163 

Annularia  microphylla  Ferd.  Roem 165 

AnnulaHa  mucronata  Schenk Ifil 

AnnulaHa.  radiaia  Brongn 158, 159, 163,295 

Annularia  ramosa  Weiss 145.146,157,  158-159,295 

Annularia  sarepontana  Stur 165 

Annularia  sphenophylloides  (Zenk.)  Gutb 103-105, 

290,  295,  299.  300 

Annularia  spiniilosa  Sternb 159 

Annularia  stellata  (Schlotb.)  Wood 157, 158, 

159-163,  163,276,295.299,300 
PI.  XXIV,  fig.  36 

Annularia  ivestpkalica  Stur 161 

Annularia  sp.  Ferd.  Roem 161 

Anmdaria  sp.  Hitchcock 160 

Annulariae 145,  283 

Antholithi 258 

Anthracite  floras,  relation  of  Missouri  flora  to 289 

Anthracoblattina  americana  Scad 8 

Aphlebia  Presl 69,  ]  03-113,  278,  295 

Aphlebiaciispa(Gutb.)  Presl..  104,  105-106,  107,278,300 

Aphlebia  filiciformis  (Gutb.)  Sterz 108,113,278,295 

Aphlebia  Germari  Zeill 104,106-107,108,113,278 

PI.  XLVI 

Aphlebia  Goldenbergii  Weiss 295 

Aphlebia  bamulosa  (Lx.)  D.  W 104,280 

Aphlebia  bir.suta  { Lx . )  D.  W 1  OS 

Aphlebia  membranacea  (Lx.)  D.  W 113,284 

Aphlebia  spiuosa  (Lx.)  D.  W   104-105,286,295 

Aphlebia  subgoldeubergii  D.  W 1  lO-l  13,  284.  295 

PI.  XLVII,  fig.7 

Aphlebia  sp.  D.  W no 

Aphlebia  sp.  D.  W 113-113 

PI.  XLV,  fig.  1 

Aphlebije 100,  283 

Apparince  densius foliatce  Luid 159 

Arancarioxylon  Kraus 257 

Arauearites  ( Toeppert 257 

Araucarites  spicreformis  Gei'm 100 

Arthropitus  Goeppert 144, 145 

Artiaia  Sternberg 258 

Asolanus  Wood 230,238 

Asolanus  camptotcenia  Wood 230,  233 

Asolanus  dimorpha  (Gr.'Ey)  Pot 231 

Asplenites  Ettingshausen 16 

,   Asplenites  Sternbergii  Ett ■ 72,73 

:  Asteropbyllites  Brongniart 150-156,186 

Asterophyllites  annular ioidea  Crep 152 

!  Asterophyllitet  elegans  Sauv...i 154 

457 


458 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Asterophyllites  equisetifomiia  (Schloth.)  Brongn...     1^1- 

t5ti,  160.283,284,295,299.300 

PI.  LIX.  fig.  lo 

Asterophyllitea  erectifolius  Andr 153 

AsterophylliteB /asciculatus  Lx 183, 187 

A.stevophyllites  fruit  Lx ICl 

A  steropbyllites  gracilis  Ls 185, 187 

Asteroj'hyUites grandis  L.  and  H 152 

Asterophyllites  sp.  Jackson 160 

Asterophyllites  Lindleyanus  Goepp 152 

Asterophyllites  longifolius  (Stb.)  Erongn 153-136, 

160,  277.  286,  295.  300 
PI.XLIX.  figs.2-4 

Axterophyllites ?  sp.  Morton 160 

Asterophyllites  Xeumaimiamis  Goepp 152 

Asterophyllites  ovalis  Ls 156 

Asterophyllites  cf.  ligidiis  Weiaa - 15-4 

Asterophyllites  rigidus  Ls 153, 155 

Asterophyllites  tenui/olius  (Stb.)  Brongn 154 

Asterophyllites  westphalicus  Stur 161 

Asterophyllum  Scbimper 150 

Asterophylhim  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Schimp 152 

Asterotbeca  PresI 63, 90,  93 

Aviculopecten  providens  Cox  ? 8 


Barton  County,  plants  from 

Bechera  Steruberg 

Bennettites  Solius-Laubach 

Bergeria  Sternberg 

Bohemia,  stage  of  Missouri  flora  in , 

JBornia  Sternberg 

Bornia  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Sternb. 
Boriiia  stellata  Sternb 


150 

205 

194 

304 

-•- 150 

151 

159 

Bothrcdendron  Lindley  and  Hutton 228,230,282 

Eothrodendrun  punctatum i.'99 

Bothrodendron(Cyclost)gma)KiltorkenseHaught.  sp  238 

Botryc Ilium  Swartz 03 

Botryoconus  Goeppert 258 

Botvinanites  Binney 173 

Bowmanites  Dawsoni  (TVill.)  Zeill 173 

British  Carboniferous  floras  comjiared 294-297 

Britts,  J.  H.,  collection  and  donation  of  plants  by..  1,2,  3.  276 
description  of  specimens  of  Titanophyllum  by  ..  270 

specimens  loaned  by 137 

Brittsia  D.  "White 302 

Brittsiaproblematica  D.W 97,98-101 

PI.  XLVII,  figs.  1-5;    XLVIII,  figs.  1-3 

Broadbead,  G.  C,  geological  section  at  Gilkeraon's 

Ford  prepared  by 7 

stratignipbic  descriptions  of  plant  beds  by 5 

Brookville  flora,  relations  of,  and  Missouri  flora 289, 293 

Bnikrnannia  Sternberg 150 

Briiktnaniiia  longifolia  Sternb 153, 155 

Brukmannia  tubcrculata  Sternb 161 

Buck  Mountain  coal,  age  of 293 


Calaraariefe 144-171 

Calamarife 156 

Calamites  Suckow 144-150,  157,166,283,295,300 

Calamites  Artisii  Sauv 148 

Calamites  canneeformis  Schloth 147 

Calamites  cistii  Brongn 1 40- 1 50, 152,  295, 300 

Calamites  communis  'Ett 145, 148, 149 


Page. 

Calamites  decoratits  Schloth 148 

Calamites  Durrii  Gutb 149 

Calamites  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Ett 152 

Calamites  Germarianus  Goepp !70 

Calamites  Goepperti  Ett 170 

Calamites  infractus  Gutb 150 

Calamites  infractus  Gutb.  var.  leioderma  Sandb 149 

Calamites  irregularis  Achep 148 

Calamites  leioderma  Gutb 149, 150 

Calamites  nodosvs  Schloth 145, 148,150,158 

Calamites  ramosus  Artia 145-140,  158,159,295,300 

Catamites  Hachsei  Stur 176 

Calamites  temnfolius  (Stb.)  Ett 149,  154 

Calamites  varians  Sternb 148, 150, 157,158 

Calamites  verticillatus  L.  and  H 167, 168, 169 

Calamites  Volkmanni  Ett 263 

Calamites  s\y.  L.  and  H 147 

Calamites  (Eucalamites)  ramosus  Artis 145, 158 

Calamites  (Styloealamitet^)  SuckowH  Brongn 146 

Calamitina  Weiss 166, 167. 168.  169 


Calamitina  Goepperti  (Ett.)  Weiss 

Calamitina  Solmsii  Weiss 

Calamitina  varians  Sternb 

Calainocladus  Scbiniper 

Calamncladus  hinerris  'BouXa.y 

Calamocladus  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Schimp  . 

Calainocladus  longifolius  (Stb.)  Schimp 

Calamodendron  Brongniart 

Calaftiosyrinx  Petzholdt 

Calamosyrinx  Zieiekaviensis  Petzh 


170 
]70 
168 
150 
152 
152 
154 
144 
230 
242 

Calamostachys  Schimper 156-157 

Calamostachys  Binneyana  Schimp 145 

!    Calamostachys  calathifera  Weiss 165 

Calamostachys  equisetiformis  (Schloth.)  Schimp 152 

Calamostachys  gennanica  Weiss 152 

'  Calamostachys  Ludwigii  Schimp 156 

Calamostachys  ovalis  Ls 156-157,  286,295.300 

Calamostachys  prcelongus  Lx 165 

Calamostachys  ramosa  Weiss 145, 158 

Calamostachys  tuberculata  (Stb.)  Weiss 161 

Calamostachys  typica  Weiss 155 

Calamostachys  sp.  Weiss 154 

Callipteridi  um  Weiss 1 40- 1 35,  1 28, 141 

Callipteridium  Grandini  (Brongn.)  Ls 122 

Callipteridinm  infequale  Ls 122,133,286,295 

Pl.XXXlX,fig.4;   Pl.LXI,fig.  If?:   Pl.LXII,  fig.d 

Callipteridium  cf.  Mausfieldi  Lx 1 33,  286,  295,  VOO 

Callipteridium  memhranaceum  Ls 86.94.95,96,286 

Callipteridium  memhranaceum  Ls 130-133 

PI.  xxxviir.  figs.  1-5 

Callipteridium  nenropteroides  Ls ; 124 

Callipteridium  Owenii  Lx 279 

Callipteridiam  SuUivantii  ( Lx.)  Weias 1 33- 

135,  283.  286,  302 
PI.  XXXIX,  figs.  1-3;  PI.  XLI,  figs.  1-3 

Callipteris  conferta  Goepp 15 

Callipteris  SuUivantii  Lx 123 

Cameroapongia  fungifonnis  Goldf 11 

Capellia  rugosa  Goldf 11 

Carboniferous  flora,  distribution  of 306 

place  of  origin  of 306 

Cardiocarpon  Brongniart 205,  266,267 

Cardiocarpon  Branneri  Falrch.  and  D.  W 267.  284 

Cardiocarpon  fluitans  Daws 267 

Cardiocarpon  orbicularis  Ett 267 

Cardiocarpon  zonulatura  Ls 267 


INDEX. 


459 


259 

49 

2-1 

24 

44 

4 

289 

230,  2.37 

305 


Page. 
Carcliocarpon    (Samaropsis)    Branneri    Fairch.  and 

D.  W.  MSS 2G1.  'i66.367 

PI.  LXXII.fig.3;   PI.  LXI.fig.  16 

Carpolites  cerasiformis  Presl 265.266 

Carpolites  mulfistriatus  Presl 268,269 

Carpolithes  s-p.  Morris 274 

Casuarinites  Schlotheini 150 

Camarinites equisetiformis  Schloth 151 

Cai^iarinites  stellatus  Schloth 1 5^ 

Catenaria  Sternberg 230 

Caulopteris  Lindlej  and  Hutton 10I-I03 

Caulopteris  acantophora  Lx 10ti,2o6,  283 

Canlopteris  oralis  Lx.MSS 101-102,286 

Ceratozamia  Brongniart 

Cheilanthites  Brongniartii  Ett 

Cheilanthites  irregularis  (Stb.)  Goepp 

Cheilanthites  obtusilohui  (Brongn.)  Goepp 

Cheilanthites  (Sphenopteris)  grypophylla 

Cherokee  division  of  Coal  Measures 

Clarion  coal  flora,  relation  of  Missouri  flora  to.. 

Clathraria  Brongniart 

Climate  in  Mesocarboniferons  time 

Cffloptychlum  agaricoides  Goldf 12 

Collections  of  Missouri  Coal  Measures  plants 2,3 

Coli»oxylon  Brongniart 270 

Conifora? 271-274 

Couoatichus  Lesquereux 11-13,  283 

Conostichus  Broadheadi  Lx 13-13 

PI.  11,  figs.  1-5 

Conostichus  prolifer  Lx '3 

PI.  11,  fig.  6 

Cordaianthns  Grand'Eury 205,'.JO'.J-!je5 

Cordaianthus  dichotomns  Lx 262, 

264-'365,  265,277,286 

Cordaianthus  gemmifer  Gr.'Ey 262,  264 

Cordaianthus  gracilis  Gr.'Ey 263 

Cordaianthus ovatus  Lx.  260,  36«-264, 265,  277,  286, 296,  301 

Pl.LXxn,tigs.  1,2 

Cordaianthus  rugosus  Ls 265 

Cordaianthus  Volkmanni  (Ett.)  Zeill 263. 296. 301 

Cordaicarpon  Geinitz 258,  259, '365-'2<»6 

Cordaicarpon  cerasiforme  (Presl)  D.  W  .  260, '265-206, 284 

265 

266 

267 

258 

257 

257 

265 


Cordaicarpus  Boulayi  Zeill 
Cordaicarpus  Gutbieri  (Gain.)  Gr.'Ey 

Cordaicarinis  Mansfieldi  Lx 

Cordaicladus  Schimper 

Cordaitioyos  Grand'Eury 

Cordaioxylon  Grand'Eury 

Oordaisper'tnuirh  Brongniart 

Cordaitales 257-271 

Cordaitese 251,257-271 

Cordaites  Unger 14,257-260,270,282 

Cordaites  angustifolius  Ls.  (non  Dawson) 261 

Cordaites  borassifolius  (Stb.)  XTng 261,296,299,301 

Cordaites  communis  Lx 14, 

52, 260-261,  263,  264.  284,  296.  301 
PI.  Ill,  fig.  1;  PI.  XVI;  PI.  XLVI 

Cordaites  diversifolius  Lx 260,261,  283 

Cordaites  ebracteatus  Lx 263 

Cordaites  lingulatus  Gr.'Ey 261 

Cordaites  Mansfieldi  Ls 267,  268 

Coimack,  citedon  structure  of  Equisetum  maximum.  144 

Corynepteris  Baily 71,  74 

Corynepteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Kidst 70 

Cryptogams 11-275 

Oyatheites  Oandolleanus  (Brongn.)  Goepp 83 


Page. 

Cfiaiheites  Candollianus  (Brongn.)  Goepp 83 

Gyalheites  dentatus  (Brongn.)  Goepp 75 

Cyatheites plumosus  (Artis  0  Goepp 75 

Cyathocarpus  Candolleanus  (Brongn.)  AYeiss 83 

Cyathocarpus  dentatus  (Brongn.)  Weiss 75 

Cycadea? 128 

Cycadeoidea  Bucklaud 205 

Cyclocarpon  Goeppert  and  Fiedler 265 

Cyclocladia  Goldenberg 202 

Cixlocladia  Lindley  and  Hutton 166-171 

Cyclocladia  Brittsii  D.W 169-171,284,295 

PI.  XLIX,  fig.  1 

Cyclocladia  major  Feiat 170 

Cyclocladia  major  L.  and  H 167, 168 

Cyclocladia  ap.  D.  W 169 

Oyclopteris  dilatata  L.  and  H 137,  138 

Cycloptcris  obliqua  Brongn 138 

Cyclopteris  orbicularis  Brongn 138 

Cyclostigma  (Bothrodeudrou  ?)  Kiltorkense  Haught.  238 

Cyclostigma  Kiltorkense  Haught 282 

Cyclotheca  Kidaton 47 

D. 

Dactylotheca  dentata  {BTongu.)  Zeill 76 

Dactylotheca  phanosa  (Artis  ?)  Kidst 76 

Dactylotheca  jihtmosa  (Artis?)  Kidst.  var.  deiitata 

(Brongn.)  Kidst 76 

Dadoxylon  Endlicher 257 

Danica  Smith 142 

Dana^ites  Gcicppert ^ 141,142 

Danpeites  Emersoni  Lx ^.  124 

Dana'ites  (Aletliopteris)  macropbylla  (Nowb.)  Lx..  141,142 

Darlington  coal  (se^Kittanning  flora)   288,293 

Dawson,  Sir  J.  W..  diagnosis  of  Dictyocordaites  by.  258 

Deepwater,  Mo. .  plants  from 3.6 

De  Lima,  W.,  cited 273 

Des  Moines  series  in  Missouri 4 

Desmiophyllum  Lesquereux 247,249,250  255 

Desmiophyllum  gracile  Lx 249,280 

Desmopteris  Stur 141 ,  143 

Desmopteris  bclgica  Stur 143 

Devonian  at  St.  John.  N.  B 129 

Devonian  Megalopteris 129 

Dicranophyllum  Grand'Eury 271-274,302 

Dicranop^yllum  dichotomnm  Lx 273 

Dicranophyllum  diniorpbum  Lx 273 

Dicranophyllum  gallicum  Gr.'Ey 273 

Dicranophyllum  tripartitum  Gr.'Ey 273 

Dicranophyllum  sp ?  D.  "W 272-27-1 , 

PI.  LXXin,fig.  1;   PI.  XLI,  fig.  10 

Dictyopteris  Gutbier 128,139 

Dictyopteris  gilkersonensis  'D.W 139 

Dictyopteris  Miinsteri  Roem 140,  299 

Dictyopteris  obliqua  Bunb 299 

Dictyopteris  sub-Brongniartii 299 

Dictyopteris  sp.  D.  "W 139 

Dictyocordaites  Dawson 257,258 

Dictyotaceii.' 140 

Dielasma  bovidens  Morton 7 

Diplothmema  Stur 18,  30,  42,  44 

Diplothmema  fnrcatnm  (Brongn.)  Stur 16,  23,  300 

Diidothmema  inegulare  (Stb.)  Stur 25 

Diplothmema  Jacquoti  Zeill 300 

Diplothmema  murlcatum  (Schloth.)  Stur 30 

Diplothmema  nervosum  (Brongn.)  Stur 30 


460 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Diplotkmema  obtutilobum  (Brongn.)  Stur 25 

Diplothmema  palmatum  (Scbimp.)  Stur 18 

Diplothmema  pilosum  Stur 32 

Diplotbmema  Zeilleri  Stur 42. 56, 300 

Diplothmema    (Sphenopteris)     furcatum    (Brongn.) 

Stur 299 

Diplothmema,  relation  of  Pseudopecopteris  to 21,22,23 

Discopteris  Schumanni  Star 41 

Doleropbyllum  Saporta 137. 138 

Dolerophyllum  dilatatuin  (L.  and  H.)  Schimp 137 

Doleropbyllum  pennsylvanicum  Dawaon 139 

Doleropteris  Grand'Eury 132, 137, 138 

Doleropteris  pseudopeltata  Gr.'Ey 138 

Dorycordaites  Grand'Eury 257,  258, 261 

E. 

Ebrenberg,  cited  on  priority  of  genus  Pinnularia 171 

Entolium  aviculatum  Swallow 7 

Eocarboniferous  of  Missouri 4 

Equiseta 144, 145 

Equisetalea 144-173 

Equisetites  Geinitz 166, 170 

Equisetitea  zea'formis  (Scbloth.)  Andrii 157. 186 

Equisetum?  Parkinson 145,157.159,  166 

Equisetum  diluvianiim  Scbeucb 151 

Equisetum  infundibuliforme  Bronu 167 

Equisetum  tnajits  Mylius 151 

Equisetum  maximum  Lamarck 144 

Equisetum  minimujn  Mylius 151 

Equisctuffb  palustre  Scbeuch ^ 151 

Equisetum  steUifolium  Harlau 160 

EremopterisScbimper Itt-iJO    i 

Eremopteria  bilobata  D.  "W 19-30,284   | 

PI.  IV;  Pl.v,  figs.  4-6   I 

Eremopteris  Cheathami  Lx 16, 20   ; 

Eremopteris  missourieiisis  Lx 16-19,278,286.300   ' 

Pl.v.figa.  1-3;  PI.  VI 
Eremopteria,  relation  of  Pseudopecopteroid  group  to  16  i 

Erosion  interval  preceding  formation  of  coals 293 

Etoblattina  clintoDianaSuudder 8  ! 

Eucalamites  raniosiis  (Artis)  Kidst 145 

Eucalamites  (Calamitea)  lauwsus  (Artia)  Kidst 145 

Eucordaitea  Kenault 260  i 

European  baains,  stage  of  Missouri  plants  in 285   [ 

Euaigillariai 238,241-'24:J    1 

Excipulites  Goeppert 15 

Excipulitea  Callipteridis  (Schimp.)  Kidst 15,28,283,294  I 

PI.  IX,  figs.4.  4o   I 

IF.  I 

Fa-'rcbild,  H.  L.,  report  on  plants  from   Arkansas 

cited 267,284  I 

Jfrtuwiana  Sternberg 230.238  ) 

Favularla  tessellata  (Steinb.j  L.  and  H 242  ' 

Feistmantel,   O.    K^,   diagnosis    of   Asterophyllites  | 

rigidus  by 155  i 

diagnosis  of  Cyclocladia  by 167  | 

Ferruginous  sandstone,  relation  of  Coal  Measures  to.  5, 6, 8,  9  j 

Filicales 16-144  ■ 

Filicites  sect.  Odontopteris  Brongn 125 

Filicitcs  sect.  Fecopteris  Brongn 74 

Filicites  sect.  Sphenopteris  Brongn 35  l 

Fiabellaria  Sternberg 257 

Fossils,  insects,  from  plant  beds 8  i 

Fossils,  invertebrates,  from  plant  beds 7  i 


Page. 

Fucoides  Germar  and  Kaulf 103 

Fncoidea  crenatns  Gutb 109 

Fucoides  crisptis  Gutb 105, 106 

Fucoides  filiciformia  Gutb 109 

Fucoides  filiformis  Stein 109, 172 1 

Fungi 13-15 

Gr. 

Galium  album  latifolium  Rupp 159 

Galium  album  indijare  Tourn 159 

Galium  apkenophylloides  Zenk 164 

Geinitz,  H.  B.,  cited  on  Saxon  Carboniferous 304 

Geislautern  stage  and  the  Missouri  flora 304 

Geographical  distribution  of  plants  in  Mesocarbon- 

iferous  time 306 

Geology  of  the  plant  beds 4-9 

Gilkeraon's  Ford,  section  at 3,6,7 

Ginkgoales 272 

Ginkgopbyllum  Saporta 272 

Grand'Eury,  classitication  of  Pseudosigillaria  by  ...  238 

description  of  cycadeoid  trunk  by 205 

description  of  Hysterites  by 14 

opinion  of,  concerning  relerence  of  Rbabdocarpos 

cited 138 

subdivisions  of  Cordaites  by 257 

Grand' Fury  a  erosa  (Gu.  and  C.)  Zeill 70 

Gymnosperms i£57-274 

H. 

Habitats.     {See  Localities.) 

Halonia  Lindley  and  Hutton 202,  203 

Hambach,  G.ilist  of  Missouri  plant  fossils  prepared 

by 131,163,276 

Hapalopteris  chcerophylloides  (Brongn.)  Stur 49 

Hapalopteri-s  rotundifolia  (Andrii)  Stur 37 

Hapalopteris  typica  Stur 49 

Hawlea  Corda 63 

Hau'lea  Miltoni  (Brongn.)  Stur 90,105 

Haworih  and  Kirk,  use  of  term  Cherokee  by 4 

Hick,  Thomas,  cited  on  Calamostacbys  Binneyana 

and  Artbropitus 145 

Sippu rites  Lindley  and  Hutton 150 

Hippurites  gigantea  L.  and  H 168 

Hippu  iites  longi/olia  L.  and  H 152 

Hobbs's  coal  mine,  fossils  from 3,  6,  8 

Horizons  of  foaail  planta 9 

Hoiiiiler  Moyen.     {See  "Westpbalian.) 

Huttonia  Sternberg 166, 169 

Hydatlca  ArtJa 171 

Hydatica  culumuare  Artis 172 

HymenophyllaceiiJ 42 

Hymeuophyllites 41 

Hyraenopbyllitea  gerraanlca  Pot —  47 

Hymenophyllites  Humboldtii  Goepp 42 

Hymenophyllites  2}i>inatijidvs  Lx 45,  46 

Hymenophyllites  quadridactylitea  (Gutb.)  Goepp  ...  47 

Hymenopbj'Uites  Schimperiana  Goepp 42 

Hymenotheca  Po*ini6 42 

Hymenotheca  Datbei  Pot 41,  294 

Hypsilooarpus  Brongniart 259 

Hysterium  Tode 13 

Hy  sterile 14 

Hysterites  Grand'Eury 13-14 

Hysterites  Cordaitis  Gr.'Ey    14,52,260,283,284 


mDEX. 


461 


Page. 

Hysterites  Friesii  Nath 13 

Hysterites,  geological  range  of 13 

PI.  III. 
I. 

Illinois  State  Museum,  Paleuzoic  plant  types  in  ..  32,36, 102 

Insect  fossils  from  plant  beds 8 

Invertebrate  fossils  from  plant  beds 7 

laoites  Linnsus 251 

J. 

Jenney,  Dr.  W.  P..  plants  collected  by 2,  3 

Jordan  coal,  in  Henry  County 6,  "i".  8 

Jordan  coal  mine 3 

Iv. 

Kanawha  aeries,  compared  with  lower  Coal  Measures 

of  Great  Britain 307 

flora  of 290 

Keyes,  C.  R.,  cited  on  erogenic  moTeinents  in  Mis- 
souri Coal  Measures  time 4 

Kidstou,  R.,  correlation  of  Calamostachys  typica 155 

diagnosis  of  Lei)idopliloios  by 202 

identification  of    fungus    on    Pseudopecopteris 

anceps  by 28 

identification  of  host  of  Excipulites  Callipteridis 

by 15 

ou  distribution  of  British  Carboniferous  floras..  294 
on  Lepidodendron  lanceolatum  in  the  Radstock 

series 195 

review  of  British  Palreoxyris 274 

Kinney's  mine,  fossils  from 6 

Kittanniug  flora,  relation  of  Missouri  flora  to...  288,289,293 
Kuorria  Sternberg 230  232 

Lacoe,  R.  D.,  collection  of  fossil  jdauta  of 2,  3 

Missouri  plants  in  collection  of 276 

Lactuca  Linnjeus 106 

Leiodermaria  Sternberg 237 

Leiodermarne   237 

Lepidocystis  Lesquereux ' 215-^219' 

Lepidocystis  fraxiniformis  (Goepp.)  Lx 217 

Lepidocystis  Jeuneyi  H.Vi 215 

LepidodeudrejB 1 87-330,  238 

Lepidodendron  Sternberg 101, 

1 87-30 1 .  203,  205,  221,  230,  272 

Lepidodendron  aculeatum  Sternb 280 

Lepidodendron  barbatuin  F.  A.  Roera 230,  237 

Lepidodendron  Brittsii  Lx 18S-19t2, 

195,  211, 215,  285,  287,  296,  301 
PL  LII,  figs.  1,  2  ;  PI.  LIII,  fig.  1 ;  PI.  LIV,  figs.  1.  2 

Lepidodendron  Cliftonenae  Daws 192 

Lepidodendron  clypeatum  Lx t201, 

220,221,223.227,  2S6.  288 

Lepidodendron  criiciatum  Lx 230,  235 

Lepidodendron  ci/clostigma  Lx 218,220,225,227 

Lepidodendron  dichotomum  Sternb 200 

Lepidodendron  dicrocheilus  Wood 196 

Lepidodendron  dissititrii  Sauv 196 

Lepidodendron  Haidingeri  Ett 191 

Lepidodendron  lanceolatum  Lx 187, 

192-195,  277,  278,  284,  296,  301 
PI.  LIII,  fig.  2 

Lepidodendron  lycopodiodea  Sternb 194, 195,  301 

Lepidodendron  mammillatum  Lx 218 


Page. 

Lepidodendron  marginatum  Presl 195 

Lepidodendron  obovatum  Sternb 201 

Lepidodendron  ophiunis  Brongn 296,  301 

Lepidodendron  rimosum  Sternb J96-198,  286,  296,  301 

Lepidodendron  rimosum  Sternb.  recorticatum  D.W.     196- 

198  PI.  LIV,  figs.  3, 4 

Lepidodendron  Rhodt^anum  Sternb 201 

Lepidodendron  scutatum  Lx 198-200,  284,296,301 

PI.   XLV,  fig.4;   PI.    LIV,  fig.  5; 
PL  LV,  figs.  1,2;   PLLXXII,fig.4 

Lepidodendron  selaginoides  L.  and  H 188 

Lepidodendron  setifoliuin  Lx 198 

Lepidodendron  Sternbergii  Brongn 187, 193, 195,  278 

Lepidodendron  Yeitheimianum  Sternb 201,227 

Lepidodendron  Veitheimii  Sternb .- 299 

Lepidodendron  Volkmannianum  Sternb 187, 189, 192 

Lepidodendron  Worthen  i  Lx 192,  287,  296,  301 

Lepidodendron  { Bergeria)  marginatum  Presl 192, 194 

Lepidophloios  Sternberg 27,188,301-311,213,235 

Lepidophloiog  acerosus  L.  and  H 204 

Lepidophloios  auriculatus  Lx 201,  207,210 

Lepidophloios  crassicaulis  Gold 209 

Lepidophloios  dilatatus  Lx 201.  206,  207,  210,  287 

Lepidophloios  laricinus  Sternb 210 

Lepidophloios  maerolepidotus  Gold ^10 

Lepidophloios  obcordatus  Lx 226 

Lepidophloios  scoticus  Kidst 209 

Lepidophloios  sigillari aides  Ls 239,  240,  241,  278 

Lepidophloios  Van  Ingeni,  D.W.  305-3 1 1 ,  217,  277,  284,  287 

PL  LVI,  figS.1-8;  PL  LVII;  PL  LVIII,  fig.l?; 

Pl.LXI,  fig.  Ic;   PLLXlI.fig.  f;   PLlXUI,  fig.5 

Lepidophloios  sp 210 

Lepidophyllum  Brongniart 191, 204, 314-318 

Lepidophyllum  acuminatum  Lx 218 

Lepidophyllum  auriculatuni  Lx 204,218 

Lepidophyllum  brevifuliara  Lx 214 

Lepidophyllum  hastatum  Lx 214 

Lepidophyllum  Jenneyi  D.  W 314-313, 

215,284,287,296,301 
PL  Lix,  figs.  1-3;  Pl.LXin,  fig.6. 

Lepidophyllum  majus  Brongn 204,218,280,296 

Lepidophyllum  Mansfieldi  Lx 204,  217.218,287 

Lepidophyllum  missouriense  D.  W. .  316-318,  284,  287,  296 

Pl.Lvm,  fig.2;  PL  LX,  figs.  1-3;  PL  LXi.  fig.s.  la-b ; 

PL  LXii,  figs,  a,  b,  c,  d,  e ;  PL  lxiii,  figs.  3, 3a. 

Lepidophyllum  ovatifolium  Lx 214,  215,287 

Lepidophyllum  triangulare  Zeill 296,  301 

Lepidopkglhnn  sp.  D.  W 214 

Lepidophyllum  (Lepidnstrobus)  minus  Lx 279 

Lepidophyllum  (Lepidostrubus)  missouriense  D.  W.         204, 

210.217 

Lepidostrobus  Brongniart 205,313-314,  215,217 

Lepidostrobus  Geinitzii  Schimp 296,301,302 

Lepidostrobus  Goklenliergii  Schimp 213,  278,  302 

Lepidostrobns  Jenneyi  D.  AV 191 

Lepidostrobus  latus  Lx 213 

Lepidostrobus  pradougus  Lx 213,  277,  278,  286, 296,  301,  392 

Lepidostrobus  princeps  Lx 313-313 

PLLxn.fig.  h;  PL  LXIII,  figs.  1,2;  PLlxiv,  fig.a. 

Lepidostrobus  sp.  D.VT 313-114 

Lepidoxylon  Lesquereux 353-356 

Lepidoxylon  anumalum  Lx 353-356,  284 

Leptocaryon  Brongniart 259 

Lesquereux,  L.,  description  of  Pseudopecopteris  by.  21 

list  of  Missouri  plants  by 276 

unpublished  MSS.  on  Paleozoic  plants  by 97, 101, 171 


462 


INDEX. 


LiiuJley  and  Hutton,  types  of  Cjclocladia  by 168 

Lingula  unibonata  Cos 7 

LinopterisPresl 128.  139-140,251 

Linopteris  Brongniartii  (Gutb.)  Pot 140 

Linopteris  Gilkeraonensis  D.  W.   139-1 40.  277,  284,  295,  300 

PL  XLI,  figs.  7.  8 ;   PI.  LXT,  fig.  1  f. 

Linopteris  iliiusteri  (Eichw.)  Pot 295,300 

Liiiopteri.s  obljqna  (Bunb.)  D.VT 140 

Linopteris  Schiitzei  (Eoem.)  Pot 128 

Linopteris  sub-BroDgniartii  (Gr.'Ey.)  Pot 140 

Localities  of  collections 2. 3 

Lomatophloios  Corda 202 

Loncboptoris  Brongniart 282 

Lower  Coal  ileasures,  application  of  term  in  this 

^Tork 4 

couipart'd  witb  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Great 

Britain 297 

relation  of  Lower  Carboniferous  to 4 

LycopodiacejE 251 

Lycopodiales 187-247 

Lycopodineiie 227,  228 


ivr. 


ilacbrocbeilus  sp.  Scbueh 7 

Macrostacbya  Scbimper 171 

Macroatachya  Scliimper 166,  171 

Macrostacbya  Hauchecornei  Weiss 166 

Macrostauhya  infundibuliforniis  (Bronn)  Schimp  ...         168. 

170,295 

Macrostacbya  longifolia  Lx 171,  284 

Macrostacbya  Solmsii  (Weias)  Scbimp 170 

Macrostacbya,  relation  of  Cyclocladia  to 167, 168 

Marcy  coal  flora  compared  witb  Missouri  flora 289 

Marattiacece 124 

Mariopteris  Zeiller 30-34.  283 

Mariopteris  acuta  (Brongn.)  Zeill 32.33.204 

Mariopteris  latifolia  (Brongn.)  Zeill 32,33 

Mariopteris  muricata  (Schlotb.)  Zeill 20, 

22,30,31,32,33,34,299,300 

Mariopteris  nervosa  (Brongn.)  Zeill 20, 

30-31,32.33.34,294,300 

Mariopteris  spbenopteroides  (Lx.)  Zeill 31-33, 

277,280.294,300 
PI.  XI:  tigs.  1,2:  Pl.x. 

Mariopteris  sp.  D.W 33-34,294.300 

PI.  VII,  fig.  6;  PI.  IX,  fig.  3 

Mariopteris,  relation  of  Pseudopecopteris  to 21,  22, 23 

MarsileaceiB 174 

Uegalopleridere; 113-144 

Megalopteris  Dawson 128, 129 

Megalopteris  stock 128 

Megapbylun  Artis 10*2-103 

jrpgapbyton  approximatum  L.  and  H 103 

Megapbytun  GoUlenbergi  Weiss 102-103,  2S6 

Meschiuelli,  cited  on  Excipulitea  Callipteridis 28 

Mesocarboniferoiis  of  Missouri 4 

Mesocarboniferous,  stage  of  Missouii  tiora  in 305 

Mississippian,    relations  of  Lower    Coal  Measures 

to 6-9 

Myriophyllites  Artis 171 

Myriophyllites  Sternberg 150 

MiKoneura  Weiss 125.120 

Morris,  111.,  coal  from  Missouri  compared  witb  coal 

from 292.293 

Mvriotbeca  Zeiller 47 


1>^.  Page. 

Natborst,  discovery  of  Hysterites  in  Rbsetic  from  ..  13 

Xathorst,  A.  G.,  on  relation  of  Sigillaria  rimosa  and 

S.  caniptotjenia 236 

Neurocallipteris  Sterzel 129 

Keurodontopteris  Potoni6 124. 125, 129 

Xeuropterideae r24 

Xeuropteris  Brongnlart l!:J7-139 

Neuroptcris  acuminata  (Scbloth.)  Brongn 132 

Xeuropteris  angusti/oUa  Brongn 133, 134 

Xeuropteris  angustifolia  Brongn.  var.  hirtuta  Lx  ...  134 

Xeuropteris  coriacea  Lx 130 

Xcuropteria  cordata  Brongn 133,134,278 

Kenropterin  cordata  Brongn.  var.  angustifolia  Bunb.  136 

Neuropteria  decipiens  Lx 127 

Xeuropteris  dilatata  (L.  and  H.'Lx.  132.  137-139,286.295 

PI.  XLI.  fig.  6  :   PI.  XLII,  fig.  1 ;    PI.  XLIII ;   PI.  XLIV,  fig.  2 

Neuropteris  fasciculataLx 127,133,286.295 

Neuropteris  fimbriata  Lx 280 

Xeuropteris  flexuosa  Sternb 131.279,295.300 

Xeuropteris  gigantea  Sternb 128 

Xeuropteris  heterophylla  Brongn 128. 130 

Xeuropteris  Iiirsuta  Lx 127, 133, 134, 135 

X'em-opteris  Loscbli  Brongn 279.280 

Xeuroi)teri3  macropbylla  Brongn 295 

Xeuropteris  niissouriensis  Lx 130-133,  284,  295,300 

PI.  XLI,  figs.  4,  5;    PL  XLII,  fig.  4;    TI.  XLV.  fig.  3 

X'^europteris  rarinervis  Bunb 1 30,  283, 295,  299, 300 

Xeuropteris  Roger bii  Kimb 134 

Xeuropteris  Scbeucbzeri  Hotfm 127, 

1 33- 1 36 ,  277.  279,  283,  284,  29U,  295,  300 
PL  XXXVI,  fig.  4  ;   PL  XLII,  fig.  3  ;   PL  LXIV.  fig.  d 

Xeuropteris  Scbeucbzeri  \ar.  angustifolia  (Brongn.) 

Lx 134,277 

X'europteris  Scblehani  Stur 299 

Xeuropteris  snbcrenulata  liost 14 

Xeuropteris  teuuifolia  Brongn 280,299 

X'europteris  vermicularia  Lx 131 

X'europteris,  supposed  fruit  compared  to  Hysterites.  14 

O. 

Odontopteris  Brongniart 13J-137,  128, 129 

Odontopteris  atfinis  Lx 126,  127 

Odontopteris  Bradleyi  Lx 13;S-137,  295 

PL  XLII,  fig.  2 

Odontopteris  cornuta  Lx 126 

Odontopteris  deformata  Lx 126 

Odontopteris  genuina  Gr.'Ey 124 

Odontopteris  beteropl  ylla  Lx 279 

Odontojiteris  Lindleyana  Sternb 295 

Odontopteris  obtusa  Brongn 302 

Odontopteris  obtusiloba  Xaum 124 

Odontopteris  fphenopteroides  Ls 22,  31,  32 

Odon topteris  subcrenulata  Lx 279 

Odontopteris  subcuneata  Bunb 126, 127 

Odontopteris  Wortbeni  Ls 126, 127 

Oligocarijia  Geoppert 66-70,  73 

Oligocarpia  Alabameusia  Lx 67,  68,  69,  70,  287 

Oligocarpia  Beyricbi  Stur 68 

Oligocarpia  Brongniartii  Stur 67,  68,  294,  300 

Oligocarpia  Gutbieri  Goepp 67. 69-70, 286 

Oligocarpia  missouriensis  D.W.. 66-69,  70,284,287,294,300 
PL  XX,  figs.  1.2;  PL  XXI,  figs.  1  ?,  2!,  3, 4 

Oligocarpia  sp .  D.  W 66 

Ompbalopbloios  cyclostigma  (Lx.)  D.  W.  318-330,277,284 

Pl.LXV:   PL  LXVI.  figs.  1-5;    PL  LXVII, 

figs.  1,2:  PLl.xviii,  tigs.  1,2 


INDEX. 


463 


Ophiogloasaceae 

Orogenic  movements  iu  Mesocarboniferous  of  Mis- 
souri   

Orthogoniopteris  Andrews 

Ovopteria  Potouie 

Ovopteris  Brittsii  (Lx.)  Pot 

Ovopterig  chcerophylloides  (Brongu.)  Pot 

Ovopitris  mictta  (Schimp.)  Pot 

Owens  coal  mine,  plants  from 

Ouopteria  cristata  (lirougn.)  Pot 


Page. 
174 


141 

37,54 

53 

49 

35 

2,6 

.     51 


Pachyphlceus  Goeppert 

Pachyphyllum  Lcsqiiereux 

Pachjphyllum  affine  Lx 

Pachyphyllum  fimbriatinn  Lx    . . 

Fachyphyllum  hirsntiun  Lx 

Pachyphyllum  lactuca  (Presl)  Lx. 

Pachytesta  Bronguiart 

Pachytesta  gigautea  Brongn 

Pachytesta  iucrassata  Brongu  . . . 

Pachytesta  insignis 

Pachytesta  intermedia  Gr.'Ey 

Polceobromelia  Ettingahausen  .., 
Paljeostach\a  "Weiss 


202 

103 

108 

...     108 

108 

106 

138 

268 

268 

302 

208 

274 

157 

Paheostachya  pedunculata  "Will 157,295,300 

Pala-oxyria  Bronguiart 274-'-273 

Palsoxyris  appeudiculata  Lx i274-'^73, 274. 28b,  296 

Pala?oxyrJs  carbunaria  Schimp 274,296 

Pahnacites  Schlotheim 230 

Pahnacites  variolatits  Scbloth 241 

Palmacites  verticillatua  Scbloth 179 

Paroinylacris  elintoniana  Scudder 8 

Pecopteris  Bronguiart ...  60,  65,  74-97, 115, 125, 129,  251,  283 

Pecopteris  abbreviat a  Brongu 90,  287,  299,  300 

Pecopteris  a-quaiis  Brongu 79 

Pecopteris  ajinis  Brongu *  83 

Pecopteris  arboresceus  (Scbloth.)  Brongu 78-79, 

85,93,286,295,297,302 
PI.  XXXVI,  fig.  3;    Pl.XLlV,  fig.3;   PI.  XLVII,  tig.  6  .' 

Pecopteris  arboreacens  var.  cyathea  (Brongu.)  Kidst.  295 

Pecopteris  aspera  Bt  03gn 299 

Pecopteris  Brongiartiaua  Pre.sl 75 

Pecopteris  Candolleuna  Brongu 83 

Pecopteris  Candollianu  Brongu  ....  S3-S4,  2S0,  295,  297,  302 

Pecopteris  cJicerophylloides  Brougu 49 

Pecopteris  ciintoni  Lx 52, 

86,  88,  90,  91. 94-97, 121, 122,  286,  300 
PI.  XXXIV;  I'l.xxxv,  fig.  4 

Pecopteris  ciintoni  Lx 85 

Pecopteris  creuulata  Brougu 65,  66,  294,  299,  300 

Pecopteris  cribtata  Brougu 50 

Pecopteris  cnstata  (j\iih.  (non  Brougu.) 72,73 

Pecopteris  cyathea  (Scbloth.)  Brougn 78,85 

Pecopteris  Daubrcel  Zeill 82 

Pecopteris  dentata  Brougu  .75,  77,  277,  278,  283,  284,  295,  299,  300 

Pecopteris  deusifolia  Goepp 82,  302 

Pecopteris  erosa  Gutb 70,  71,  73 

Pecopteris  euueura  Schimp 80 

Pecopteris  gL'orgiana  Lx 73 

Pecopteris  beniitelioides  Brougu 295,297,  286,302 

Pecopteris  iutegra  (Andrii)  Schimp 300 

Pecopteris  Jenueyi  D.  W  . .  !!iO-$4,  113,  284,  287,  295.  297,  302 

PI.  XXXVI,  tigs.  1,2 
Pecopteris  lamuriana  Heer 295 


Pecopteris  lepidorachis  Erongn 82, 102 

Pecopteris  niertensides  Lx 97,28i 

Pecopteris  Miltoui  Artis 297 

Pecopteris  nervosa  Brougu 30 

Pecopteris  neuropteroides  Boulay  (non  Kutorga) . .  27, 28 

Pecopteris  oreopteridia  (Scbloth.)  Brongu 82, 

83,90,287,295.302 

Pecopteris  pennseformis  Brougu 77, 78. 79, 287 

Pecopteris  pennceformis  Brougu 76 

Pecopteris  platyrachis  Brongu 82 

Pecopteris  ])lumosa  (Artis)  Erongn 77,  78.  284 

Pecopteris  pluniosa  (Artis .')  Brongu 7j 

Pecopteris  polymorpha  Brougn 128,  297 

Pecopteris  pseuduvestita  D.  W $3-91, 

93,95,90,121,284,287,^00 

PI.  XXVIII,  fig8.1,2,2a;    PI.  XXIX;   PI.  XXX  ; 

PI.  XXXI,  figs.  1,2,3?;   PL  XXXII,  figs.  1,2 

Pecopteris  pteroidea  Brougu 297 

Pecopteris  Serlii  Brougu 117 

Pecopteris  serpillifolia  Lx 97 

Pecopteris  serrula  Lx 71.  73 

Pecopteiis  squamosa  Lx 84-85,  286,295 

Pecopteris  triangularis  Brougn 75 

Pecopteris  vestita  Lx 85 

Pecopteris  vestita  Lx 79,85,91-94,  102, 121,  286,  2f^5, 300 

PI.  XXXni,  figs.  1-6;  PI.  XXVI,  fig.  1 

Pecopteris  villosa  Brougn 94, 102,295 

Pecopteris  Tolkmauui  Sauv 300 

Pecopteris  sx*.  D.  W 72.80,85 

Pecopteris  [Asterotheca)  Candollei  Brongu 83 

Pecopteris  (Asterotheca)  hemitelioides Brongu?.  79-80,  90 

PI.  XXXV,  fig.  5 

Pecopteris  (Cyatheides)  Candolleana  Brongu 83 

Pecojiteris  {Cyatheides)  dentata  Brougn 7.5 

Pecopteris  {Cyatheitcs)  linearis  Gutb 70 

Pecopteris  (Dactylotheca)  dentata  Brougn 75-78 

PI.  XXlV,fig.S.  1.2;    PI.  XXV; 
PI.  XXVI,figs.2-4;   PI.  XXVII 

Pecopteris  (Diplazites)  cristatus  Gutb 72 

Pecopteris  sp.  indet oy 

Pecopterideie 74-97 

Phauerogania 257-374 

Phyllachora 128 

Phyll.ichora,  relation  to    Hysterites  suggested  by 

Stur. 14 

Phyllites  mineralig  Luid 132 

Pbytolithiis  stcUatus  Martin 159 

PhytuUthus  tessellatus  Steiu 241 

Phytolithus  verrucosus  Martiu 244 

Pinnularia  Lindb^y  and  Hutton 171 

Pinmdaria  capillacea  L.  and  H 172 

Piuuularia  colnmnaris  (Artis)  Zeill 172,  300 

Pinnularia pabnatljida  Lx 173 

Pitcher's  coal  miue,  plants  from 2,  6 

Pitlatou  coal  fiora  compared  with  Missouri  flora 289,290 

Poaordaites  Grand'Eury 257,  258 

Podozuuiitcs  diataus  (Presl)  Fr.  Br 13 

Polygonum  fa-mina  Myhus I5i 

Potouie,  H.,  discovery  of  sheath  iu  verticila  of  Auuu- 

laria  by 157 

genus  Neurodoutoptcris  i^ropoaed  by 129 

opiuiuu  concerning  systematic  position  of  Spbe- 

uophyllum  cited 174 

researches  iu  structure  of  Lepidopbloi-s  bolsters.  188.203 

Pott.<«viUe  fiora,  relation  of,  to  Missouri  flora 288,  292 

Mariopterisiu 33,34 


464 


INDEX. 


Page. 
Pottsville  aerie-*,  interval  between  Missouri  coals 

and 307 

relation  to  Lower  Coal  Measures 9 

variations  of  plants  in 285 

Prepecopteris  dentata  (Brongn.)  Gr.'Ey 76 

Prepecopteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Gr.'Ey 70 

Prepecopteris plumosa  ( Artis  ?)  Bureau 76 

Productus  longispinus  Sowerby  ., 7 

Productus  nebraskaensis  Owen 7 

Protoblechnum  Andrews ' 141,  142 

Pseudodanfeopsis  reticulata  Font 142 

Pseudopecopteris  Lesquereux 20,  !Jl-30,  32,  60, 65 

Pseudopecopieris  acuta  (Brongn.)  Lx 22 

Pseudopecopteris  anceps  Lx 15,23,26,27,28 

Pseudopecopteris  anceps,  bost  of  Excipulites  Callip- 

teridis 15 

Pseudopecopteris  cordato-ovata  (TVeiss)  Lx 22 

Pseudopecopteris  decipiens  Lx 279 

Pseudopecopteris  hymenopkylloides  Lx 58,59 

Pseudopecopteris  irregularis  (Stb.)  Lx 25,  26 

Pseudopecopteris  latifolia  {L.  and  H.)  Lx 22 

Pseudopecopteris  macilenta  (L.  and  H.)  Lx 279 

Pseudopecopteris  mazoniana  Lx 22 

Pseudopecopteris  rauricata  (Scbloth.)  Lx 22,33 

Pseudopecopteris  nervosa  (Brongn.)  Lx 22,30,33 

Pseudopecopteris  Newberry i  Lx 22 

Pseudopecopteris  numioularia  (Gutb.)  Lx 29, 36 

Pseudopecopteris  nummularia  (Gutb.)  Lx 35 

Pseudopecopteris  obtusiloba  (Brongn.)  Lx 16, 

iJ4-'i7,  29,  277,  286,  294,  300 
PI.  VH,  figs.  1-3;   PI.  VIII 

Pseudopecopteris  Pluckeneti  (Schloth.)  Lx 70 

Pseudopecopteris  Sbeaferi  Lx 23 

Pseudopecopteris  Sillimanni  (Brongn.)  Lx 22,279 

Pseudopecopteris  spinulosa  Lx 65 

Pseudopecopteris  squamosa  (Lx.)  D.  W..  15,283,286,294,300 

Pseudopecopteris  subcrenulata  Lx 64,  65 

Pseudopecopteris  trifoliolata  (Artis)  Lx 29 

Pseudopecopteris  sp.  D.  W t29-30 

PI.  VII,  figs.  4, 5 
Pseudopecopteris,  relation  of  Mariopteris  and  Dip- 

lothmema  to 21. 22, 23 

Peeudosigillaria  Grand'Eury 238 

Pseudosigillaria  dimorpha  Gr.  'Ey 230, 231, 236,  237 

PseudoHgillaria  monoetigma  (Lx.)  Gr.'Ey 231 

Pteridales  Prantl 174 

Pteridopbyta 16-356 

Pteris  Serlii  (Brongn.)  Ett 117 

Pterophyllum  Brongniart 285 

Pycnophyllum  Brongniart 257 

Pyrenomycetese 13-14 

Kadicites  Potoni6 171-173 

Kadicites  capillaceus  (L.  and  H.)  Pot..   172, 173, 277, 295,  300 

Kadicitee  palmatitidus  (Lx.)D.  "W 173 

Renault,  description  of  Titanophyllum  by 270 

on  fructification  of  the  Cordaite* 258,  259 

Benaultia  chaerophylloides  (Brongn.)  Zeill 49 

Keticularia  perplexa  McCbesney 7 

Rhabdocarpos  Goeppert  and  Berger 259,  S67-269 

Rbabdocarpos  apiculatus  Newb 269 

Rhabdocarpos  cariuatus  Newb 269 

Rbabdocarpos  Jacksoneneis  Lx 269 

Rhabdocarpos  Mansfieldi  Lx 138, 267, 268, 286, 302 


Page. 
Rhabdocarpos  raultistriatus  (Presl)  Lx..  i26^-'^69,  283,  296 

Rbabdocarpos  Scbultzianus  Goepp.  and  Berg 208 

Rhabdocarpos  (Pachytesta)  Mansfieldi  Lx 367-'26$ 

Rhacophyllum  Schimper 103,278 

Rhacopbyllum  Clarkii(Lx.)  Scbimp 109 

Rhacophyllum  filiciforme  (Gutb.)  Scbimp 109 

Rhacophyllum  fimbriatum  Lx 278,  279 

Rhacophyllum  Goldenbergii  Weiss 110,  111 

Rhacophyllum  Gutbierianum  Gein 109 

Rhacophyllum  hamulosum  Lx 104 

Rhacophyllum  hirsutum-  (Lx.)  Scbimp 107,108 

Rhacophyllum  lactuca  (Presl)  Schimp 105, 106, 107 

Rhacophyllum  lactuca  var.  crispum  Gutb 105 

Rhacophyllum  memhranaceum  Lx 110, 112 

Rhacophyllum  speciosissimum  Schimp „ 105 

Rhacophyllum  spiiiosiun  Lx 104 

Rhacophyllum  truncatum  Lx 112 

Rhacopteris  Schimper 16 

Rhizolithes  Braun 171,172 

Rhizolithes  palmatifidus  Lx 173 

Rhodea  G  utbieriana  Presl 109 

Rhode  Island,  stage  of  plants  from 285 

J2ft(/(idoIepts  Sternberg 230,238,243,246 

Rotularia  Sternberg 173 

Rotularia  asplenioidei  Sterub 174 

Rotularia  cuneifolia  Sternb 174 

Rotularia  erosa  (L.  and  H.)  Goepp 175 

Rotularia  major  Bronn 180 

Rotularia  tnarsilecefolia  Sternb 177, 180 

Rotularia  poly phylla  Sternb 174 

Rotularia  pusilla  Sternb 174 

Rubeola  mineralis  Luid 163 

Rubia  sylvestris  Volkm 163 

S. 

Saarbrucker  Schichten 305 

Saarbruck  series,  stage  of  Missouri  flora  in 304 

Saccopteris  Stur 73, 74 

Saccopteris  erosa  (Gutb.)  Stur 70 

Saccopteris  Essinghii  (Andrii)  Stur 72 

Saccopteris  grypophylla  (Goepp.)  Stur 44 

Saccopteris  (Alethopteris)  cristata  (Gutb.)  Stur 72 

Sagenaria  Brongniart 187 

Sagenaria  rimosa  (Stb.)  Presl ....  196 

Salisburieje 272 

Salvineie 174 

Salvinia,  relation  of  Sphenophyllum  to 174 

Samaropsis  Goeppert 258,  259, 261, 266 

Saporta,  G.  de,  reference  of  Cyclopteris  by 138 

Saportaea  Fontaine  and  White 272 

Sarcotaxus  Brongn 259 

Schizodns  curtus  M.  and  W 7 

Schizopteris  Brongniart 103 

Schizopteris  lactuca  Presl 105, 106 

Schizopteris  pinnata  Gr.'Ey 100 

Schizopteris  rhipii  Gr.  'Ey 105 

Schlotheimia  Sternberg ^ 150 

Schuchert,  C,  determinations  of  fossil  invertebrates 

from  plant  beds  by 7 

Scolecopteris  Zenker 89, 90, 128 

Scolecopteris  Candolleana  (Brongn.)  Stur 83 

Scudder,  S.  H.,  identifications  of  insects  from  plant 

beds  by 8 

Scutocordaites  Renault 257, 258 

Selaginella  Beauv 188 


INDEX. 


465 


Page. 

Senftenbergia  acuta  (Brongn.)  Stur 76 

Sen/tenbergia  dentata  (Brongn.)  Slur 75 

Senftenbergia  plumosa  (Artis)  Stur 76 

Sen/tenbergia  (Pecopteris)  dentata  (Brongn.)  Stur  ...  76 

Seward,  A.  C,  cited  as  to  affinities  of  Neuroptens. . .         128 

Sigillarieto 227,330-S«4r 

Sigillaria  Brongniart 101,  211, 228, 330-'-24a,  277 

Sigillaria  alternans  (Stb.)  Achep 242 

Sigillaria  alveolaris  (Stb.)  Brongn 242 

Sigillaria  Brardii  Brongn 237 

Sigillaria-Camptotffinia  Grand'Eury 230 

Sigillaria  camptota^nia  "Wood 198, 

211,  213,  235,  236,  237,  238, 239,  240,  247,  286, 296,  299,  301 

Sigillaria  contigua  Sauv 242 

Sigillaria  corrugata  Ls 238 

Sigillaria  cumulata  var.  paucistriata 242 

Sigillaria  Defrancii  Brongn 210 

Sigillaria  Dournaisii  Brongn 242 

Sigillaria  elegans  Brongn 242, 299 

Sigillaria  Essenia  Achep 243 

Sigillara  fissa  Lx 239,240,241 

Sigillara  Grand" Euryi  Lx 236 

Sigillaria  Knorrii  Brongn 242 

Sigillaria  hpvigata  Brongn 299 

Sigillaria  lalayana  Schimp 242 

Sigillaria  mammillaris  Brongn 242, 243 

Sigillaria  mammillaris  var.  latior  Lx 243 

Sigillaria  Mauricii  Gr. 'Ey 246 

Sigillaria  Menardii  Brongn 279 

Sigillaria  monostigma  Lx 231,  233,  236 

Sigillaria  Morandii  Sauv 242 

Sigillaria  orbicularis  Brongn 243 

SigillarisovataSauv 343,  284,296,301 

Sigillaria  reniformis  Brongn 279 

Sigillaria  rimosa  Goldb 230,  238 

Sigillaria  rimosa  Goldb.  (nou  Sauv. ) 236 

Sigillaria  rugosa  Brongn " 299 

Sigillaria  aculpta  Lx 279 

Sigillaria  sexangula  Sauv 242 

Sigillaria  sigillarioides  (Lx.)  D.  W '^40-341,278 

Sigillaria  spinulosa  Germ 237,  279 

Sigillaria  tesaellata  (Steinh.)  Brongn 341-343, 

283,  296,  299,  301 

Sigillaria  Zwickaviensis  (Petz.)  Goepp 242 

Sigillaria  (Asolanus)  Camptottenia  IT.  C.  "Wood..  330-338 

PI.  LSI,  fig.  Ig?;   Pl.LSII,  fig.l?;   PL  LXIV,  fig.  6? ; 
PI.  LXIX  ;   PI.  LXX,  figs.  1,  3,  4,  5 

Sigillaria  (Asolanus)  sigillarioides  Lx 339-341 

PL  LXX,  fig.  2 

Sigillaria-Camptotcenia  gradlenta  Gr.'Ey 231,  237 

Sigillaria-Oamptotceniatnonostigma  (Lx.)  Gr.'Ey..  231,238 

Sigillaria  sect.  Caulopteris  Brongniart 101 

Sigillarioides  stellar  is  JjX 231,236 

SigiUariostrobas  Grand'Eury 235 

Sigillariostrobus  Laurencianus  Lx 231,  235 

Silesia,  Missouri  flora  compared  with  Carboniferous 

of 304 

Sorocladus  Lesquereux 63 

Sorocladus  asteroides  Lx 63 

Sorocladus  ophioglossoides  Lx   60,  62,  63,  64 

Sorocladus  sagittatus  Lx 62. 63 

Sorocladus  stellatus  Lx 63 

Sorocladus  Wortheni  Lx 63 

Sphcenopteris  Sternberg 35 

SpheeropsideaB 15 

SphenophylleEB 173-1S7 

MON  XXXVII 30 


Page. 

Spbenophyllales 173-187 

Sphenophyllites  Brongniart 173 

SpbenophylUtes  angustifolius  Germ 183 

Sphenophillites  emarginatus  Brongn 177 

Sphenophyllohtachys  Seward 173 

Sphenophyllostachys  Dawaoni  (Will.)  Sew 176 

Sphenophyllum  Brongniart 173-1S7 

Sphenophyllum  angustifolium  (Germ.)  Goepp. ..  182, 183,  302 
Sphenopbylluiu  angustifolium  var.  bifidum  Gr.'Ey. .  183 

Spbenopbyllum  bifurcatum  Lx 177, 182, 187 

Spbenopbyllum  Crepini  Stur 180 

Spbenopbyllum  cuneifolium  (Stb.)  Zeill 173, 

174-177,  179, 180,  278,  283,  295,  301 
Sphenophyllum  cuneifolium  (Stb.)  Zeill.  var.  saa;i/ra- 

gcefolium  (Stb.)  Zeill 176 

Spbenopbyllum  densifolium  F.  and  W 183 

Sphenophyllum  dentatum  Brongn   174,175 

Sphenophyllum  dichotomuin  (Germ,  and  Kaulf.)TJng.  176 

Sphenophyllum  emarginatum  Brongn 175, 

17G,  177-180, 182, 185, 187,  278,286,  295,  299,  301 
Pl.Lix,  fig.  Id 
Sphenophylhtm  emarginatum  Brongn.  var.  ^  Brong- 

niartianum  C.  and  K 178,  179 

Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H 175 

Sphenophyllum  erosum  L.  and  H.  var.  saxifragmfo- 

Hum  (Stb.)  C  and  K 175 

Sphenophyllum  fasciculatum  Lx 284 

Sphenophyllum  filiculme  Lx 177, 179, 183 

Spkenophylluin  fimbriatum  Brongn 174 

Sphenophyllum  Fontaineaniim  Miller ISO,  181 

Sphenophyllum  furcatum  Lx 187 

Spbenophylluui  gracile  Crep 174 

Sphenophyllum  latifolium  F.  and  W 180 " 

Sphenophyllum    latifolium     Wood    (non   Font,   and 

White) 181 

Sphenophyllum  Lescurianum  D.  W 183-183, 

278,284,296.302 
PL  XXIV,  3c ;  PL  L,  fig.  6b;  PL  LI,  fig.  b 
Sphenophyllum  longifoUum  (Germ.)  Gein.  and  Gutb. 

(non  Sauv.) 181, 182 

Sphenophyllum  majus  Broun 180-183, 

278,  283,  286,  295,  301 
PL  L,  figs.  5,  6a ;  PL  LI,  fig.  a ;  PL  lxiii,  fig.  3 

Sphenophyllum  multifidum  Sauv 175, 181 

Sphenophyllum  myriophyllum  Crep 299 

Sphenophyllum  oblongifolium  (Germ.)  Ung 174,183,296 

Sphenophyllum  Osnabrugense  F.  A.  Koemer 178 

Sphenophyllum pusillum  (Stb.)  Sauv...'. 175 

Sjihenophyllum  saxifragcefolium,  ?  (Germ.)  Gein.  and 

Gutb 181 

Sphenophyllum  saxifragcefolium  (Stb.)  Goepp 175 

Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn 176, 178, 179 

Sphenophyllum  Schlotheimii  Brongn.   var.   /3  denta- 

tum  (Brongn.)  et  var.  ^  erosum  (L.  and  H.), 

Ett 175 

Sphenophyllum     Schlotheimii    Brongn.    var.     saxi- 
fragcefolium (Stb.) ,  0.  Feist 175 

Sphenophyllum  tenuifolium  F.  and  W 183 

Spbenopbyllum  trichomatosum  Stur 174 

Spheno2)hyllum  trifoliatum  Lx 175 

Sphenophyllum  truncatum  Brongn 179 

Sphenophyllum  sp.  D.  "W 182 

Sphenophyllum     { Asterophyllites  ?)      fasciculatum 

(Lx.)  D.  W 183-187 

PL  L,  figs.  1-4 
Sphenophyllum  (Oalamites)  Sachsei  Stur 176 


466 


INDEX. 


Page. 
SpbenopteridcEe 35-74 

Sphenopteris  Brongniart 16,  35-66,  73,  74, 104, 283 

Sphenopteris  bilobata  Lx 66 

Sphenopteris  Boulayi  Zeill 62,  63 

Sphenopteris  Brittsii  Lx 37,  50.  53-55 ,  57, 286 

PI.  XV,  fig.  1;   PI.  XVI;   PI.  XVII; 
Pl.XVin.figS.  1,2;   PI.  XIX,  fig.  3 

Sphenopteris  Broadheadi  D.  W 42, 44,  281, 294 

Sphenopteris  canadensis  Daws 40 

Sphenopteris  canneltonensis  B.VT 55-56,  286, 300 

PI.  XV,  fig.  2 
Sphenopteris  capitata  D.  "W 57-58,  284, 300 

PL  XV,  tig.  3 

Sphenopteris  caudata  L.  and  H 75 

Sphenopteris  cliEerophylloides  (Brongn.)  Presi...  49-50, 
*•  51,52,54,55,286,300,302 

Sphenopteris  crepini  Zeill 62,63,300 

Sphenopteris  cristata  (Brongn.)  PresI 49, 

50-51 ,  52,  54.  55,  286,  294,  300,  302 

Sphenopteris  delicatnla  Brongn 46 

Sphenopteris  Douvillei  Zeill 300 

Sphenopteris  Dubuissonis  Brongn 47,  48 

Sphenopteris  Essinghii  Audra 55, 74 

Sphenopteria  fertilis  Een -  -  42 

Sphenopteris  formosa  Gutb 44 

Si)henopteris  f areata  Brongn 17, 18, 19 

Sphenopteris  gracilis  Brongn 57 

Sphenopteris  Gravenhorstii  Brongn 49.  50 

Sphenopteris  Gutbieriana  Gein 55, 56 

Sphenopteris  Hceninghausii  Brongn 37, 40, 283, 288,299 

Sphenopteris  hymenophylloides  Brongn 55,56,  60 

Sphenopteria  lUinoisensis  D.W 58-60,286 

PI.  XIX,  fig.  4  ;  PI.  XLIV,  fig.  1 

Sphenopteris  injequilateralis  Lx 55,73,74 

Sphenopteris  integra  Andrii 52, 97 

Sphenopteris  irregularis  Sternb 24 

Sphenopteris  Jacquoti  (Zeill.)  Kidst 294 

Sphenopteris  Lacoei  D.  W 37, 38-39, 40,  286, 294 

PI.  XII,  fig.  3 

Sphenopteris  latifolia  L.  and  H -4 

Sphenopteria  Laurentii  Bronu 37 

Sphenopteris  Matheti  Zeill 49,302 

Sphenopteria  microcarpa  Lx 37 

Sphenopteris  minutisecta  F.  and  "W , 49 

Sphenopteris  missourieusis  D.  W 42,43-44,284,294 

PI.  XIV,  figs.  1,2 

Sphenopteris  mixta  Schimp 35-37, 

39,  40,  54,  277,  286,  294,  300 
PI.  XI,  fig.  3  ;   PI.  XII,  figs.  1,  2 ;   PI.  XIII,  tigS.  4,  5 

Sphenopteris  neuropteroides  (Boul.)  Zeill 15,  23, 27, 283, 299 

Sphenopteris  nobilis  Achep 31 

Sphenopteris  ohtiisiloha  Brongn 23, 24, 26 

Sphenopteris  ophioglossoides  (Lx.)  D.  "W.  63,  278,  284,  287,  300 

Sphenopteris  paten tiasima  Ett 104 

Sphenopteris  Picandeti  Zeill 56 

Sphenopteris  pinnatifida  (Lx.)  D.  W 45-47, 

278,  283,  286,  294,  300 
PI.  XVIII,  figs.  3,  4;  PI.  XIX,  fig.  1 

Sphenopteris  Potieri  Zeill 300 

Sphenopteris  paeudomurrayana  Lx 50 

Sphenopteris  quadridactylites  Gutb 294, 300 

Sphenopteris  quercifolia  Goepp - 37 

Sphenopteris  rigida  Brongn 35 

Sphenopteris  rotundifolia  Andrii 294 

Sphenopteris  Eoyi  Lx 19 

Sphenopteris  rutsefolia  Gutb 57 


Sphenopteris  Schillingsii  Andrii 23 

Sphenopteris  sinuosa-  Lx 35 

Sphenopteris  solida  Lx 20,  23 

Sphenopteris  spinosa  Goepp 17, 19 

Sphenopteris  splendens  Lx 17, 19 

Sphenopteris  squamosa  Lx 27, 28 

Sphenopteris  Sternbergii  (Ett.)  Zeill 72.74 

Sphenopteris  subcrenulata  (Lx.)  D.  "W 64-66, 

286,  294,  300,  302 
PI.  XX,  fig.  5 

Sphenopteris  subalata  "Weiss 56 

Sphenopteris  suspecta  D.  "W 51-52,  284 

PI.  XXXV,  figs.  1-3 

Sphenopteris  tenella  Brongn 42 

Sphenopteris  tenuifolia  Brongn 44,49 

Sphenopteris  bilobata  Lx 284 

Sphenopteris  tridactylites  Brongn 46 

Sphenopteris  trifoUolata  {Artis  1)  Brongn 24,26 

Sphenopteris  Van  Ingeni  D.  ^^ 47-49,  278, 284, 302 

PI.  XIII,  fig.  3 

Sphenopteris  "Wardiana  D.  W 39-40 

PI.  XI,  figs.  1, 2 

Sphenopteris  Woodwardi  Kidst 42,294 

Sphenopteris  sp.  D.  W 41,  55, 57 

Sphenopteris  sp.  D.  "W" 66 

PL  XXXV,  fig.  6 

Sphenopteris  [Aneimioides)  obtusiloba  Brongn 24 

Sphenopteris  (Aiieimioides)  pulchra  Marrat 35 

Sphenopteris  {Cheilanthides)  Hiix(a  Schimp 35 

Sphenopteris  (Corynepteris)  coralloides  Gutb 40,74 

Sphenopteris  (Crossotheca)    ophioglossoides     (Lx.) 

D.W 60-64 

PL  XX,  figs.  3,  4 
Sphenopteris  {Gymnogrammides)  irregularis  Sternb.  25 

Sphenopteris  (Hapalopteris)  Schiitzei  Stur 46 

Sphenopteris  (Hymenophyllites)  /urcata  Brongn 16 

Sphenopteris     (Hymenophyllites)     quadridactylites 

Gutb 47 

Sphenopteris  (Hymenophyllites)  spinosa  Goepp 16 

Sphenopteris  ( Hymenophyllites)  splendens  Lx 16 

Sphenopteris  {Hymenophyllites)  tridactylites  Brongn.  45 

Sphenopteris  (Hymenotheca)  Broadheadi  D.  "W 41-42 

PL  XIII,  figs.  1,2 
Sphenopteris  (Pseudopecopteris)  obtusiloba  Brougn  ..  25,299 
Sphenopteris  (Pseudopecopteris)  trifoliolata  (Artis) 

Brongn 299 

Spirangium  Schimper 274,275 

Spirangium  appendiculatitm  Lx 274 

Spirifer  rockymontauus  Marcou 7 

Spiropteris  Schimper 101,283 

Spiropteris  sp 1 0 1 

Spirorbis  carbonarius  Daws 8, 55 

Sporledcria  Stiehler 274 

Spring  River  sandstone -_-  5, 6 

Stachannularia  calathifera  TVeiss 165 

Stachannularia  tubercnlata  (Stb.)  "Weiss 161 

Stay phylopteris  Presl 63 

Stemmatopteris  Corda 101,  252,  253 

Stemmatopteris  Schimperi  Lx 251 

Stephanian,  relation  of  Missouri  flora  to 303,304 

Sterzel,  J.  T.,  correlation  of  Stachannularia  calathi- 
fera   165 

genus  Neurocallipteris  proposed  by 129 

opinion  of,  on  the  LeiodermariEe 237 

Stigmaria  Brongniart 236,344-346,253,256 

Stigmaria  Evenii  Lx 345-346,  286, 296, 301 


INDEX. 


467 


Page. 

Stigmaria Jicoidet  {Stb.)  Erongn 2U,  245 

Stigma ria  Jicoided  Brongn.  var.  itellata  Goepp 231 

Siiginaria  stellaris  Lx 231 

Stigmari.',    tiTucosa  (Martin)  S.A.Miller 944-^245, 

283,296.301 

Stigmarioid  'lupression !:246-!249' 

PI.  LXX,  tig.  5 

Stigmariopsis  Granii'Eury 253 

Stigmariopsis  Evcnii  (Lx.)  Gr.'Ey 246 

St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  supposed  Devonian  flora 

of 129 

Stratigraphic  range  of  Missouri  species 285 

Stratigraphy  of  plant-bearing  terranes 4-9 

Stur,  D.,  opinion  of,  as  to  relations  of  Neuropteris  . .  128 

Stylocalamites  Suckowii  (Brongn.)  "Weiss 148 

SubsigillarisB !i230-34 1 

Synopsis  of  the  flora 281.282 

Syringodendron  Sternberg 230 

T. 

Table  showing  American  distribution  of  species 286 

Tfeniophyllum  Lesquereux '"i^t-^iSS,  255,  256 

Tieuiophyllum  contestum  Lx 252 

Tfeniophyllum  decurrens  Lx 251,252 

Tfeniophyllum  deflexum  Lx 287 

TEBniophyllnm  latifolium  D.  W ^49-333, 

255,  256,  280,  286,  287 
Pl.LXIII,fig.4;   PI.  LXXI 

Tseniopterideje 142 

Tjpniopteris  Brongniart 1 40-144 

Ta*niopteris  jejunata  Gr.'Ey 142, 143 

Taniopteris  missouriensis  D.  "W 128, 140-144,284,302 

PI.  XLI,  figs.  1-7 

Tteniopteris  Miinsteri  Goepp 142 

Taonurus  Colletti  Lx  - . . .' 280 

TaxacejB 3yi-2?'4 

Taxinete 257 

Taxospermum  Brongniart 258 

Titanophyllum  Renault 270,271,302 

Titanophyllum  ?  Biittsii  D.W 37 1 ,  284 

Titanophyllura  Grand'Euryi  Ren 270,271 

Trichomanitea  (Zeilleria)  delicatula  (Stb.)  Goepp 46 

Trichopity s  Saporta 272 

Trigonocarpum  Brongniart 282 

Trigonocarpum  Bawesii  L.  and  H 280 

Trigonocarpum  oliv.Tformis  L.  and  H 280 

Trigouocarpura  Schultzianum  Goepp.  and  Berger. ..  268,  269 


Page. 

Triletes  Reinsch 216,218,251,252 

Triphyllopteridcai 16-34 

Triphyllopteria  Schimper 16, 20 

Trizygia  Royle 174 

XJ. 

Ulodendron  Rhode 203 

JJlodendron  punctatuni  L.  and  H 102 

Upper  Coal  Measures  of  Great  Britain  compared  . . .  297 

Urnatopteris  Kidston 46 

■V. 

Valenciennes  flora  compared  with  Missouri  flora 298-304 

Van  Ingen,  Gilbert,  geological  section  at  Pitcher's 

coal  mine  by    6 

Van  Ingen,  Gilbert,  plants  collected  by 2 

Variolarla  Jicoides  Sternb 244 

Vernon  County 3 

Volkmannia  Sternberg 163-166 

Volkmannia  elongata  Preel 156 

Volkmanuia  prielonga  Lx *..   165-166,  286 

TV. 

"Ward,  Lester  F.,  work  of  in  paleobotany 40 

"Weiss,  demonstration  of  scars  in  Sigillaria  campto- 

tjenia  by 236 

"Westpbalian.  relation  of  Missouri  flora  to 299-304 

"Whittlesey  a  Kewberry 272 

"Williamson,  "W.  C,  structure  of  Bowmanites 173 

Winslow,  Arthur,  on  epeirogenic  movements  in  Coal 

Measures  of  Missouri 4 

stratigraphic  descriptions  of  plant  beds  by 5 

X. 

Xenoptcrls  Weiss 125 

Z. 

Zamites  Presl 202,  205 

Zeiller,  R.,  correlation  of  Pseudopecopteris  auceps .  28 

description  of  Mariopteris 21 

discoverer  of  fertile  specimens  of  Liuopteris  . . .  128 

identification  of  fruit  of  Sphenophyllum 173,177.180 

monograph  Valenciennes  flora  cited 298 

Zonaria  Agardt,  compared  with  Conostichus 11 

Zwickau  basin  compared  with  Missouri  coals 304 

Zygopteris  Corda 302 

Zygopteris  pinnata  (Gr.'Ey.)  Schimp lOO 


^DVERTISEMEN^T. 

[Monograph  XXXVII.] 


The  statute  approved  March  3,  1879,  establishing  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  contains 
the  following  provisions : 

"The  iniblications  of  the  Geological  Survey  shall  consist  of  the  annual  report  of  operations,  geo- 
logical and  economic  maps  illustrating  the  resources  and  classification  of  the  lands,  and  reijorts  upon 
general  and  economic  geology  and  paleontology.  The  annual  report  of  operations  of  the  Geological 
Survey  shall  accompany  the  anniial  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  All  siieeial  memoirs  and 
reports  of  said  Survey  shall  be  issued  in  uniform  c^uarto  series  if  deemed  necessary  by  the  Director,  but 
otherwise  in  ordinary  octavos.  Three  thousand  copies  of  each  shall  be  published  for  .seienti  tie  exchanges 
and  for  sale  at  the  price  of  publication ;  and  all  literary  and  cartographic  materials  received  in  exchange 
shall  be  the  property  of  the  United  States  and  form  a  ])art  of  the  library  of  the  organization :  And  the 
money  resulting  from  the  sale  of  such  publications  shall  be  covered  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States." 

Except  in  those  cases  in  which  an  extra  number  of  any  special  memoir  or  report  has  been  sup- 
plied to  the  Survey  by  special  resolution  of  Congress  or  has  been  ordered  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  this  office  has  no  copies  for  gratuitous  distribution. 

ANNUAL  REPORTS. 

I.  First  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  by  Clarence  King.  1880.  8°.  79 
pp.     1  map. — A  preliminary  report  describing  plan  of  organization  and  publications. 

II.  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1880-'81,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1882.  8°.     Iv,  588  pp.     62  pi.     1  map. 

III.  Third  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1881-'82,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1883.  8'=.     xviii,  564  pp.     67  pi.  and  maps. 

IV.  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1882-'83,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1884.  8°.     xxxii,  473  pp.     85  pi.  and  maps. 

V.  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  United   States  Geological  Survey,  1883-'84,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1885.  8°.     xxxvi,  469  pp.     58  pi.  and  maps. 

VI.  Sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1884-'85,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
1885.     8°.     xxix,  570  pp.     65  pi.  and  maps. 

VII.  Seventh  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1885-'86,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1888.  8°.     XX,  656  pp.     71  pi.  and  maps. 

VIII.  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1886-'87,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1889.  8°.     2  pt.     xix,  474,  xii  pp.,  .53  pi.  and  maps;  1  prel.  leaf,  475-1063  pp.,  54-76  pi.  and  maps. 

IX.  Ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1887-'88,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1889.  8^.     xiii,  717  pp.     88  pi.  and  maps. 

X.  Tenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological   Survev,  1888-'89,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1890.  8°.     2  pt.     XV,  774  pp.,  98  pi.  and  maps;  viii,  123  pp. 

XI.  Eleventh  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1889-'90,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 

1891.  S"^.     2  pt.     XV,  757  pp.,  66  pi.  and  maps;  ix,  351  pp.,  30  pi.  and  maps. 

XII.  Twelfth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1890-'91,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
1891.     8°.    2  pt.,  xiii,  675  pp.,  53  pi.  and  maps;  xviii,  576  pp.,  146  pi.  and  maps. 

XIII.  Thirteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1891-'92,  liy  J.  W. 
Powell.  1893.  8°.  3  pt.  vii,  240  pp.,  2  maps;  x,  372  pp.,  105  pi.  and  maps;  xi,  486  pp.,  77 "pi.  and 
maps. 

XIV.  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1892-'93,  by  J.  W. 
Powell.    1893.     8°.     2  pt.     vi,  321  pp.,  1  pi. ;  xx,  597  pp.,  74  pi.  and  maps. 

XV.  Fifteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1893-'94,  by  J.  W.  Powell. 
1895.     8°.     xiv,  7.55  pp.,  48  pi.  and  maps. 

XVI.  Sixteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1894-'9o,  Charles  D. 
Walcott,  Director.  1895.  (Part  I,  1896.)  S^.  4  pt.  xxii,  910  pp.,  117  pi.  and  maps;  xix,  598  pp.,  43 
pi.  and  maps;  xv,  646  pp.,  23  pi. ;  xix,  735  pp.,  6  pi. 

XA'II.  Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1895-'96,  Charles 
D.  Walcott,  Director.  1896.  8^.  3  pt.  in  4  vol.  xxii,  1076  pp.,  67  pi.  and  maps;  xxv,  864  pp.,  113  pi. 
and  maps;  xxiii,  542  pp.,  8  pi.  and  maps;  iii,  .543-1058  pp.,  9-13  pi. 

XVIII.  Eighteenth  Annu.al  Repo"rt  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1896-'97,  Charles  D. 
Walcott,  Director.     1897.    (Parts  II  and  III,  1898.)     8"^'.    5  pt.  in  6  vol.     1-440  pp., 4  pi.  and  maps;  i-v, 


II  ADVERTISEMENT. 

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1-642  pp.,  1  pi. ;  643-UOO  pp. 

XIX.  Nineteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  1897-'98,  Charles  D. 
Walcott,  Director.     1898.     8-.     6  pt.  in  7  vol. 

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pp.     241.     24  pi.     Price  $1.10. 

IX.  Brachiopoda  and  Lamellibranchiata  of  the  Raritan  Clays  and  Greensand  Marls  of  New 
Jersey,  by  Robert  P.  Whitfield.     1885.     4".     xx,  338  pp.     35  pi.     1  map.     Price  $1.15. 

X.  Dinocerata.  A  Monograph  of  an  Extinct  Order  of  Gigantic  Mammals,  by  Othniel  Charles 
Max.sh.     1886.     4°.     xviii,  243  pp.     56 1.     56  pi.     Price  $2.70. 

XI.  Geological  History  of  Lake  Lahontan,  a  Quaternary  Lake  of  Northwe-stern  Nevada,  by 
Israel  Cook  Russell.     1885.     4°.     xiv,  288  pp.     46  pi.  and  maps.'    Price  $1.75. 

XII.  Geology  and  Mining  Industry  of  Leadville,  Colorado,  with  Atlas,  by  Samuel  Franklin 
Emmons.     1886.     4°.     xxix,  770  pp.     45  pi.  and  atlas  of  35  sheets  folio.     Price  $8.40. 

XIII.  Geology  of  the  Quicksilver  Deposits  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  with  Atlas,  bv  George  F.  Becker. 
1888.     4°.     xix,  486  pp.     7  pi.  and  .atlas  of  14  .sheets  folio.     Price  $2.00. 

XIV.  Fossil  Fishes  aud  Fossil  Plants  of  the  Triassie  Rocks  of  New  Jersey  and  the  Connecticut 
Valley,  by  John  S.  Newberry.     1888.     4'^.     xiv,  152  pp.     26  pi.     Price  $1.00. 

XV.  The  Potomac  or  Younger  Mesozoic  Flora,  by  William  Morris  Fontaine.  1889.  4°,  xiv, 
377  pp.     180  pi.     Text  and  plates  bound  separately.     Price  $2.50. 

XVI.  The  Paleozoic  Fishes  of  North  America,  by  John  Strong  Newberry.  1889.  4°.  340  pp 
53  pi.     Price  $1.00. 

XVII.  The  Flora  of  the  Dakota  Group,  a  Posthumous  Work,  by  Leo  Lesquereux.  Edited  by 
F.  H.  Knowltou.     1891.     4^.     400  pp.     66  pi.     Price  $1.10. 

XVIII.  Gasteropoda  and  Cephalopoda  of  the  Raritan  Clays  and  Greensand  Marls  of  New  Jersey, 
by  Robert  P.  Whitfield.     1891.     i"^.     402  pp.     50  pi.     Price  $1.00. 

XIX.  The  Penokee  Iron-Bearing  Series  of  Northern  Wisconsin  aud  Michigan,  by  Roland  D. 
Irving  and  C.  R.  Van  Hise.     1892.     4°.    xix,  534  pp.     Price  $1.70. 

XX.  Geology  of  the  Eureka  District,  Nevada,  with  an  Atlas,  by  Arnold  Hague.  1892.  4^^.  xvii, 
419  pp.     8  pi.     Price  $5.25. 

XXI.  The  Tertiary  Rhynchophorous  Coleoptera  of  the  United  States,  by  Samuel  Hubbard  Soud- 
der.     1893.     4'^.     xi,  206  pp.'   12  pi.     Price  90  cents. 

XXII.  A  Manual  of  Topographic  Methods,  by  Henry  Gannett,  Chief  Topographer.  1893.  i'^. 
xiv,  300  pp.     18  pi.    Price  $1.00. 

XXIII.  Geology  of  the  Green  Mountains  in  Massachusetts,  by  Raphael  Pumpelly,  T.  Nelson  Dale, 
and  J.  E.  Wolff.     1894.     4^.     xiv,  206  pp.     23  pi.     Price  $1.30. 

XXIV.  Mollusca  and  Crustacea  ofthe  Miocene  Formations  of  New  Jersey,  by  Robert  Parr  Whit- 
field.    1894.     4°.     193  pp.     24  pi.     Price  90  cents. 

XXV.  The  Glacial  Lake  Agassiz,  by  Warren  Upham.   1895.   4^.  xxiv,658pp.   38  pi.    Price  $1.70. 

XXVI.  Flora  of  the  Amboy  Clays,  by  John  Strong  Newberry;  a  Posthumous  Work,  edited  by 
Arthur  HoUick.     1895.     4".     260  "pp.     08  pi.     Price  $1.00. 

XXVII.  Geology  ofthe  Denver  Basin  in  Colorado,  by  Samuel  Franklin  Emmons,  Whitman  Cross, 
and  George  Homans  Eldridge.     1896.     4°.     556  pp.     31  pi.     Price  $1.50. 

XXVIII.  The  Marquette  Iron-Bearing  District  of  Michigan,  with  Atlas,  by  C.  R.  Van  Hise  and 
W.  S.  Bayley,  including  a  Chapter  on  the  Republic  Trough,  by  H.  L.  Smyth.  1895.  4'^.  608  pp.  35 
pi.  and  atlas  of  39  sheets  folio.     Price  $5.75. 

XXIX.  Geology  of  Old  H.ampshire  County,  Massachusetts,  comprising  Franklin,  Hampshire,  and 
Hampden  Counties,  by  Benjamin  Kendall  Emerson.     1898.    4'=.     xxi,  790  pp.     35  pi.     Price  $1.90. 

XXX.  Fossil  Medusa',  by  Charles  Doolittle  Walcott.     1898.    4^.     is,  201pp.     47  pi.     Price  $1.50. 

XXXI.  Geology  of  the  Aspen  Mining  District,  Colorado,  with  .\tlas,  by  Josiah  Edward  Spurr. 
1898.     4°.     XXXV,  260  pp.     43  pi.  and  atlas  of  30  sheets  folio.     Price  $3.60. 

XXXII.  Geology  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  Part  II,  Descriptive  Geology,  Petrography, 
and  Paleontology,  by  Arnold  Hague,  J.  P.  Iddiugs,  W.  Harvey  Weed,  Charles  D.  Walcott,  G.  H.  Girty, 
T.  W.  Stanton,  and  "F.  H.  Knowltou.     1899.     4^.     xvii,  893  pp.     121  pi.     Price . 

XXXIII.  Geology  of  the  Narragansett  Basin,  by  N.  S.  Shaler,  J.  B.  Woodworth,  aud  August  F. 
Foerste.     1899.     4'^.     xx,  402  pp.     31  pi.     Price . 


ADVERTISEMENT.  Ill 

XXXIV.  The  Glacial  Gravels  of  Maine  and  their  Associated  Deposits,  by  George  H.  Stone.  1899. 
4".     xiii,  499  pp.     52  pi.     Price . 

XXXV.  The  Later  Extinct  Floras  of  North  America,  by  John  Strong  Newberry;  edited  by 
Arthur  Holliek.     1898.     4='.     xviii,  295  pp.     68  pi.     Price  $1.25. 

XXXVI.  The  Crystal  Falls  Iron-15earing  District  of  Michigan,  by  J.  Morgan  Clements  and 
Henry  Lloyd  Smyth ;  with  a  Chapter  on  the  Sturgeon  River  Tongue,  by  William  Shirley  Bayley,  and  an 
introduction  by  Charles  Richard  Van  Hise.    1899.     4°.     xxxvi,  512  pp.     53  pi.     Price . 

XXXVII.  Fossil  flora  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Missouri,  by  David  White.  1899.  4°. 
xi,  467  pp.     73  pi.     Price . 

Jn  jtrejMiation: 

XXXVIII.  The  Illinois  Glacial  Lobe,  by  Frank  Leverett. 

— Flora  of  the  Laramie  and  Allied  Formations,  by  Frank  Hall  Knowlton. 

BULLETINS. 

1.  Ou  Hypersthene-Audesite  and  on  Triclinic  Pyroxene  in  Augitic  Rocks,  by  Whitman  Cross, 
with  a  Geological  Sketch  of  Buffalo  Peaks,  Colorado,  by  S.  F.  Emmons.  1883.  8°.  42  pp.  2  pi. 
Price  10  cents. 

2.  Gold  and  Silver  Conversion  Tables,  giving  the  Coining  Values  of  Troy  Ounces  of  Fine  Metal, 
etc.,  computed  by  Albert  Williams,  jr.     1883.     8"^.     8  i>p.     Price  5  cents. 

3.  On  the  Fossil  Faunas  of  the  Upper  Devonian,  along  the  Meridian  of  76°  30',  from  Tompkins 
County,  N.  Y.,  to  Bradford  County,  Pa.,  by  Henry  S.  Williams.     1884.     8".     36  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

4.  On  Mesozoic  Fossils,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1884.     8^.     36  pp.     9  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

5.  A  Dictionary  of  Altitudes  in  the  United  States,  comiiiled  I>y  Henry  Gannett.  1884.  8°.  325 
pp.     Price  20  cents. 

6.  Elevations  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  by  J.  W.  Spencer.     1884.     8°.     43  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

7.  Mapoteca  Geologica  Americana.  A  Catalogue  of  Geological  Mai>s  of  America  (North  and 
South),  1752-1881,  in  Geographic  and  Chronologic  Order,  by  Jules  Marcou  and  John  Belknap  Marcou. 

1884.  8°.     184  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

8.  On  Secondary  Eulargements  of  Mineral  Fragments  in  Certain  Rocks,  by  R.  D.  Irving  and 
C.  R.  Van  Hise.     1884.     8^.     56  pp.      6  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

9.  A  Report  of  Work  done  in  the  Washiugtou  Laboratory  during  the  Fiscal  Year  1883-'84.  F.  W. 
Clarke,  Chief  Chemist;  T.  M.  Chatard,  Assistant  Chemist.     1884.     8^.     40  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

10.  On  the  Cambrian  Faunas  of  North  America.  Preliminary  Studies,  by  Charles  Doolittle 
Waleott.     1884.     8°.     74  pp.     10  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

11.  On  the  Quaternary  and  Recent  iMollusca  of  the  Great  Basin;  with  Description  of  New 
Forms,  by  R.Ellsworth  Call.  Introduced  by  a  Sketch  of  the  Quaternary  Lakes  of  the  Great  Basin, 
by  G.  K.  Gilbert.      1884.     8'=.     66  pp.     6  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

12.  A  Crystallographic  Study  of  the  Thinolite  of  Lake  Lahontan,  by  Edward  S.  Dana.  1884.  8°. 
34  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

13.  Boundaries  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  Several  States  and  Territories,  with  a  Historical 
Sketch  of  the  Territorial  Changes,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1885.     8°.     135  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

14.  The  Electrical  and  Magnetic  Properties  of  the  Iron-Carburets,  by  Carl  Barus  and  Vincent 
Strouhal.     1885.     8'^.     238  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

15.  On  the  Mesozoic  and  Cenozoio  Paleontology  of  California,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1885.  8°. 
33  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

16.  OutheHigherDevonianFaunasofOntarioCounty,New  York,  by  JohnM. Clarke.  1885.  8°.. 
86  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

17.  On  the  Development  of  Crystallization  in  the  Igneous  Rocks  of  Washoe,  Nevada,  with  Notes 
on  the  Geology  of  the  District,  by  Arnold  Hague  and  Joseph  P.  Iddings.  1885.  8°.  44  pp.  Price  5 
cents. 

18.  On  Marine  Eocene,  Fresh-Water  Miocene,  and  other  Fossil  MoUusoa  of  Western  North 
America,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1885.    8^.     26  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

19.  Notes  on  the  Stratigraphy  of  California,  by  George  F.Becker.   1885.   S°.   28  pp.   Price  5  cents. 

20.  Contriliutions  to  the  Miueralogv  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  by  Whitman  Cross  and  W.  F.  Hille- 
brand.     1885.     8^.     114  pp.     1  pi.     Price"  10  cents. 

21.  The  Lignites  of  the  Great  Sioux  Reservation;  a  Report  on  the  Region  between  the  Grand 
and  Moreau  Rivers,  Dakota,  by  Bailey  Willis.     1885.     8".     16  pp.     5  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

22.  On  New  Cretaceous  Fossils  from  California,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1885.  8°.  25  up.  5  pi. 
Price  5  cents. 

23.  Observations  ou  the  Junction  between  the  Eastern  Sandstone  and  the  Keweenaw  Series  on 
Keweenaw  Point,  Lake  Superior,  by  R.  D.  Irving  and  T.  C.  Chamberlin.  1885.  8'^.  124  pp.  17  pi. 
Price  15  cents. 

24.  List  of  Marine  Mollusca,  comprising  the  Quaternary  Fossils  and  Recent  Forms  from  American 
Localities  between  Cape  Hatteras  and  Cape  Roque,  including  the  Bermudas,  by  William  Healey  Dall. 

1885.  8'^.     336  pp.     Price  25  cents. 

25.  The  Present  Technical  Condition  of  the  Steel  Industrv  of  the  United  States,  bv  Phiueas 
Barnes.     1885.     8°.     85  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

26.  Copper  Smelting,  by  Henry  M.  Howe.     1885.     8°.     107  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

27.  Report  of  Work  done  in  the  Divisionof  Chemistry  and  Phvsics,mainlvduriug  the  Fiscal  Year 
1884-'85.     1886.     8'^.     80  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

28.  The  Gabbros  and  Associated  Hornblende  Rocks  occurring  in  the  Neighborhood  of  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  by  George  Huntington  Williams.     1886.     8^\     78  pp.     4  pi.    Price  10  cents. 


IV  ADVERTISEMENT. 

29.  OntheFresh-Waterlnvertebratesof  the  North  American  Jurassic,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1886. 
8'^.    41  pp.     4  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

30.  Second  Contribution  to  the  Studies  on  the  Cambrian  Faunas  of  North  America,  by  Charles 
Doolittle  Walcott.     1886.     8^.     369  pp.     33  pi.     Price  25  cents. 

31.  Systematic  Review  of  our  Present  Knowledge  of  Fossil  Insects,  including  Myriapods  and 
Arachnids,  by  Samuel  Hubbard  Scudder.     1886.     8°.     128  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

32.  Lists  and  Analyses  of  the  Mineral  Springs  of  the  United  States;  a  Preliminary  Study,  by 
Albert  C.  Peale.     1886.     8°.     235  pp.     Price  20  cents. 

33.  Notes  on  the  Geology  of  Northern  California,  by  J.  S.Diller.     1886.    8°.    23  pp.    Price  5  cents. 

34.  On  the  Relation  of  the  Laramie  Molluscan  Fauna  to  that  of  the  Succeeding  Fresh-Water  Eocene 
and  Other  Groups,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1886.     8'^.     54  pp.     5  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

35.  Physical  Properties  of  the  Iron-Carburets,  by  Carl  Barus  and  Vincent  Strouhal.  1886.  8'. 
62  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

36.  Subsidenceof FineSolidParticlesinLiquids,byCarlBaru8.    1886.    8'=.    58pp.    PricelOceuts. 

37.  Types  of  the  Laramie  Flora,  by  Lester  F.  Ward.     1887.     8°.     354  pp.     57  pi.     Price  25  cents. 

38.  PeridotiteofElliott  County,  Kentucky,  by  J.  S.Diller.     1887.     S^.    31pp.    Ipl.    PriceScents. 

39.  The  Upper  Beaches  and  Deltas  of  the  Glacial  Lake  Agassiz,  by  Warren  Upham.  1887.  8*^. 
84  pp.     1  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

40.  Changes  in  River  Courses  in  Washington  Territory  due  to  Glaciation,  by  Bailey  Willis.  1887. 
8°.     10  pp.     4  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

41.  On  the  Fossil  Faunas  of  the  Upper  Devonian — the  Genesee  Section,  New  York,  by  Henry  S. 
Williams.     1887.     8'-".     121  pp.     4  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

42.  Reportof  Work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  Fiscal  Year 
1885-'86.     F.W.Clarke,  Chief  Chemist.     1887.     8^.     152  pp.     Ipl.     Price  15  cents. 

43.  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  Strata  of  the  Tuscaloosa,  Tombigbee,  and  Alabama  Rivers,  by  Eugene 
A.  Smith  and  Lawrence  C.  Johnson.     1887.     8*^.     189  pp.     21  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

44.  Bibliography  of  North  American  Geology  for  1886,  by  Nelson  H.  Darton.     1887.     8"^.     35  pp. 

45.  The  Present  Condition  of  Knowledge  of  the  Geology  of  Texas,  by  Robert  T.  Hill.  1887.  8°. 
94  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

46.  Nature  and  Origin  of  Deposits  of  Phosphate  of  Lime,  bv  R.  A.  F.  Penrose,  jr.,  with  an  Intro- 
duction by  N.  S.  Shaler.     1888.     8°.     143  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

47.  Analyses  of  Waters  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park,  with  an  Account  of  the  Methods  of 
Analysis  employed,  by  Frank  Austin  Gooch  and  James  Edward  Whitfield.  1888.  8^^.  84  pp.  Price 
10  cents. 

48.  On  the  Form  and  Position  of  the  Sea  Level,  by.Robert  Simpson  Woodward.  1888.  8°.  88 
pp.     Price  10  cents. 

49.  Latitudes  and  Longitudes  of  Certain  Points  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  New  Mexico,  by  Robert 
Simpson  Woodward.     1889.     8°.     133  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

50.  Formulas  and  Tiibles  to  Facilitate  the  Construction  and  Use  of  Maps,  by  Robert  Simpson 
Woodward.     1889.     8^:.     124  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

51.  On  Invertebrate  Fossils  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  by  Charles  Abiathar  White.  1889.  8°.  102 
pp.     14  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

52.  Subaijrial  Decay  of  Rocks  and  Origin  of  the  Red  Color  of  Certain  Formations,  by  Israel 
Cook  Russell.     1889.     8°.     65  pp.     5  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

53.  The  Geology  of  Nantucket,  by  Nathaniel  Southgate  Shaler.  1889.  8°.  55  pp.  10  pi.  Price 
10  cents. 

54.  On  the  Thermo-Electric  Measurement  of  High  Temperatures,  by  Carl  Barus.  1889.  8^. 
313  pp.,  incl.  1  pi.     11  pi.     Price  25  cents. 

55.  Report  of  Work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  Fiscal 
Year  1886-'87.     Frank  Wigglesworth  Clarke.  Chief  Chemist.     1889.     8°.     96  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

56.  Fossil  Wood  and  Lignite  of  the  Potomac  Formation,  by  Frank  Hall  Kuowltou.  1889.  8'^. 
72  pp.     7  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

57.  A  Geological  Reconnoissance  in  Southwestern  Kansas,  by  Robert  Hay.  1890.  8°.  49  pp. 
2  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

58.  The  Glacial  Boundary  in  Western  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  by 
George  Frederick  Wright,  with  an  Introduction  by  Thomas  Chrowder  Chamberlin.  1890.  8°.  112 
pp.,  incl.  1  pi.     8  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

59.  The  Galibros  and  Associated  Rocks  in  Delaware,  by  Frederick  D.  Chester.  1890.  8°.  45 
pp.     1  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

60.  Report  of  Work  doue  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  Fiscal 
Year  1887-'88.     F.  W.  Clarke,  Chief  Chemist.     1890.     8^\     174  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

61.  Contributions  to  the  Mineralogy  of  the  Pacific  Coast,  by  William  Harlow  Melville  and  Wal- 
demar  Lindgren.     1890.     8^.     40  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

62.  The  Greenstone  Schist  Areas  of  the  Menominee  and  Marquette  Regions  of  Michigan,  a  Con- 
tribution to  the  Subject  of  Dynamic  Metamorphism  in  Eruptive  Rocks,  by  George  Huntington  Williams, 
with  an  Introduction  by  Roland  Duer  Irving.     1890.     8^.    241  pp.     16  pi.     Price  30  cents. 

63.  A  Bibliography  of  Paleozoic  Crustacea  from  1698  to  1889,  including  a  List  of  North  Amer- 
ican Species  and  a  Systematic  Arrangement  of  Genera,  by  Anthony  W.  Vogdes.     1890.     8'^.     177  pp. 

64.  A  Report  of  Work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  Fiscal 
Year  1888-'89.     F.  W.  Clarke,  Chief  Chemist.     1890.     8=.     60  pp.     PricelOceuts. 


ADVERTISEMENT.  V 

65.  Stratigraphy  of  the  Bitumiiiovis  Coal  Field  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  West  Virginia,  by 
Israel  C.  White.     1891.     8'=.     212  pp.     11  pi.     Price  20  cents. 

66.  On  a  Group  of  Volcanic  Eocks  from  the  Tewan  Mountains,  New  Mexico,  and  on  the  Occur- 
rence of  Primary  Quartz  in  Certain  Basalts,  by  Joseph  Passon  Iddings.  1890.  8°.  34  pp.  Price  5 
cents. 

67.  The  Relations  of  the  Traps  of  the  Newark  System  in  the  New  Jersey  Region,  by  Nelson 
Horatio  Dartou.     1890.     8°.     82  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

68.  Earthquakes  in  California  in  1889,  by  James  Edward  Keeler.  1890.  8"^.  25  pp.  Price  5 
cents. 

69.  A  Classed  and  Annotated  Biography  of  Fossil  Insects,  by  Samuel  Howard  Scudder.  1890. 
8°.     101  pp.    Price  15  cents. 

70.  A  Report  on  Astronomical  Work  of  1889  and  1890,  by  Robert  Simpson  Woodward.  1890.  8"=. 
79  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

71.  Index  to  the  Known  Fossil  Insects  of  the  World,  including  Myriapods  and  Arachnids,  by 
Samuel  Hubbard  Scudder.     1891.     8°.     744  pp.     Price  50  cents. 

72.  Altitudes  between  Lake  Superior  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  by  Warren  Upham.  1891.  8°. 
229  pp.     Price  20  cents. 

73.  The  Viscosity  of  Solids,  by  Carl  Barus.     1891.     8^=.     xii,  139  pp.     6  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

74.  The  Minerals  of  North  Carolina,  by  Frederick  Augustus  Genth.  1891.  8°.  119  pp.  Price 
15  cents. 

75.  Record  of  North  American  Geology  for  1887  to  1889,  inclusive,  by  Nelson  Horatio  Dartou. 
1891.     8°.     173  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

76.  ADictionary  of  Altitudes  in  the  llnited  States  (Second  Edition),  compiled  by  Henry  Gannett, 
Chief  Topographer.     1891.     8^.     393  pp.     Price  25  cents. 

77.  The  Texan  Permian  and  its  Mesozoic  Types  of  Fossils,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1891.  8°.  51 
pp.    4  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

78.  A  Report  of  Work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  Fiscal 
Year  1889-'90.     F.  W.  Clarke,  Chief  Chemist.     1891.     8".     131pp.     Price  15  cents. 

79.  A  Late  Volcanic  Eruption  in  Northern  California  and  its  Peculiar  Lava,  by  J.  S.  Diller. 

80.  Correlation  Papers — Devonian  and  Carboniferous,  by  Henry  Shaler  Williams.  1891.  8°. 
279  pp.     Price  20  cents 

81.  Correlation  Papers — Cambrian,  by  Charles  Doolittle  Walcott.  1891.  8°.  547  pp.  3  pi. 
Price  25  cents. 

82.  Correlation  Papers— Cretaceous,  by  Charles  A.  White.  1891.  S°.  273  pp.  3  pi.  Price  20 
cents. 

83.  Correlation  Papers— Eocene,  by  William  Bullock  Clark.     1891.     8°.     173  pp.     2  pi.     Price 

84!  Correlation  Papers— Neocene,  by  W.  H.  Dall  and  G.  D.  Harris.  1892.  8°.  349  pp.  3  pi. 
'  Price  25  cents. 

85.  Correlation  Papers — The  Newark  System,  by  Israel  Cook  Russell.  1892.  8°.  344  pp.  13  pi. 
Price  25  cents. 

86.  Correlation  Papers — Arehean  and  Algonkian,  by  C.  R.  Van  Hise.  1892.  8".  549  pp.  12  pi. 
Price  25  cents. 

87.  A  Synopsis  of  American  Fossil.  Brachiopoda,  including  Bibliographv  and  Synonymy,  by 
Charles  Schuchert.     1897.     8".     464  pp.     Price  30  cents. 

88.  The  Cretaceous  Foraminifera  of  New  Jersey,  by  Rufus  Mather  Bagg,  Jr.  1898.  8°.  89  pp. 
6  pi.    Price  10  cents. 

89.  Some  Lava  plows  of  the  Western  Slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  by  F.  Leslie 
Eansome.     1898.     8"^.     74  pp.     11  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

90.  A  Report  of  Work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistry  and  Physics,  mainly  during  the  Fiscal 
Year  1890-'91.     F.W.Clarke,  Chief  Chemist.     1892.     8^.     77  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

91.  Record  of  North  American  Geology  for  1890,  by  Nelson  Horatio  "Dartou.  1891.  8°.  88  pp. 
Price  10  cents. 

92.  The  Compressibility  of  Liquids,  by  Carl  Barus.     1892.     8^.     96  pp.    29  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

93.  Some  Insects  of  Special  Interest  from  Florissant,  Colorado,  and  Other  Points  in  the  Tertiaries 
of  Colorado  and  Utah,  by  Samuel  Hubbard  Scudder.     1892.     8*-.     35  pp.     3  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

94.  The  Mechanisui  of  Solid  Viscosity,  by  Carl  Barus.     1892.    8°.     138  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

95.  Earthquakes  in  California  in  1890  and  1891,  by  Edward  Singleton  Holden.  1892.  8°.  31  pp. 
Price  5  cents. 

96.  The  Volume  Thermodynamics  of  Liquids,  bv  Carl  Barus.     1892.     S'^.     100  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

97.  The  Mesozoic  Echinoc'lermata  of  the  United  States,  by  W.B.Clark.  1893.  8°.  207  pp.  50  pi. 
Price  20  cents. 

98.  Flora  of  the  Outlying  Carboniferous  Basins  of  Southwestern  Missouri,  bv  David  White. 
1893.    8".     139  pp.     5  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

99.  Record  of  North  American  Geology  for  1891,  by  Nelson  Horatio  Dartou.  1892.  8*^.  73  pp. 
Price  10  cents. 

100.  Bibliography  and  Index  of  the  Publications  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  1879-1892,  by 
Philip  Creveling  Warmau.     1893.     8*^.     495  pp.     Price  25  cents. 

101.  Insect  Fauna  of  the  Rhode  Island  Coal  Field,  by  Samuel  Hubbard  Scudder.  1893.  8°. 
27  pp.     2  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

102.  A  Catalogue  and  Bibliography  of  North  American  Mesozoic  Invertebrata,  by  Cornelius 
Breckinridge  Boyle.     1892.     8°.     315  pp.     Price  25  cents. 


VI  ADVERTISEMENT. 

103.  High  Temperature  Work  iu  Igneous  Fusion  and  Ebullitiou,  chiefly  in  Relation  to  Pressure, 
by  Carl  Barus.     1893.     8'^.     57  pp.     9  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

104.  GlaciatioD  of  the  Yellowstone  Valley  north  of  the  Park,  by  Walter  Harvey  Weed.    1893.    8°. 
41  pp.     4  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

105.  The  Laramie  and  the  Overlying  Livingstone  Formation  in  Montana,  by  Walter  Harvey 
Weed,  with  Report  on  Flora,  by  Frank  Hall  Knowlton.     1893.     8^.     68  pp.     6  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

106.  The  Colorado  Formation  and  its  Invertebrate  Fauna,  by  T.  W.  Stanton.     1893.     8°.     288 
pp.     45  pi.     Price  20  cents. 

107.  The  Trap  Dikes  of  the  Lake  Champlain  Region,  by  James  Furman  Kemp  and  Vernon 
Freeman  Marsters.     1893.     8^.     62  pp.     4  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

108.  A  Geological  Reconnoissance  iu  Central  Washington,  by  Israel  Cook  Russell.     1893.     8^^. 
108  pp.     12  pi.     Price  1.5  cents. 

109.  The  Eruptive  and  Sedimentary  Rocks  on  Pigeon  Point,  Minnesota,  and  their  Contact  Phe- 
nomena, by  William  Shirley  Bayley.     1893.     8'^.     121  pp.     16  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

110.  The  Paleozoic  Section  iu  the  Vicinity  of  Three  Forks,  Montana,  by  Albert  Charles  Peale. 
893.     8"^.     56  pp.     6  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

111.  Geology  of  the  Big  Stone  Gap  Coal  Fields  of  Virginia  and  Kentuckv,  by  Marius  R.  Camp- 
bell.    1893.     S'-.     106  pp.     6'pl.     Price  15  cents. 

112.  Earthquakes  in  California  iu  1892,  by  Charles  D.  Perrine.    1893.    8°.    57  pp.    Price  10  cents. 

113.  A  Report  of  Work  done  in  the  Division  of  Chemistrv  during  the  Fiscal  Years  1891-'"92  and 
1892-'93.     F.  W.  Clarke,  Chief  Chemist.     1893.     8°.     115  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

114.  Earthciuakes  in  California  in  1893,  by  Charles  D.  Perrine.    1894.    8'^.    23  pp.    Price  5  cents. 

115.  A  Geographic  Dictionary  of  Rhode  Island,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1894.     8*^.     31  pp.     Price 
5  cents. 

116.  A  Geographic  Dictionary  of  Massachusetts,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1894.     8'^.     126  pp.     Price 
15  cents. 

117.  A  Geographic  Dictionary  of  Connecticut,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1894.     8°.     67  pp.     Price  10 
cents. 

118.  A  Geograjihie  Dictionary  of  New  Jersey,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1894.     8°.     131  pp.     Price  15 
cents. 

119.  A  Geological  Reconnoissance  in  Northwest  Wyoming,  by  George  Homans  Eldridge.     1894. 
8°.     72  pp.     Price  10  cents. 

120.  The  Devonian  System  of  Eastern  Pennyslvauia  and  New  York,  by  Charles  S.  Prosser.     1894. 
8^.     81pp.     2  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

121.  A  Bibliography  of  North  American  Paleontology,  by  Charles  RoUin  Keyes.     1894.    8^.     251 
pp.     Price  20  cents. 

122.  Results  of  Primary  Triangulation,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1894.     8^.     412  pp.     17  pi.     Price 
25  cents. 

123.  A  Dictionary  of  Geographic  Positions,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1895.     8°.     183  pp.     1  pi.    Price 
15  cents. 

124.  Revision  of  North  American  Fossil  Cockroaches,  by  Samuel  Hubbard  Scudder.     1895.     8^. 
176  pp.     12  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

125.  The  Constitution  of   the   Silicates,  by  Frank  Wigglesworth  Clarke.     1895.     8°.     109   pp. 
Price  15  cents. 

126.  A  Mineralogical  Lexicon  of  Franklin,  Hampshire,  and  Hampden  counties,  Massachusetts, 
by  Benjamin  Kendall  Emerson.     1895.     8".     180  pp.     1  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

127.  Catalogue  and  Index  of  Contributions  to  North  American  Geology,  1732-1891,  by  Nelson 
Horatio  Darton.     1896.    8".     1045  pp.     Price  60  cents. 

128.  The  Bear  River  Formation  and  its  Characteristic  Fauna,  by  Charles  A.  White.     1895.     8°. 
108  pp.     11  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

129.  Earthquakes  in  California  in  1894,  by  Charles  D.  Perrine.    1895.     8°.     25  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

130.  Bibliography  and  Index  of  North  American  Geology,  Paleontology,  Petrologv,  and  Miner- 
alogy for  1892  and  1893,  by  Fred  Boughton  Weeks.     1896.     8^.     210  pp.     Price  20  cents. ' 

131.  Report  of  Progress  of  the  Division  of  Hydrography  for  the  Calendar  Y'ears  1893  and  1894, 
by  Frederick  Hayues  Newell,  Topographer  in  Charge.     1895.    8-.     126  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

132.  The  Disseminated  Lead  Ores  of  Southeastern  Missouri,  by  Arthur  Winslow.     1896.    8°. 
31  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

133.  Contributions  to  the  Cretaceous  Paleontologv  of  the  Pacific  Coast:    The  Fauna  of  the 
Knoxville  Beds,  bv  T.  W.  Stanton.     1895.     8'=.     132  pp.     20  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

134.  The  Cambrian  Rocks  of  Pennsylvania,  by  Charles  Doolittle  Walcott.     1896.     8°.     43  pp. 
15  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

135.  Bibliography  and  Index  of  North  American  Geology,  Paleontology,  Petrology,  and  Miner- 
alogy for  the  Year  1894,  by  F.  B.  Weeks.     1896.     8^.     141pp.     Price  15  cents.' 

136.  Volcanic  Rocks  of  South  Mountain,  Pennsylvania,  by  Florence  Bascom.    1896.    8"^.    124  pp. 
28  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

137.  The  Geologv  of  the  Fort  Riley  Military  Reservation  and  Vicinity,  Kansas,  bv  Robert  Hay. 
1896.     8°.     35  pp.     8  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

138.  Artesian-Well  Prospects  in  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  Region,  bv  N.  H.  Darton.     1896.     8° 
228  pp.     19  pi.     Price  20  cents. 

139.  Geology  of  the  Castle  Mountain  Mining  District,  Montana,  by  W.  H.  Weed  and  L.  V.  Pirs- 
son.    1896.     8°.     164  pp.     17  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

140.  Report  of  Progress  of  the  Division  of  Hydrography  for  the  Calendar  Year  1895,  by  Frederick 
Haynes  Newell,  Hydrographer  in  Charge.     1896.     8"-.     3ri(i  pp.     Price  2.5  cents. 


ADVERTISEMENT.  VII 

141.  The  Eocene  Deposits  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  Slope  in  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  Virginia, 
by  William  Bullock  Clark.     1896.     S'^.     167  pp.     40  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

112.  A  Brief  Contribution  to  the  Geology  and  Paleontology  of  North-n-estern  Louisiana,  by 
T.  Wayland  Vaughan.     1896.    8°.     6.5  pp.     4  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

143.  A  Bibliography  of  Clays  .and  the  Ceramic  Arts,  by  John  C.  Branner.  1896.  8°.  114  pp. 
Price  15  cents. 

144.  The  Moraines  of  the  Missouri  Cote.au  and  their  Attendant  Deposits,  by  James  Edward  Todd. 
1896.     8"^.     71  pp.     21  pi.     Price  10  cents. 

145.  The  Potomac  Form.ation  in  Virginia,  by  W.  M.  Fontaine.  1896.  8°.  149  pp.  2  pi.  Price 
15  cents. 

146.  Bibliography  and  Index  of  North  American  Geology,  Paleontology,  Petrology,  and  Miner- 
alogy for  the  Year  1895,  by  F.  B.  Weeks.     1896.     8°.     130  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

147.  Earthquakes  in  California  in  1895,  by  Charles  D.  Perrine,  Assistant  Astronomer  in  Charge 
of  Earthquake  Observiitions  at  the  Lick  Observatory.     1896.     8'-'.     23  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

148.  Analyses  of  Rocks,  with  a  Chapter  on  Analytical  Methods,  Laboratory  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  1880  to  1896,  by  F.  W.  Clarke  and  W.  F.  Hillebrand.  1897.  8^.  306  pp.  Price 
20  cents. 

149.  Bibliography  and  Index  of  North  American  Geology,  Paleontology,  Petrology,  and  Miner- 
alogy for  the  Year  1896,  by  Fred  Boughton  Weeks.     1897.     8*^.     152  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

1.50.  The  Educational  Series  of  Rock  Specimens  collected  and  di.stributed  by  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  by  Joseph  Silas  Diller.     1898.     8-\     398  pp.     47  pi.     Price  25  cents. 

151.  The  Lower  Cretaceous  Gryphicas  of  the  Texas  Region,  by  R.  T.  Hill  and  T.  Wayland 
Vaughan.     1898.     8-.     139  pp.     25  pi.     Price  15  cents. 

152.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Cretaceons  and  Tertiary  Plants  of  North  America,  by  F.  H.  Kuowlton. 
1898.     8^.     247  pp.     Price  20  cents. 

153.  A  Bibliographic  Index  of  North  American  Carboniferous  Invertebrates,  by  Stuart  Weller. 
1898.     8°.     653  pp.     Price  35  cents. 

154.  A  Gazetteer  of  Kansas,  by  Henry  Gannett.     1898.     8°.     246  pp.     6  pi.     Price  20  cents. 

155.  Earthquakes  in  California  in  1896  and  1897,  by  Charles  D.  Perrine,  Assistant  Astronomer 
in  Charge  of  Earthquake  Observ.ations  at  the  Lick  Observatory.     1898.     8^.     47  pp.     Price  5  cents. 

156.  Bibliography  and  Index  of  North  American  Geology,  Paleontology,  Petrology,  .and  Miner- 
alogy for  the  Year  1897,  by  Fred  Boughton  Weeks.     1898.     8".     130  pp.     Price  15  cents. 

160.  A  Dictionary  of  Altitudes  in  the  United  St.ates  (Third  Edition),  compiled  by  Henry 
Gannett.     1899.     8-.     775  pp.     Price  40  cents. 

161.  Earthquakes  in  California  in  1898,  by  Charles  D.  Perrine,  Assistant  Astronomer  in  Charge 
of  Earthquake  Observations  at  the  Lick  Observatory.     1899.     8°.     31pp.     1  pi.     Price  5  cents. 

In  jireparatioii: 

157.  The  Gneisses,  Gabbro-Schists,  and  Associated  Rocks  of  Southeastern  Minnesota,  by  C.  W. 
Hall. 

158.  The  Moraines  of  southeastern  South  Dakota  and  their  Attendant  Deposits,  by  J.  E.  Todd. 

159.  The  Geology  of  Eastern  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  by  B.  K.  Emerson. 

WATER-SUPPLY  AND  IRRIGATION  PAPERS. 

By  act  of  Congress  .approved  June  11,  1896,  the  following  provision  was  made; 

"  ProvicUd,  Tliat  hereafter  the  reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  in  relation  to  the  gauging  of 
streams  and  to  the  methods  of  utilizing  the  water  resources  may  be  priu'ed  in  oct.avo  form,  not  to 
exceed  one  hundred  p.ages  in  length  and  live  thousand  copies  in  number;  oue  thousand  copies  of  which 
shall  bo  for  the  official  use  of  the  Geological  Survey,  one  thousand  five  hundred  copies  shall  be  deliv- 
ered to  the  Senate,  and  two  thousand  five  hundred  copies  .shall  be  delivered  to  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, for  distribution." 

Under  this  law  the  following  papers  have  been  issued: 

I.  Pumping  Water  for  Irrigation,  by  Herbert  M.  AVilson.     1896.     8'^.     57  pp.     9  pi. 
■  2.  Irrigation  near  Phamix,  Arizona,  by  Arthur  P.  Davis.     1897.     8°.    97  pp.     31  pi. 

3.  Sewage  Irrigation,  by  George  W.  Rafter.     1897.     8-^.     100  pp.    4  pi. 

4.  A  Reconnoissance  in  Southeastern  W.ashington.  by  Israel  Cook  Russell.    1897.    8^.    96  pp.    7  pi. 

5.  Irrigation  Practice  on  the  Great  Plains,  by  Elias  Branson  Cowgill.     1897.     8°.     39  pp.     12  pi. 

6.  Underground  Waters  of  Southwestern  Kansas,  by  Erasmus  Haworth.    1897.    8*^.    65  pp.    12  pi. 

7.  .Seepage  Waters  of  Northern  Utah,  b}' Samuel  Fortier.     1897.     8'-'.     50  pp.     3  pi. 

8.  Windmills  for  Irrigation,  by  Edward  Charles  Miirphy.     1897.     8-.     49  pp.    8  pi. 

9.  Irrigation  near  Greeley,  Colorado,  by  David  Boyd.     1897.     8^.     90  pp.    21  pi. 

10.  Irrigation  in  Mesilla  V.alley,  New  Mexico,  by  F.  C.  Barker.     1898.     8^.     51  pp.     11  pi. 

II.  River  Heights  for  1896,  by'Arthur  P.  Davis.'    1897.     8-\     100  pp. 

12.  Water  Resources  of  Southeastern  Nelnaska,  by  Nelson  H.  Darton.     1898.     8°.     55  pp.     21  pi. 

13.  Irrigation  Sy.stems  in  Texas,  by  Willi.am  Ferguson  Hutson.     1898.     8^"".     67  pp.     10  ])1. 

14.  New  Tests  of  Certain  Pumps  aud  Water-Lifts  used  in  Irrigation,  by  Ozni  P.  Hood.  1889.  8^ 
91pp.     1  pi. 

15.  Operations  at  River  Stations,  1897,  Part  I.     1898.     8^.     100  pp. 

16.  Operations  at  River  Stations,  1897,  Part  II.     1898.     8^\     101-200  pp. 

17.  Irrigation  near  Bakerslield,  California,  by  C.E.  Grunsky.     1898.     8°.     96  pp.     16  pi. 

18.  Irrigation  near  Fresno,  California,  by  C.  E.  Grunsky.     1898.     8^.     94  pp.     14  pi. 

19.  Irrigation  near  Merced,  California,  by  C.  E.  Grunsky.     1899.     8^.     59  pp.     11  pi. 

20.  Experiments  with  Windmills,  by  T.  6.  Perry.     1899.     8°.     97  pp.     12  pi. 


VIII 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


21.  Wells  of  Northern  Indiana,  by  Frank  Leverett.     1899.     8^\     82  pp.     2  pi. 

22.  Sewage  Irrigation,  Part  II,  by  George  W.  Kaiter.     1899.    8^\     100  pp.     7  pi. 

23.  Water-Right  Problems  of  Bighorn  Mountains,  by  Elwood  Mead.     1899.     8^.     62  pp.     7  pi. 

24.  Water  Resonrces  of  the  State  of  New  York,  Part  I,  by  George  W.  Rafter.  1899.  8^. 
99  pp.     13  pi. 

25.  Water  Resources  of  the  State  of  New  York,  Part  II,  by  George  W.  Rafter.  1899.  8°. 
101-200  pp.     12  pi. 

26.  Wells  of  Southern  Indiana  (Continuation  of  No.  21),  by  Frank  Leverett.     1899.     S~.     64  pp. 

27.  Operations  at  River  Stations,  1898,  Part  I.     1899.     8°.     100  pji. 

28.  Operations  at  River  Stations,  1898,  Part  II.     1899.     8^.     101-200  pp. 

In  2)reparation: 

29.  Wells  and  Windmills  in  Nebraska,  by  Edwin  H.  Barbour. 

30.  Water  Resources  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  by  Alfred  C.  Lane, 

TOPOGRAPHIC  MAP  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

When,  in  1882,  the  Geological  Survey  was  directed  by  law  to  make  a  geologic  map  of  the  United 
States  there  was  in  existence  no  suitable  topographic  map  to  serve  as  a  base  for  the  geologic  map. 
The  preparation  of  .such  a  topographic  map  was  therefore  immediately  begun.  About  one-fifth  of  the 
area  of  the  country,  excluding  Alaska,  has  now  been  thus  mapped.  The  map  is  published  in  atlas 
sheets,  each  sheet  representing  a  small  quadrangular  district,  as  explained  under  the  next  head- 
ing. The  separate  sheets  are  sold  at  .5  cents  each  when  fewer  than  100  copies  are  purchased,  but  when 
they  are  ordered  in  lots  of  100  or  more  copies,  whether  of  the  same  sheet  or  of  different  sheets,  the 
price  is  2  cents  each.  The  mapped  areas  are  widely  scattered,  nearly  every  State  being  represented. 
About  900  sheets  have  been  engraved  and  printed;  they  are  tabulated  by  States  in  the  Survey's 
•'List  of  Publications,"  a  pamphlet  which  may  be  had  on  application. 

The  map  sheets  represent  a  great  variety  of  topographic  features,  and  with  the  aid  of  descriptive 
text  they  can  be  used  to  illustrate  topographic  forms.  This  has  led  to  the  projection  of  an  educational 
series  of  topographic  folios,  for  use  wherever  geography  is  taught  in  high  schools,  academies,  and 
colleges.     Of  this  series  the  first  folio  has  been  issued,  viz: 

1.  Physiographic  types,  by  Heury  Gannett,  1898,  folio,  consisting  of  the  following  sheets  aud4 
jiages  of  descriptive  text:  Fargo  (N.  Dak. -Minn.),  a  region  in  youth;  Charleston  (W.Va.),a  region  in 
maturity;  Caldwell  (Kans.),  aregiou  in  old  age;  Palmyra  (Va.),  a  rejuvenated  region;  Mount  Shasta, 
(Cal.),  a  young  volcanic  mountain;  Eagle  (VVis),  moraines;  Sun  Prairie  (Wis.),  drumlins;  Donald- 
sonville  (La.),  river  flood  plains;  Boothbay  (Me.),  a  fiord  coast;  Atlantic  City  (N.  J.),  a  barrier-beach 
coast. 

GEOLOGIC  ATLAS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  Geologic  Atlas  of  the  United  States  is  the  final  form  of  publication  of  the  topographic  and 
geologic  maps.  The  atlas  is  issued  in  parts,  progressively  as  the  surveys  are  extended,  and  is  designed 
ultimately  to  cover  the  entire  country. 

Under  the  pl.an  adopted  the  entire  area  of  the  country  is  divided  into  small  rectangular  districts 
(designated  quadranylea) ,  bounded  by  certain  meridians  and  parallels.  The  unit  of  survey  is  also  the 
unit  of  publication,  and  the  maps  and  descriptions  of  each  rectangul.ar  district  are  issued  as  a  folio  of 
the  Geologic  Atlas. 

Each  folio  contains  topographic,  geologic,  economic,  and  structural  maps,  together  with  textual 
descriptions  and  explanations,  and  is  designated  by  the  name  of  a  principal  town  or  of  a  prominent 
natural  featxire  within  the  district. 

Two  forms  of  issue  have  been  adopted,  a  "library  edition"  and  a  "field  edition."  In  both  the 
sheets  are  bound  between  heavy  paper  covers,  but  the  library  copies  are  permanently  bound,  while 
the  sheets  and  covers  of  the  field  copies  are  only  temporarily  wired  together. 

Under  the  law  a  copy  of  each  folio  is  sent  to  certain  public  libraries  and  educational  institu- 
tions. The  remainder  are  sold  at  25  cents  each,  except  such  as  contain  an  unusual  amount  of  matter, 
which  are  priced  accordingly.  Prepayment  is  obligatory.  The  folios  ready  for  distribution  are  listed 
below. 


Livingston 

Ringgold 

Placerville 

Kingston 

Sacramento 

Clialtanooga 

Pikes  Peak  (oat  of  stock) . 

Sewauee 

Anthracite-Crested  Butte 

Harpers  Ferry 


Montana 

/Georgia 

\  Tennessee 

Ciilifornia 

Tennessee 

California 

Tennessee 

Colorado 

Tennessee 

Colorado -. 

{Virginia 
West  A'irginia.. 
Maryland 


Limiting  meridians. 


lioo-lll" 
830-85°  30' 

120°  30'-121° 
840  30'-85o 

131O-1210  30' 
850-850  30' 

1050-1050  3D' 

850  30'-86o 

IO60  45'-1070  15' 

770  30'-78o 


Area,  in 

parallels. 

square 

miles. 

450-460 

3,354 

340  30'-35o 

980 

380  30'-39o 

932 

350  3D'-36o 

969 

380  30'-39o 

932 

350-350  30' 

975 

380  30'-39o 

932 

350-350  30' 

975 

380  45'-390 

465 

390-390  30' 

925 

cents. 


25 

25 

25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
50 

25 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


IX 


No. 


Name  of  sheet. 


State. 


Jackson  

Estillville 

Fredericksburg 

Staunton  

Lassen  Peak 

Kuoxville 

Marysville 

Smarts  ville 

Stevenson  

Cleveland 

Pikeville 

McMinnville 

Noniini 

Three  Forks 

Loudon 

Pocahontas , 

Morristown 1 

Piedmont 

fNevada  City.] 

Nevada  City . .  .^  Grass  Valley.  \ 

iBaimer  Hill  -J 

(Gallatin  ..] 

/Yellowstone    Na-  J  Canyon ...  I 

\    tiocal  Park.  ]  Shoshone .  [ 

[Lake } 

Pyramid  Peak 

Franklin 

Briceville 

Buckhannon 

Gadsden 

Pueblo 

Downievillo 

Butte  Special 

Truckee 

Wartburg 

Sonera 

Nueces 

BidwellBar 

Taze-\vell 

Boise 

Kichmond 

London 

Teuniile  District  Special 

Roseburg 

Holyoke 


California 

{Virginia 
Kentucky 
Tennessee 

(Maryland 

\Virginia 

/Virginia 

^West  Virginia. 

California 

(Tennessee 

\North  Carolina 

California 

California 

{Alabama 
Georgia 
Tennessee 

Tennessee 

Tennessee 

Tennessee 

/Maryland- 

\Virginia 

Montana 

Tennessee 

/Virginia 

\Weat  Virginia . . 
Tennessee 

(Virginia 
Maryland 
West  Virginia.. 

California 


Limiting  meridians. 


Wyoming 


California 

/Virginia 

jlWest  Virginia.. 

Tennessee 

West  Virginia   . 

Alabama 

Colorado 

California 

Montana 

California 

Tennessee 

California 

Texas  

California 

/Virginia 

\West  Virginia.. 

Idaho 

Kentucky 

Kentucky 

Colorado 

Oregon  

/Massachusetts  . 
ICounecticut  - .. 


120°  30'-121° 

82°  30'-83° 

770.770  30' 

79°-79°  30' 

12I°-122° 

83°  30'-84° 

121°  30'-122° 
121°-121°  30' 

85°  30'-86° 

84°  30'-85° 
8dO-85°  30' 
85°  30'-86o 

76°  30'-77o 

111°-112° 
840-81°  30' 

81o-81°  30' 

83o-83°  30' 

79°-79°  30' 

(121°  00'  25"-121°  03'  45" 
h21o  01'  35"-121o  05'  04" 
(120°  57'  05"-121°  00'  25" 


120°-120°  30' 
790,790  30' 

840-84°  30' 

80°-80°  30' 

86<=-86o  30' 

104°  30'-105o 

120°  30'-121° 

112°  29'  30"-112o  36'  42" 

1200-120°  30' 

84°  30'-S5o 

1200-120°  30' 

100°-I00°  30' 

121°-121°  30' 

\  81°  30'-82o 

1160-110°  30' 

840-84°  SO' 

840-84°  3U' 

106°  8'-106°  16' 

123°-123o  3(V 


Limiting  parallels. 


38°-38°  30' 
36°  30'-37o 

38°-38°  30' 

3B°-38°  30' 

40°-41° 

350  30'-36o 

39°-390  30' 
39°-39°  30' 


350-35°  30' 
35°  30'-36° 
350  30'-36° 

380-38°  30' 

450-46° 
35°  30'-36° 
370.370  30' 
360-36°  30' 
39°-39°  30' 


72°  30'-73o 


390  13'  50"-39o  17'  16" 
390  10'  22"-39o  13'  50" 
390  13'  60"-39o  17'  16" 


380  30'-39o 

38°  30'-39o 

360-36°  30' 
38°  30'-39o 
340-340  30' 
38°-38o  30' 
39°  30'-4Uo 
45°  59'  28"^6o  02'  54" 
390-390  30' 
360-360  30' 
370  30'-38o 
290  3n'-30o 
390  30'-40o 

370-37°  30' 
430  30'-44o 
370  30'-38° 
37°-37°  30' 
39°  22'  30"-39°  30'  30" 
43°-43°  30' 


Area,  in  .Price, 
square        in 
miles,     cents. 


42°-42o  30' 


938 
957 


938 

3,634 

925 

925 
925 


3,354 
969 

951 


1L65 
12.09 
11.65 


932 

932 

963 
932 
980 
938 
919 

22.80 
925 
963 
944 

1,035 
918 

950 

864 
944 
950 
55- 
871 

885 


25 

25 


25 
25 

25 

25 
25 
25 


50 
25 

25 

25 


25 

25 

25 
25 
25 
50 
25 
50 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 


25 
25 
25 
25 

25 


STATISTICAL  PAPERS. 


Mineral  Resoiu-ces  of  the  United  States  [1882],  by  Albert  Williams,  jr.  1883.  8-.  xvii,  813  ijp. 
Price  50  cents. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1883  and  1884,  by  Albert  Williams,  jr.  1885.  8°.  xiv, 
1016  pp.     Price  60  cents. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1885.  Division  of  Mining  Statistics  and  Technology. 
1886.     8°.     vii,  576  pp.     Price  40  cents. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1886,  by  David  T.  Day.  1887.  8°.  viii,  813  pp.  Price 
50  cents. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1887,  by  David  T.Day.  1888.  8°.  vii,  832  pp.  Price 
50  cents. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1888,  by  David  T.  Day.  1890.  8°.  vii,  652  pp.  Price 
50  cents. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1889  and  1890,  by  David  T.  Day.  1892.  8^.  viii,  671  pp. 
Price  50  cents. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1891,  by  David  T.  Day.  1893.  8^.  vii,  630  pp.  Price 
50  cents. 


X  ADVERTISEMENT. 

I 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1892,  by  David  T.  Day.  1893.  8^.  vii,  850  pp.  Price 
50  cents. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1893,  by  David  T.  Day.  1894.  8'^.  viii,  810  pp.  Price 
50  cents. 

On  March  2, 1895,  the  following  provision  was  included  in  an  act  of  Congress: 

"Provided,  That  hereafter  the  report  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
issued  as  a  part  of  the  report  of  the  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey." 

In  compliance  with  this  legislation  the  followiug  reports  have  been  published: 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  18;U,  David  T.  Day,  Chief  of  Division.  1895.  8°.  xv, 
646  pp.,  23  pi. ;  six,  735  pp.,  6  pi.     Being  Parts  III  and  IV  of  the  Sixteenth  Annual  Report. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1895,  David  T.  Day,  Chief  of  Division.  1896.  8°. 
xxiii,  542  pp.,  8  pi.  and  maps;  iii,  543-1058  pp.,  9-13  pi.  Being  Part  III  (in  2  vols.)  of  the  Seventeenth 
Annual  Report. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1896,  David  T.  Day,  Chief  of  Division.  1897.  8°. 
xii,  642  pp.,  1  pi. ;  643-1400  pp.     Being  Part  V  (in  2  vols.)  of  the  Nineteenth  Annual  Report. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States,  1897,  David  T.  Day,  Chief  of  Division.  1898.  8°. 
viii,  651  pp.,  11  pi. ;  viii,  706  pp.     Being  Part  A'l  (in  2  vols.)  of  the  Nineteenth  Annual  Report. 

The  money  received  from  the  sale  of  the  Survey  publications  is  deposited  in  the  Treasury,  and 
the  Secretary  of  that  Department  declines  to  receive  bank  checks,  drafts,  or  postage  stamps;  all  remit- 
tauces,  therefore,  must  be  by  money  order,  made  payable  to  the  Director  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  or  in  currency — the  exact  amount.  Correspondence  relating  to  the  publications 
of  the  Survey  should  be  addressed  to 

The  DiKECToii, 

United  .States  Geological  Si'kvey, 
Washington,  D.  C,  June,  1S99.  Washington,  D.  C. 


•c 


[Take  tbia  leaf  out  and  paate  the  separated  titles  upon  three  of  your  cata- 
logue cards.  Tlie  lirst  and  second  titles  need  no  addition ;  over  the  third  write 
that  subject  under  which  you  would  place  the  book  in  your  library.] 


LIBRARY  CATALOGUE  SLIPS. 

United  States.     Department  of  the  interior.     (  U.  S.  geological  survey.) 
Departilient  of  the  iuterior  |  —  |  Monographs  |  of  the  |  United 
States  geological  survey  |  Volume  XXXVII  |  [Seal  of  the  depart- 
ment] I 
Washington  |  government  printing  oftice  |  1899 


Second  title:  United  States  geological  survej'  |  Charles  D. 
Walcott,  director  |  —  |  Fossil  flora  |  of  the  |  lower  coal  meas- 
ures I  of  I  Missouri  |  by  |  David  White  |  [Vignette]  | 

Washington  |  government  printing  office  |  1899 

4°.    xi,  4G7  pp.   73  pi. 


White  (David). 

United  States  geological  survey  |  Charles  D.  Walcott,  di- 
rector I  —  I  Fossil  flora  |  of  the  |  lower  coal  measures  |  of  |  Mis- 
souri I  hy  I  David  White  |  [Viguette]  | 

Washington  |  government  printing  office  |  1899 

4°.     xi,  467  pp.    73  pi. 

[United  States.  Department  of  the  interior.  (TJ.  S.  gcolofjieal  survey.) 
Monograph  XXXVIT.] 


United  States  geological  survey  |  Charles  D.  Walcott,  di- 
rector I  —  I  Fossil  flora  |  of  the  |  lower  coal  measures  |  of  |  Mis- 
souri I  by  I  David  White  |  [Vignette]  | 

Washington  |  government  printing  office  |  1899 

40.    xi,467pp.     73  pi. 

[United  States.  Department  0/  the  interior.  (U,  S.  geological  siii-vey.) 
Monograph  XXXVH.] 


